Cluster Management Research Articles

Leveraging teaching on demand: Approaching HPC to undergrads

High Performance Computing (HPC) is a highly demanded discipline in companies and institutions. However, as students and also afterwards as professors, we observed a lack of HPC related content in the engineering degrees at our university, including Computer Science. Thus, we designed and offered the engineering students a non-mandatory course entitled “Build your own cluster employing Raspberry Pi” to provide the students with HPC skills. With this course, we covered the basics of supercomputing (hardware, networking, software tools, performance evaluation, cluster management, etc.). This was possible thanks to leveraging the flexibility and versatility of Raspberry Pi devices, and the students' motivation that arose from the hands-on experience. Moreover, the course included a “Teaching on demand” component to let the attendees choose a field to explore, based on their own interests. In this paper, we offer all the details to let anyone fully reproduce the course. Besides, we analyze and evaluate the methodology that let us fulfill our objectives: increase the students' HPC skills and knowledge in such a way that they feel capable of utilizing it in their mid-term professional career.

A Controllable RSU and Vampire Moth to Support the Cluster Stability in VANET

VANET has a dynamic topology that affects cluster formation stability. It influences vehicle’s network quality though supporting this stability requires a fast and small cluster formation process. It is necessary because of the rapidly changing condition of the vehicle's position. Moreover, small cluster groups make network quality more evenly distributed among its members. They are essential components in the formation of good clusters in VANET. In the previous research, the algorithm used for this process is based on moth flame optimization. This study proposes modifications in this algorithm to speed up the convergence process, facilitated by a model of turning angles in the moth. Furthermore, the flame at the destination moth is created dynamically to approach the real conditions in VANET. The use of coefficients is further introduced to reduce cluster size according to the traffic conditions. The cluster management process uses a fully controlled Road Side Unit on the vehicle’s traffic conditions. In the final result, the convergence time is slightly faster, with better results in the throughput at 101.1%, the number of clusters at 58.1%, and the delay at 5.5%, respectively.

How Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Can Uptake the Sustainable Development Goals through a Cluster Management Organization: A Case Study

Even though many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) realize the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for their sustainable business development, they face difficulties when individually pursuing this target. This paper aims to provide cluster-based SMEs with a framework to facilitate the uptake of the SDGs through a cluster network model. By focusing on the case study of a furniture production Cluster Management Organization (CMO Habic a network-based approach to sustainability management is analyzed in order to integrate the SDGs framework into SMEs’ everyday language and day-to-day operations. Through a cluster model approach, industry-specific sustainability material issues are tackled jointly and with the aim of applying a common solution to a similar challenge, Lehi-ODS, an online sustainability management tool for SME self-evaluation, has been developed wherein the participating SMEs can gain an overarching knowledge about the UN 2030 Agenda, assess their own alignment with the SDGs and with respect to that of their peers, and prioritize initiatives to correctly deliver them. The main conclusion derived from the paper is that a CMO is deemed to be a valuable driver in identifying common sector-specific challenges of corporate sustainability and in addressing collectively the question of contributing to the SDGs.

An effective scheduling in data centres for efficient CPU usage and service level agreement fulfilment using machine learning

Energy efficiency is one of the important parameters in cloud computing which is managed by the data centres. Data centres are computer warehouses that are responsible for storing large volumes of data to deal with the daily transaction handling needs of different productions. Effective scheduling for the execution of the request on machines is still a problem. In addition, the power consumption, as well as management of the node clusters is also a problematic situation when the CPU utilisation increases up to the limit. In this paper, efficient minimum execution and completion time scheduling are accomplished by using a machine learning approach for effectual CPU usage and service level agreement fulfilment in data centres, considered in terms of average accuracy which will reduce costs for the maintenance of the data centres in real-time scenarios. The simulation of the proposed work is achieved and the performance is evaluated in terms of power consumption and CPU usage. The proposed research utilises the neural network and linear regression analysis to perform the classification and compares the performance for the efficient CPU usage.

