Cluster Leader Research Articles

Security Concerns and Remedial Measures in MANETs Using Intrusion Detection

In this research paper, we discussed the guaranteed reliable communication between nodes by constructing the black hole attack free route in MANET. To achieve this, a Hybrid Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) technique has been proposed to detect and remove the black hole attack nodes in the routing path. In MANETs, a novel cluster leader election process has been proposed. This election process is based on the node with maximum energy level. One of the important functionality is security in MANET. Due to many different attacks in the routing path, MANET becomes unsecure. Understanding the form of attacks is always the main step towards the secured communication between mobile nodes. Routing protocols are significant to guarantee proper functioning of the path from source to destination nodes. This preserves the security of MANET from attacks.

Smart Healthcare System with Light-Weighted Blockchain System and Deep Learning Techniques.

A radio communication sensor system is a collection of sensor modules that are connected to one another through wireless communication. It is common for them to be battery-powered and responsive to a nearby controller, referred to as the base station. They are capable of doing basic computations and transferring information to the base station in most scenarios. They are also in charge of transporting data from distant nodes, putting a burden on nodes with limited resources, and contributing to the quick depletion of energy in these nodes in the process. Nodes in close proximity to the base station are responsible for more than only detecting and sending data to the base station; they are also responsible for transmitting data from faraway nodes. To reward nodes that perform well, a protocol known as the Improved Fuzzy Inspired Energy Effective Protocol (IFIEEP) employs three separate sorts of nodes in order to provide more energy to those who do not. It takes into account the remaining node energy, the node's proximity to the base station, the node's neighbor concentration, and the node's centrality in a cluster when determining node viability. All of these assumptions are founded on a shaky understanding of the situation. Adaptive clustering must be applied to the most viable nodes in order to identify cluster leaders and transmit data to the base station, in addition to disseminating data across the rest of the network, in order to achieve success. In addition, the research provides proper heterogeneity parameters, which describe, among other things, the number of nodes as well as the starting energy of each node. The percentage gain in-network lifetime when compared to current approaches is minor for smaller numbers of supernodes; however, the percentage gain in the area covered 12.89 percent and 100% when more significant numbers of super nodes are used. These improvements in stability, residual energy, and throughput are accomplished by combining these improvements while also taking into consideration the previously neglected energy-intensive sensing energy aspect. The protocol that has been presented is meant to be used in conjunction with applications that make use of blockchain technology.

Multi‐hop similarity‐based‐clustering framework for IoT‐Oriented Software‐Defined wireless sensor networks

The performance of Internet of Things (IoT)-based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) depends on the routing protocol and the deployment technique in modern applications. In a plethora of IoT-WSNs applications, the IoT nodes are essential equipment to prolong the network lifetime with limited resources. Data similarity-based clustering protocols exploit the temporal correlation among the neighbouring sensor nodes through the subset of data. In bendy supervision, IoT-based Software Defined WSNs provide an optimistic resolution by allowing the control logic to be separated from the sensor nodes. The benefit of this SDN-based IoT architecture, allows the unified control of the entire IoT network, making it easier to implement on-demand network management protocols and applications. To this end, in this paper, we design a Multi-hop Similarity-based Clustering framework for IoT-oriented Software-Defined wireless sensor Networks (MSCSDNs). In particular, we construct data-similar application-aware clusters in order to minimise the communication overhead. Also, we adapt inter-cluster and intra-cluster multi-hop communication using adaptive normalised least mean square and merged them with the proposed MSCSDN framework that helps prolong the network lifespan. The proposed framework is compared with the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of network lifespan, stability period, instability period, report delay, report delivery, and cluster leader nodes generations. The MSCSDN achieves optimal data accuracy concerning the collected data.