Conceptual Framework for Secure Cluster Management In Software Networks

Software Defined Networks (SDN) is a new concept of network architecture that provides the separation of control plane (controller) and data plane (switches) in network devices. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) scheme is proposed for cluster management. The utilization of the bandwidth is an issue because of the extensibility of the control plane. The Control plane in SDN focuses on a centralized solution, where a single control entity has an overall view of the network. To meet the administration, the board necessities of large-scale network situations, the controls plane is regularly completed in the sort of distributed controller clusters, Cluster management technology monitors all sort of events and should keep up a reliable global network status, which usually leads to big data in SDNs. Cluster management technology monitors all types of events and must maintain a consistent global network status, which usually leads to big data in SDNs. Simultaneously, the cluster security is an open issue because of the programmable and dynamic features of SDNs.

Intervention for Symptom Cluster Management of Fatigue, Loss of Appetite, and Anxiety among Patients with Lung Cancer undergoing Chemotherapy

Objective:Patients with lung cancer can experience various distressing symptoms. The present study aims to use symptom cluster management intervention based on symptom management theory to moderate the severity of symptom clusters, including fatigue, loss of appetite, and anxiety, in patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy.Methods:A quasi-experimental study was conducted using historical controls to assess and compare the effect of a novel symptom cluster management intervention on the severity of fatigue, loss of appetite, and anxiety in patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Lung cancer patients were recruited from an outpatient chemotherapy unit at a university hospital in Thailand. Eighty participants were assigned equally to the experimental and control groups. The study outcomes, including fatigue, loss of appetite, and anxiety, were assessed with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System at baseline and days 7, 14, and 28 postintervention. Repeated-measures ANOVA was analyzed to determine mean differences between groups across time.Results:Overall, anxiety decreased gradually on days 7, 14, and 28 (P < 0.001 for all time points) in the experimental group. Fatigue and loss of appetite also declined after days 14 (P < 0.001) and 28 (P < 0.001) compared to baseline. The significant effects of the interaction terms time × group (P < 0.001) for all symptoms within the cluster indicate the benefit of the intervention over time.Conclusions:The pattern of changes in the symptom cluster across the study period was significantly different between the two study groups. Patients in the experimental group reported an improvement in fatigue, loss of appetite, and anxiety over time after receiving the intervention. The results suggested that the symptom cluster management intervention provided a promising approach for the simultaneous treatment of multiple symptoms within a cluster.

Опыт работы с системами управления и мониторинга используемых вычислительных ресурсов корпоративных высокопроизводительных вычислительных кластеров

This article discusses modern server monitoring systems. The subject area under review concerns the control and management of high-performance computing systems (HPC). These systems are used in various branches of science and industry for modeling systems and their behavior in various conditions. The speed of the simulation depends on the applied technical solutions as part of the computing complex. These include the type of internal network, the number and types of computing nodes. For computing nodes, consider such parameters as the architecture and model of the processor, the amount of RAM. The features associated with the implementation of specific mathematical models that affect the speed of calculations are not considered in this article. The paper analyzes the existing market solutions and the main concepts used for the management and monitoring systems of such complexes. The systems under consideration are evaluated from an economic and technical point of view. For the available systems, a full-scale study of the cluster management and status monitoring capabilities is conducted. The set of parameters recorded by the monitoring system is taken based on the general architecture of the HPC and the approach to the administration of server systems. The practical part describes the experience of designing and implementing a promising management system. In the system being created, the main focus is on creating a management system. The justification for the need for a separate software product is given in the text of the article. Implementation issues in a specific program code and system environment are omitted, as they depend on the specific execution of the system. The task of creating your own monitoring system is considered insignificant, provided that existing solutions are available.

A Proposed Theory of Symptom Cluster Management.

Symptom cluster management is in its early stages in many chronic and debilitating illnesses. The development of a proposed theory should be an initial step in advancing this area of interest. This article presents the development of a Proposed Theory of Symptom Cluster Management. The concept analysis, statement synthesis, and theory synthesis by Walker and Avant were used in the development of this proposed theory. A search from July to September 2020 for published empirical and theoretical articles was conducted in scientific databases, expanded on the web, and secondary references from identified articles. The Proposed Theory of Symptom Cluster Management is both a descriptive and explanatory theory. The defining characteristics of symptom cluster management include the basic and effectiveness components. Antecedents for symptom cluster management include socio-demographic characteristics, symptom cluster characteristics, individual clinical characteristics, individual illness factors, and situational factors or symptom experience. The consequences are clustered as personal-related, health-related, social-related outcomes, and existential outcomes. Measurement tools for the antecedents and outcomes in symptom cluster management and the analytical and statistical strategies were considered. Relational statements were also identified. Theoretical assertions were advanced. The Proposed Theory of Symptom Cluster Management may provide a holistic approach because it integrates both the symptom cluster and management strategies. The concepts, statements including the complete representation of the proposed theory identified in this article, may provide cues to policymakers and clinical researchers towards the development of tailored interventions and programs.