Enhancement of Energy Efficiency and Network Lifetime Using Modified MPCT Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) allude to gathering of spatially fragmented and committed sensors for observing and documenting various physical and climatic variables like temperature, moistness and, so on. WSN is quickly growing its work in different fields like clinical, enterprises, climate following and so on. However, the sensor nodes have restricted battery life and substitution or re-energizing of these batteries in the sensor nodes is exceptionally troublesome for the most parts. Energy effectiveness is the significant worry in the remote sensor networks as it is significant for keeping up its activity. In this paper, clustering algorithms based on sensor module energy states to strengthen the network longevity of wireless sensor networks is proposed (i.e. modified MPCT algorithm) in which cluster head determination depends on the every cluster power centroid as well as power of the sensor nodes. Correspondence between cluster leader and sink module employ a parameter distance edge for lessening energy utilization. The outcome got shows a normal increment of 60% in network lifetime compared to Low energy adaptive protocol, Energy efficient midpoint initialization algorithm (EECPK-means), Park K-means algorithm and Mobility path selection protocol.

A Decentralized Cluster Formation Containment Framework for Multirobot Systems

Cooperative control of multirobot systems (MRSs) has earned significant research interest over the past two decades due to its potential applications in multidisciplinary engineering problems. In contrast to a single specialized robot, the MRS can be designed to offer flexibility, reconfigurability, robustness to faults, and cost-effectiveness in solving complex and challenging tasks. In this article, we aim to develop a unified cluster formation containment coordination framework for networked robots that can be decomposed into two layers containing the leaders and the followers. According to the proposed methodology, the leader robots are first distributed into a set of distinct and nonoverlapping clusters depending on the positions and priorities of the targets exploiting a game-theoretic rule. Then, they are steered to attain the desired formations around the corresponding targets. Subsequently, the follower robots are made to converge into the convex hull spanned by the leaders of the individual clusters. A prototype search and rescue operation is considered to highlight the usefulness of the proposed coordination framework. Furthermore, real-time hardware experiments were conducted on miniature mobile robots to validate the feasibility of the theoretical results.

Power efficient in WSN supported clustering and tree technique

WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), an outsized quantity of sensor nodes are establish and that they for the most part devour power in communicating information over significant distances. Sensor nodes are power unit managed and their power is compact. Compact power unit face the problem of limited power unit lifetime that has become the main issue in these networks and which represents to a test to their plan and the board. There are several forward (routing) protocols are implemented on WSN to transfer the info supported the top user need. The main goal (target) of the forward protocols is to compress the consumption of nodes power and develop the nodes life time. Between many forward protocols, In PEGASIS, there are so many used protocols; each protocol overcomes their drawbacks on further improvements. In this paper proposed a novel procedure by establishes a crossover calculation for clustering and cluster follower choice inside the WSN. After the decision of cluster leader and follower nodes, the proposed Tree method is set up for apportioning and preparing the information. The proposed plot productively reduces the unseeing transmission messages yet additionally diminishes the sign overhead in light of the fact that the aftereffects of cluster arrangement. Inevitably, the forward strategy is given upheld the layered design. The proposed Tree engineering productively limits the forward ways toward the base station. Complete investigation is performed on the proposed plot with cutting edge unified bunching and circulated clustering procedures. From the outcomes, it is indicated that the proposed plot performs better than LEACH.

Collective Motion and Self-Organization of a Swarm of UAVs: A Cluster-Based Architecture.

This study proposes a collective motion and self-organization control of a swarm of 10 UAVs, which are divided into two clusters of five agents each. A cluster is a group of UAVs in a dedicated area and multiple clusters make a swarm. This paper designs the 3D model of the whole environment by applying graph theory. To address the aforesaid issues, this paper designs a hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm by merging the particle swarm optimization (PSO) with the multi-agent system (MAS). First, PSO only provides the best agents of a cluster. Afterward, MAS helps to assign the best agent as the leader of the nth cluster. Moreover, the leader can find the optimal path for each cluster. Initially, each cluster contains agents at random positions. Later, the clusters form a formation by implementing PSO with the MAS model. This helps in coordinating the agents inside the nth cluster. However, when two clusters combine and make a swarm in a dynamic environment, MAS alone is not able to fill the communication gap of n clusters. This study does it by applying the Vicsek-based MAS connectivity and synchronization model along with dynamic leader selection ability. Moreover, this research uses a B-spline curve based on simple waypoint defined graph theory to create the flying formations of each cluster and the swarm. Lastly, this article compares the designed algorithm with the NSGA-II model to show that the proposed model has better convergence and durability, both in the individual clusters and inside the greater swarm.

Методичний підхід до вибору варіантів забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємств у системі розвитку агрокластерів

Мета. Метою виконаного дослідження є удосконалення методичного підходу до вибору варіантів забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємств у системі розвитку агрокластерів. Для досягнення цієї мети ідентифіковано факторні й результативні показники, на основі яких ухвалюватиметься рішення про прийнятність варіанта забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства; конкретизовано критерії задоволення значень факторних і результативних показників; формалізовано задачу вибору оптимального варіанта забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства.
 Методологія / методика / підхід. Під час виконаного дослідження застосовано методи систематизації та індукції для критичного аналізу проблеми вибору варіантів забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємств у системі розвитку агрокластерів. Для формалізації задачі вибору оптимального варіанта забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства застосовано інструментарій дискретної математики та положення теорії формування інвестиційних портфелів. Для демонстрування прикладу застосування запропонованого методичного підходу до вибору варіантів забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємств у системі розвитку агрокластерів застосовано метод експертних оцінок. Вихідні експертні дані отримано на основі опитування керівників кластерів, які є учасниками Української національної технічної платформи «Агротехнічна платформа».
 Результати. Обґрунтовано, що рішення про прийнятність варіанта забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства в системі розвитку інноваційного кластера доцільно ухвалювати на основі урахування очікуваного прибутку підприємства та обсягу витрат коштів і часу, які необхідні для його отримання. Аргументовано, що рішення про оптимальний варіант забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємств необхідно приймати, враховуючи критеріальні значення, які можуть бути встановлені у певному діапазоні або задані, як максимальне або мінімальне значення. Доведено, що вибір найкращого варіанта забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства можна звести до задачі пошуку оптимального розподілу інвестиційних ресурсів, спрямованих на забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємств у системі розвитку агрокластерів. 
 Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Удосконалено методичний підхід до вибору варіанта забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства в системі розвитку агрокластера, який базується на застосуванні інструментарію дискретної математики та положень теорії формування інвестиційних портфелів, і, на відміну від існуючих, дозволяє поєднувати альтернативи, за якими може відбуватись забезпечення конкурентоспроможності підприємства на будь-якому етапі його розвитку в системі агрокластера. Запропонований методичний підхід надає можливість оптимізувати розподіл інвестиційних ресурсів так, щоб прийняті рішення забезпечували очікуваний рівень конкурентоспроможності підприємства.
 Практична цінність / значущість. Ураховуючи те, що на цей момент часу в Україні функціонують десятки агрокластерів, у межах яких функціонують сотні підприємств малого та середнього бізнесу, то очевидно, що фокус-група користувачів запропонованого методу є досить значною. Практична цінність застосування цього методичного підходу полягає в можливості його використання підприємствами під час прийняття інвестиційних рішень, формування стратегії розвитку, розроблення тактичних моделей поведінки в періоди загострення конкуренції.

Trusted energy aware cluster based routing using fuzzy logic for WSN in IoT

WSN plays a major role in the design of IoT system. In today’s internet era IoT integrates the digital devices, sensing equipment and computing devices for data sensing, gathering and communicate the data to the Base station via the optimal path. WSN, owing to the characteristics such as energy constrained and untrustworthy environment makes them to face many challenges which may affect the performance and QoS of the network. Thus, in WSN based IoT both security and energy efficiency are considered as herculean design challenges and requires important concern for the enhancement of network life time. Hence, to address these problems in this paper a novel secure energy aware cluster based routing algorithm named Trusted Energy Efficient Fuzzy logic based clustering Algorithm (TEEFCA) has been proposed. This algorithm consists of two major objectives. Firstly, the trustworthy nodes are identified, which may act as candidate nodes for cluster based routing. Secondly, the fuzzy inference system is employed under the two circumstances namely selection of optimal Cluster Leader (CL) and cluster formation process by considering the following three parameters such as (i) node’s Residual Energy level (ii) Cluster Density (iii) Distance Node BS. From, the experiment outcomes implemented using MATLAB it have been proved that TEEFCA shows significant improvement in terms of power conservation, network stability and lifetime when compared to the existing cluster aware routing approaches.