Virtualization in Cloud Computing: Moving from Hypervisor to Containerization—A Survey

Containers emerged as a lightweight alternative to virtual machines that offer better microservice architecture support. They are widely used by organizations to deploy their increasingly diverse workloads derived from modern applications such as big data, IoT, and edge/fog computing in either proprietary clusters or private, public cloud data centers. With the growing interest in container-based virtualization technologies, the requirement to explore the deployment and orchestration of clusters of containers has become a central research problem. Although progress has been made to study containerization, systematic consolidation of the existing literature with a summative evaluation is still missing. To fill this gap, in this paper, we first taxonomically classify the existing research studies on the performance comparison between hypervisor and container technology and then analyze state-of-the-art for container cluster management orchestration systems, its performance monitoring tools, and finally future research trends. This results in a better understanding of container technology with attention to provide summative analysis in terms of (i) how much performance overhead is generated by a hypervisor compared to container-based virtualization, (ii) which container technology is suited for a cloud application deployment based on the type of benchmark executing, (iii) how to provide management of containers deployed in a cluster environment, (iv) container performance monitoring tools, and (v) finally emerging concerns for future research directions.

Разработка концептуальной модели системы управления интеллектуальным капиталом инновационно-промышленного кластера в условиях цифровизации

Modern science has not yet developed unified understanding of the organizational and economic mechanism of management, and the existing ideas are being changed under the influence of digitalization. Digitalization and complexity of socio-economic relations stipulate the greatest competitiveness in the industrial sectors of the economy by clusters of economic entities operating on the principles of cooperation and collaboration (innovation and industrial clusters). The developing digital technologies in modern society contribute to the raise of intellectual capital, which becomes the basis for the effective functioning of innovation and industrial clusters. A conceptual model of the intellectual capital management system of an innovation and industrial cluster is being studied. There has been developed a terminological matrix of the organizational and economic management mechanism. Based on the matrix, a graph of the frequency of using definitions has been formed. The analysis of this graph allowed to propose a conceptual model of the intellectual capital management system of an innovation and industrial cluster in the context of digitalization. The specific feature of the conceptual model of management of intellectual capital innovation and industrial cluster is considering such input parameters of the system as the level of scientific and technical progress and unstructured amount of information, processing of which is only possible using digital technologies. Further development of an organizational and economic mechanism for managing the intellectual capital of an innovation and industrial cluster in the context of digitalization is possible.

Community Empowerment Policy Toward Graha Mina Tourism Model in Natural Resource Management at Kepulauan Seribu

This study aims to analyze community empowerment policy through Graha Mina tourism in naturalresource management at the Kepulauan Seribu group. This study was conducted at Pulau Kelapa and PulauHarapan, Kepulauan Seribu, by using a study case method with a qualitative approach. The result shows:(1). The policy of community empowerment has been conducted as follows: Intensification program offish breeding, community empowerment with captured fishery based, seaweed farming fishery based, cagecultivation fisheries based, tourism and protection based, counseling and training based, and strengtheningcommunity institution based; (2) fisheries based of cage cultivation become a priority program that need tobe applied at Pulau Kelapa and Pulau Harapan. Based on the finding, it was concluded that the community’sunderstanding of natural resource management in the island cluster is still low. Besides, the model andconstruction of Graha Mina marine tourism is a novelty in this research.