Selection of Cluster Head Techniques in WSN: A Review

A wireless sensor network is used in various applications like military, healthcare application; in our daily life, as well can be seen the applications of a sensor network. The basic characteristic of these sensor nodes are it has limited power and its tiny structure. Because of this energy is the most important concern of WSN. To minimize energy, researchers have developed various ideas. To focus on energy and to improve the network lifetime whole network is partitioned into small areas called a cluster. Clustering plays a very important part in improving the consumption of energy and eventually the network life. In clustering group of sensor nodes create clusters and among them, one A node is selected as a cluster leader(CHs). A cluster head's sense of duty is to aggregate the information from there cluster members and promote it to the sink node. One of the biggest challenges is to select the appropriate cluster head in WSN. In case if a sink is a mobile sink then mobile sink has to move to the head of the cluster to collect the data which cluster head has collected. So it is very much important to find cluster head properly so that the length of a mobile sink tour should be minimized. There are various methods of finding the cluster head.This paper addressed the different methods for selecting a cluster head to minimise the node energy and maximize the lifetime of the network.

Partnership in Communities of Practice Towards Teachers’ Professional Development

This study examined how partnership with international agencies, non-governmental organisations and experts from higher institutions of learning assist teachers’ in communities of learning towards their professional development. Mixed methods and concurrent triangulation research designs were adopted for this study. Seventy-nine respondents which comprises of principals, teachers, head of departments, cluster leaders, subject advisers and education district officials were purposively selected. Semi-structured questionnaire which has both open- and closed- ended questions as well as semi-structured interview which has both structured and unstructured interviews were the research instruments used to elicit information from the respondents. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively while quantitative data were analysed thematically from emerging themes. Findings revealed that greater percentage of high schools that participated in the study do not engage in partnership with international agencies, non-governmental organizations and experts from higher institutions in their communities of practice. However, few schools indicated that they enjoyed partnership from these organizations which had helped their teachers towards their professional development. Based on these findings, this study recommends that high school should try to engage in partnership programs especially with universities that are near to their school location to organise trainings, workshops and seminars for their teachers to serve as support measures for their professional development.

Aflatoxin contamination: Knowledge disparities among agriculture extension officers, frontline health workers and small holder farming households in Malawi

The aims of this study were to assess the state of knowledge and perceptions regarding aflatoxin contamination among frontline workers in direct contact with small holder farming households in Malawi as well as among the households themselves. The study first investigated and documented demographic profiles of agriculture extension workers (n = 22) and frontline health workers (n = 161) both from Ntchisi district and small holder farming households (n = 915) from Dedza, Balaka and Mzimba districts. Structured questionnaires were administered to document knowledge and perceptions. Majority of the respondents in Ntchisi were frontline nutrition and health workers as follows: care group promoters (31.7%), cluster leaders (51.9%) and health surveillance assistants (4.4%). Only 12% of the respondents were agriculture extension officers. Among frontline workers, using factor analyses, factors highly associated with the knowledge on domestic management of aflatoxin contamination and the impact of aflatoxin contamination on child linear growth and health in general were most prominent. Whereas, their knowledge of pre & post-harvest practices that pre-dispose crops to aflatoxin contamination and impact of aflatoxin contamination on trade and income losses was relatively low. On the other hand, among small holder farming households, lowest knowledge was related to occurrence of aflatoxin contamination pre and post-harvest. Highest knowledge was observed on issues around loss of income due to aflatoxin contamination. Across all districts over 50% of surveyed respondents reported that they perceived aflatoxin contamination severity as low. Majority of the households (>50%) did not perceive aflatoxin contamination as a problem that could be controlled.This is the first study to investigate knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions on aflatoxin contamination among a combination of agriculture extension officers and frontline health workers in parallel with the households they usually are in contact with. The current investigation is crucial because it elucidates knowledge gaps in aflatoxin critical control across agriculture extension, health workers and the small holder farming households. This is especially crucial among agriculture extension workers and frontline health workers as they have direct contact with households and therefore serve as an important source of information that could influence behavior change.

A Cluster Leader Selection Algorithm to Enhance the Lifetime of Scalable Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks have fascinating applications that help mankind to get connected with the physical world. Since the last decade, wireless sensor networks are been researched as physical infrastructure of Internet of things technology. For such accomplishment, wireless sensor networks need to be scalable and self-organizing. As sensor nodes are battery driven, limited lifetime is the prime constraint. Clustering methods are popularly used to prolong the network lifetime, but cluster leader selection algorithms majorly affect total energy consumption of the network. This is because cluster leaders utilize more energy than other nodes. For scalable networks, selecting appropriate cluster leaders is a great challenge. In this research work, a distributed cluster leader selection algorithm is proposed to prolong the network lifetime. Real-time network parameters are used instead of random variables or constants in the formulation of cluster leader selection criteria. Due to this, minimal but sufficient number of cluster leaders are selected. This reduces number of transmissions toward the sink and significantly minimizes overall energy consumption. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm enhances network lifetime efficaciously for varying node density and coverage area. Thus, the proposed algorithm can be suitably used for Internet of things applications.

An Energy Efficient e-Healthcare Framework Supported by Novel EO-μGA (Extremal Optimization Tuned Micro-Genetic Algorithm)

The edge/fog computing has the potential to gear up the healthcare industry by providing better and faster health services to the patients. In healthcare systems where every second is crucial, the edge computing can be helpful to reduce the time between data capture and analytics in a powerful manner. In edge computing, the network edge devices are configured in such a manner that they can handle critical analysis and make necessary decisions instead of sending the captured health data directly to the cloud. However, lifetime of the edge network is a critical factor and thus an energy efficient network architecture has to be designed to achieve the above mentioned goal. In this regard, this research presents a new extremal optimization tuned micro genetic algorithm (EO-μGA) based clustering technique for the sake of efficient routing and prolonging network lifetime by saving the battery power of network edge devices. Moreover, a novel fitness function with a set of relevant criteria of edge devices such as energy factor, average intra-cluster distance, average distance to cluster leader over data analytics center, average sleeping time, and computational load has been considered for the selection of the cluster leader which will be responsible for managing intra-cluster and inter-cluster data communication. The simulation results show that the proposed EO-μGA based clustering model offers a higher network lifetime and a least amount of transmission energy consumption per node as compared to various state of the art optimization algorithms.

Automotive Cluster and Territorial Development: Comparative Cases between Germany and Mexico

This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.

Research on User Influence Model Integrating Personality Traits under Strong Connection

User influence has always been a major topic in the field of social networking. At present, most of the research focuses on three aspects: topological structure, social-behavioral dimension, and topic dimension and most of them ignore the difference between the audience. These models do not consider the impact of personality differences on user influences. To meet this need, this paper introduces the personality traits factor and proposes a user influence model which integrates personality traits (IPUIM) under a strong connection. The user influence measurement is constructed through the information dimension, structural dimension, and user behavioral dimension. The personality report of the user group is obtained by means of NEO-PI-R (The big five personality inventory, Chinese edition) and machine learning method, and it is integrated into the user influence model. The experiment proves that the model proposed in this paper has good accuracy and applicability in measuring user influence, and can effectively identify the key opinion leaders of different personality trait clusters.