The threat classification and evaluation of the economic security of the cluster

Subject. The article focuses on a set of external and internal factors that may cause risks and threats to clusters of business entities. We also discuss methodological aspects in evaluating the economic security of the cluster. Objectives. We construct the tiered classification of external and internal threats to the economic security of the cluster, articulate its evaluation technique based on the comprehensive approach to considering possible risks and threats arising from operations of cluster components. Methods. The study is based on general and special methods, such as the generalization, synthesis and analysis of scientific findings on the economic security of organizations, including clusters of such organizations. Unfolding the comprehensive approach to evaluating the economic security of clusters, we applied some techniques and methods, such as typification, identification, rating and scoring, indicative method, general analysis techniques. Results. We commented on the existing proceedings by foreign and Russian researchers on the evaluation of the economic security of business entities and relevant issues. The article classifies external and internal threats to the economic security of the cluster and points out their levels, groups and types. We summarized and examined the existing cluster evaluation techniques. The techniques were found to overlook the complex inner design of the cluster management. Conclusions and Relevance. As a result of the study, we formulated scientific and methodological clauses that would be interesting for the cluster management and help timely detect real economic threats, predict possible ones, find how their consequences can be eliminated, decide on administrative actions and perform them so as to ensure the sustainable development and the high level of the economic security of the cluster.

"You will eat shoe polish if you think it would help"-Familiar and lesser-known themes identified from mixed-methods analysis of a cluster headache survey.

To characterize patient-reported ideas and concerns about cluster headache, treatment options, and management strategies. Cluster headache patients experience severe pain and often suffer additional consequences from their disease. Patients have identified methods to cope with and combat cluster headache that are not widely known. Secondary analysis was performed using deidentified data from the online Clusterbusters Medication Use survey, wherein 10 questions allowed for freely written comments. Using mixed-methods techniques, neurologists with expertise in headache medicine identified themes from these comments. Subgroup analysis sought to identify variables associated with specific themes. Among 2274 free-text responses from 493 adult participants, 23 themes were identified. Themes commonly discussed in the literature included such topics as "nothing worked" (24.7%, 122/493), "side effects" (12.8%, 63/493), and difficulties with "access/cost" (2.4%, 12/493). Less widely recognized themes included the use of "illicit substances" (35.5%, 175/493) and "vitamins/supplements" (12.2%, 60/493) in disease management. Lesser-known themes included "coffee" (5.3%, 26/493) and "exercise/physical activity" (4.7%, 23/493). Using strict significance criteria, no subgroup was associated with any theme. Several poignant quotes highlighted patient thoughts and experiences. This mixed-methods analysis identified challenges endured by cluster headache patients, as well as a variety of patient-directed disease management approaches. The volunteered information spotlights pharmacological, physiological, and psychological aspects of cluster headache that warrant further exploratory and interventional investigation.

Effectiveness of complementary therapies for the management of symptom clusters in palliative care in pediatric oncology: a systematic review.

To evaluate the effectiveness of complementary therapies in the management of symptom clusters in children and adolescents with cancer undergoing palliative care. Systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, resorting to the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Central Cochrane, and PsycINFO. The identification, selection, inclusion, extraction, and methodological assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. Five quasi-experiments met the eligibility criteria. The heterogeneous characteristics of the studies made meta-analysis impossible. Two studies used therapeutic massage, one used Reiki, one used boswellic acid, and one used Cannabis sativa; three of them (therapeutic massage and Reiki) presented statistically significant results for the management of the cluster pain-anxiety-worry-dyspnea. Most studies presented a moderate risk of bias as per ROBINS-I tool. Therapeutic massage and Reiki may be effective for the symptom clusters management, especially the pain-anxiety-worry-dyspnea cluster in children and adolescents undergoing palliative care.

Research on Clustering Management of Power Distribution Internet of Things Based on Trusted Blockchain

Since the topological structure of power distribution Internet of Things is getting more and more complicated, and the amount of new services, such as remote dynamic monitoring and two-way real-time interaction, has been increasing, it is urgent and necessary to study the clustering management technology of power distribution Internet of Things combined with its running scenarios, security requirements and dynamic access characteristics. In this paper, a clustering security management scheme of power distribution Internet of Things based on trusted blockchain is proposed. The clustering management and data communication of power distribution Internet of Things are conducted based on trusted blockchain, which can improve the security of data interaction.

Psychoneuroimmunology and oncology nursing: a theoretical study.

To discuss the evolution of research in cancer psychoneuroimmunology, the advances in the management of neuropsychological symptom clusters and their interface with mid-range theories, and practical applications in Nursing. This is a theoretical-reflective study anchored in recent literature, as well as in the critical analysis of the authors. This is a promising field of investigation, which emphasizes the complexity and interaction of symptoms, the interrelationships among them, the factors influencing them, and their consequences. Subsidized by mid-range theories in Nursing, such as the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms and the Theory of Symptom Management, analyses of these interrelationships support Oncology Nursing diagnoses and interventions. An innovative approach is proposed to qualify Oncology Nursing care based on the integration of recent advances in cancer psychoneuroimmunology, Nursing mid-range theories, and practical tools such as health coaching. The approach proposed may strengthen clinical nursing practice in the management of neuropsychological symptom clusters in oncology and shall be integrated into decision-making during cancer treatment, favoring person-centered care.

Implementation of the cluster economy concept in the accounting system

The paper is devoted to the fundamental aspects of clustering the economy of Ukraine. This topic is important because modern economy of the developed countries, which was previously based on traditional forms, is now impossible without innovation clusters development. Therefore, the investigation of the transformation of innovation systems based on clusters under the influence of crises in the world economy and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is very important scientific and practical task. The theoretical experience and essence of the organizational mechanism of cluster structures are considered in this paper. It is determined that the concept of cluster economy offers new types of interaction between business entities, government and other institutions that are interested in increasing competitiveness. Therefore, the study of the cluster approach should be based on theories investigating the relationship between competition and cluster models. It is established that economy clustering strengthens the relationships between economic entities and contributes to the regions competitiveness increase. It is the strengthening of ties between cluster members that promotes the implementation of innovations. Conceptual approaches to cluster structure management are considered. It is determined that the network form of management is based on the use as the subject of cluster management of an independent business unit, which replaces the functional management structures of independent association members. This form of management is based on the high level of trust between the cluster members, as well as on the development of relations between economic entities. The cluster formation requires appropriate changes in the field of management, and this, in turn, affects its main information carrier – the accounting system. The author emphasizes the need to create accounting and analytical support for the cluster management system. The accounting information system should reflect the facts of financial and economic activities of the integrated structure and provide management with the ability to make tactical and strategic decisions. That is why the development of accounting will contribute to obtain more complete and reliable information about the results of the cluster as a group of legally independent, but interconnected in economic and financial terms of organizations.

ВОПРОСЫ КЛАСТЕРНОЙ ТЕОРИИ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ В УПРАВЛЕНИИ УСТОЙЧИВЫМ РАЗВИТИЕМ АПК И СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The purpose of the study is to analyze and adapt the theoretical and methodological problems of the cluster theory of agro-industrial integration and multifunctionality to the situation in the agro-industrial complex and rural territories of Russia as conditions for their competitive and sustainable development. The objectives of the study include the analysis, refinement and development of a system of categories that ensure the implementation of the goal and objectives of the study, the identification and scientific justification of the main areas of clustering in the rural territories of the Russian Federation. The ideas of foreign and domestic researchers of the role of clusters in the socio-economic development of territories, the need to apply the concept of multifunctionality of the economy in cluster management, reproducing not only goods, but also public goods, are summarized and adapted to the goal of research; the role of human capital in the formation of competitive and sustainable clusters, which have become widespread and enshrined in the international scientific community. Based on the generalization of the theoretical and practical provisions of cluster theory and the concept of multifunctionality of agriculture, a methodology is scientifically justified that allows developing the directions of cluster theory and the theory of multifunctionality in applying to solving the problem of effective clustering management and forming clusters that ensure the sustainable and competitive development of rural territories of Russia in the face of global challenges and threats. The application of a systematic approach made it possible to scientifically justify the priority areas of state policy for the formation of sustainable and competitive rural development based on the application of cluster theory and the concept of multifunctionality. As part of the study, a critical terminological and expert analysis was carried out on the material of current policy documents, regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, publications of foreign and domestic authors. The author’s interpretation of the category «cluster,» «clustering» is justified. Essence and socio-economic content of agro-industrial clusters are considered. The main trends and factors of clustering development in agro-industrial production are identified. The directions of clustering in the rural territories of the Russian Federation have been identified and scientifically justified. The need for a more active development of the concept of multifunctionality of the socio-natural-economic space (SPEP) of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) and rural territories (ST) together with the problems of the development of agro-industrial integration of rural territories has been proved. The main result of the study was to confirm the author’s hypothesis and gain new knowledge that in order to implement an effective state policy to increase the sustainable and competitive development of agribusiness and rural areas in the face of global challenges and threats, it is necessary to develop and apply a cluster theory of agro-industrial integration and multifunctionality with the definition of the main directions of clustering. The conclusion is justified that the competitive and sustainable development of agribusiness and rural areas can be effectively shaped and supported through the application of strategic management. The practical result of the study, which can be applied in management activities, was the proposed methodological approaches to the implementation of strategic management of the sustainable development of agribusiness and rural areas, the model of managing reserves for the sustainable and competitive development of agribusiness and rural areas.