Spatial Correlation Based Clustering with dynamic CH Selection Scheme towards Enhanced QoS Metrics in Wireless Sensor Networks

Resource constrained wireless sensor nodes are generally randomly distributed in a given area of interest to sense required information and the sensed data is transmitted to the sink station or Base Station (BS) through various clustering and data routing algorithms. The standard clustering algorithms that are aimed at efficient data routing techniques are Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm , Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC) algorithm, Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and various others. Most of these algorithms are the various variants of LEACH. Our proposed scheme of data gathering and routing is based on a two hop structure wherein the Cluster Leader (CL) forwards the aggregated received data from the Cluster members to the Sink directly. The Chance-value that determines the Cluster Leader in a round is decided by a combination of parameters specific to the Sensor nodes in the cluster. In our simulation approach we have also tried to analyze the effect of changing density of sensor nodes in the select area. Thus in our proposed scheme, we embark on a fixed Clustering scheme where the CL is selected dynamically so as to extend the network’s lifetime and achieve enhanced throughput in comparison to the standard algorithms like DEEC, SEP and LEACH.

Energy EC: An artificial bee colony optimization based energy efficient cluster leader selection for wireless sensor networks

In recent times, the applications of cluster-based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have shown rapid growth. Many researchers are working on approaches for an efficient way of cluster formation and selecting a cluster leader in a way to improve the energy efficiency of the WSN. One of the biggest challenges for the selection of a suitable cluster leader is that which criteria should be given priority over others. This paper consists of such an approach that deals with the cluster leader selection in the cluster based on the fitness function. At first, the cluster of sensor nodes is created using the k-means clustering algorithm and then the optimization of the fitness function is done with nature-inspired optimization technique is known as Artificial Bees Colony (ABC) optimization. The objective function considered for the optimization is based on; sensor’s energy; sink distance from cluster leader; and the cluster members distance. The benefit of the chosen objective function is that it yields the optimal cluster leaders. After simulating it is observed that the results obtained are better than that of other similar works.

Emperor penguin optimised self-healing strategy for WSN based smart grids

Nowadays, smart grid technologies make use of wireless sensor network (WSN) in electric power generation, transmission and distribution systems. This paper proposes emperor penguin optimised self-healing (EPOSH) strategy for sensor network based smart grid system. Self-healing is a process of automatically detecting and correcting faulted sensor nodes to enable uninterrupted power supply in smart grid systems. In proposed work, data generated from various nodes are forward to cluster leader and routed to base station from leader node. Routing performed based on EPOSH in proposed work which greatly reduces design complexity of self-healing process. Because, EPOSH works in an iterative manner to detect, eliminate faulty nodes and to find optimal alterative solution for routing with faulty nodes. Proposed EPOSH for SG networks implemented in Matlab working environment and resultant performances are compared with existing works such as AEC, GHS, GA-TBR and IGRC.

Fuzzy logic–based distributed clustering protocol to improve energy efficiency and stability of wireless smart sensor networks for farmland monitoring systems

SummaryWireless smart sensor networks (WSSNs) are emerging as the physical backbone of the internet of things (IoT) technology. On the basis of the IoT platform, web‐based systems and services are been developing such as e‐surveillance, industrial‐IoT, and precision agriculture. For farmland monitoring systems, WSSNs need to be scalable in terms of coverage area. Sensor nodes are energy‐constrained devices, and hence, many energy‐efficient clustering protocols are developed in the literature. But these methods overload the cluster leaders (CLs) with cluster computation and data communication costs. An improper CL selection may lead to the early death of such nodes and hence does not prolong the network lifetime stability. We propose a fuzzy logic (FL)–based distributed clustering protocol to enhance the energy efficiency of WSSN while maximizing the coverage area. The load of CLs is shared by originators and super‐CLs (SCLs) selected in the network. The wireless link and received signal strength (RSS) are greatly affected by environmental conditions and thus cannot be considered as ideal network parameters. We use FL systems to tackle the uncertainty of such network parameters. The proposed protocol is simulated for different scalable WSSNs. The results indicate that the proposed protocol provides better lifetime stability than the recent conventional protocols. The functionalities of the protocol are proposed considering the recent wireless standards. Hence, the proposed protocol can be suitably implemented for farmland monitoring systems.