Design and Implementation of Charging and Discharging Device for Electric Inland River Cruise ship

This paper designs a charging and discharging device for electric ships. The electric ships’ battery is very large, when performing charge and discharge control of the battery system, it is necessary to manage the charge and discharge current of the battery system reasonably. The battery charging and discharging device can convert the voltage of the energy storage system with a large variation range into a stable DC output voltage, which can control the charge and discharge current of each cluster, and complete the charge and discharge management of each battery cluster. The battery charging and discharging device can be quickly and dynamically adjusted to adapt to changes in the load, and has high operating efficiency and power density. This charging and discharging device has been successfully applied to a certain type of inland river pure electric cruise ship, which will significantly improve the reliability of large-capacity lithium battery ships, and significantly improve the environment of the Yangtze River and other inland river economic zones, and has good applicability in the field of new energy ships.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТВОРЕННЯ ФАРМКЛАСТЕРІВ В УКРАЇНІ ДЛЯ ПОСИЛЕННЯ ПОЗИЦІЇ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ НА РИНКУ

Today, there is a high level of competition in the market of pharmaceutical companies, so in order to strengthen its market position; it is advisable for pharmaceutical companies to implement a cluster approach. The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of the creation of pharmaceutical clusters on the basis of existing pharmaceutical companies engaged in foreign economic activity, in order to strengthen their position in the Ukrainian market. The methodological basis of this work is the integrated application of various methods of scientific knowledge. Among the general scientific methods, the authors used analysis (used to determine the main factors influencing the formation of pharmaceutical clusters in Ukraine), induction (obtaining general conclusions on the management of pharmaceutical clusters), generalization and structural-functional (to determine the main ancillary activities and their percentage), experiment (to calculate the feasibility of using a cluster approach in the management of the pharmaceutical cluster). In addition to these, the authors used a special method – formal-logical (to identify the reasons for the use of a set of certain activities). The article analyzes the main conditions and factors necessary for the formation of pharmaceutical clusters in the Ukrainian market. The authors analyzed the ancillary activities of Ukrainian pharmaceutical companies engaged in foreign economic activity. This paper shows the most common combinations of activities of Ukrainian pharmaceutical companies engaged in foreign economic activity. This study economically justifies the creation of a pharmaceutical cluster, using the ancillary activities of pharmaceutical companies. The authors confirm that the formation of a pharmaceutical cluster in Ukraine requires a developed infrastructure near the enterprise, the availability of resources and capacity, as well as qualified personnel who can be involved from any area. The analysis of two auxiliary activities proved the possibility of creating a pharmaceutical cluster based on them and allowed to identify the advantages. Based on the analysis of the activity and economic justification, the authors found that the creation of a pharmaceutical cluster strengthens the position of companies in the market. The achieved results can be used by pharmaceutical enterprises of Ukraine engaged in foreign economic activity to strengthen their position in the Ukrainian market. The difference is that the authors provide a logical explanation for combining certain activities of enterprises to create a pharmaceutical cluster. The limitations of this study are the analysis of ancillary activities of 200 pharmaceutical companies, with a similar analysis of more companies, the results may change. This paper opens up opportunities for future research in the implementation of the cluster approach in other industries.