Cluster Head Selection Protocol Research Articles

FAMACROW: Fuzzy and ant colony optimization based combined mac, routing, and unequal clustering cross-layer protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization Based Combined MAC, Routing, and Unequal Clustering Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (FAMACROW) consisting of several nodes that send sensed data to a Master Station. FAMACROW incorporates cluster head selection, clustering, and inter-cluster routing protocols. FAMACROW uses fuzzy logic with residual energy, number of neighboring nodes, and quality of communication link as input variables for cluster head selection. To avoid hot spots problem, FAMACROW uses an unequal clustering mechanism with clusters closer to MS having smaller sizes than those far from it. FAMACROW uses Ant Colony Optimization based technique for reliable and energy-efficient inter-cluster multi-hop routing from cluster heads to MS. The inter-cluster routing protocol decides relay node considering its: (i) distance from current cluster head and that from MS (for energy-efficient inter-cluster communication), (ii) residual energy (for energy distribution across the network), (iii) queue length (for congestion control), (iv) delivery likelihood (for reliable communication). A comparative analysis of FAMACROW with Unequal Cluster Based Routing [33], Unequal Layered Clustering Approach [43], Energy Aware Unequal Clustering using Fuzzy logic [37] and Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering [35] shows that FAMACROW is 41% more energy-efficient, has 75–88% more network lifetime and sends 82% more packets compared to Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering protocol.

$E^{2}$ -MAC: Energy Efficient Medium Access for Massive M2M Communications

In this paper, we investigate energy-efficient clustering and medium access control (MAC) for cellular-based M2M networks to minimize device energy consumption and prolong network battery lifetime. First, we present an accurate energy consumption model that considers both static and dynamic energy consumptions, and utilize this model to derive the network lifetime. Second, we find the cluster size to maximize the network lifetime and develop an energy-efficient cluster-head selection scheme. Furthermore, we find feasible regions where clustering is beneficial in enhancing network lifetime. We further investigate communications protocols for both intra- and inter-cluster communications. While inter-cluster communications use conventional cellular access schemes, we develop an energy-efficient and load-adaptive multiple access scheme, called n-phase CSMA/CA, which provides a tunable tradeoff between energy efficiency, delay, and spectral efficiency of the network. The simulation results show that the proposed clustering, cluster-head selection, and communications protocol design outperform the others in energy saving and significantly prolong the lifetimes of both individual nodes and the whole M2M network.

FAMACRO: Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization Based MAC/Routing Cross-layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based MAC/Routing cross-layer protocol (FAMACRO) for Wireless Sensor Networks that encompases cluster head selection, clustering and inter-cluster routing protocols. FAMACRO uses fuzzy logic with residual energy, number of neighboring nodes and quality of communication link as input variables for cluster head selection. To avoid “hot spots”, FAMACRO uses an unequal clustering mechanism with clusters closer to master station having smaller sizes than those far from it. Finally, ACO techinque is used for reliable and energy-efficient inter-cluster routing from cluster heads to master station. The inter-cluster routing protocol decides relay node considering its residual energy, distance from current cluster head, distance from master station and packet reception rate. A comparative analysis of FAMACRO with Distributed Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering, Unequal Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering, Energy Efficient Unequal Clustering and Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering protocol shows that FAMACRO is 82% more energy-efficient, has 5% to 30% more network lifetime and sends 91% more packets compared to Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering protocol.

Cluster Head Selection Protocol using Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks

trends in field of wireless networks is setting up Wireless Sensor Networks that, senses specified parameter(s) related to environment; processes sensed data and wirelessly communicates it to a base station. Such networks open up a whole new range of applications, including precision agriculture, monitoring and tracking vehicles, animals and humans, battle-field surveillance, civil structural monitoring etc. All these applications require extended network lifetime, scalability, and traffic balancing among nodes in the network. Clustering is one of the effectual techniques for achieving these requirements. In clustering, geographically adjacent nodes are organized into virtual groups called clusters. One of the cluster node acts as a cluster head and rest as cluster members. This paper presents Cluster Head selection protocol using Fuzzy Logic (CHUFL). It uses node's parameters like: residual energy, reachability from its neighborhood, quality of communication link with its neighborhood and distance from base station as fuzzy input variables for cluster head selection. A comparative analysis of CHUFL with cluster head selection mechanism using fuzzy logic by Indranil et. al.; Cluster Head Election mechanism using Fuzzy logic (CHEF) by Kim et. al. and cluster head selection method for wireless sensor networks based on fuzzy logic by J. Anno et. al. shows that CHUFL is up to 20 % more energy efficient and sends 72% more packets to base station compared to protocol by J. Anno et. al., one of the energy efficient clustering protocol.

An Energy-Efficient Re-Clustering and Data Reporting Algorithm for Energy Constrained Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks consist of tiny sensors powered by low power battery and in most of the applications sensors are deployed to monitor the unattended areas. As sensor nodes are energy constrained in the network, energy efficiency is an important factor and should be considered during the protocol design phase. In this article we propose a robust, poweraware in-network clustering protocol to increase the network lifetime, which is based on parameters like residual energy, distance to the base station and proximity of the base station. The proposed cluster head selection protocol offers an efficient way of balancing the energy among member nodes of the cluster with considerably lesser energy consumption. Proposed novel algorithm is experimented in Matlab simulator and results shows significant improvements when compared to LEACH algorithm. The performance is evaluated by considering the impact of energy balancing among the nodes and network lifetime efficiency in WSN.

Secure and fair cluster head selection protocol for enhancing security in mobile ad hoc networks.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks consisting of number of autonomous mobile devices temporarily interconnected into a network by wireless media. MANETs become one of the most prevalent areas of research in the recent years. Resource limitations, energy efficiency, scalability, and security are the great challenging issues in MANETs. Due to its deployment nature, MANETs are more vulnerable to malicious attack. The secure routing protocols perform very basic security related functions which are not sufficient to protect the network. In this paper, a secure and fair cluster head selection protocol (SFCP) is proposed which integrates security factors into the clustering approach for achieving attacker identification and classification. Byzantine agreement based cooperative technique is used for attacker identification and classification to make the network more attack resistant. SFCP used to solve this issue by making the nodes that are totally surrounded by malicious neighbors adjust dynamically their belief and disbelief thresholds. The proposed protocol selects the secure and energy efficient cluster head which acts as a local detector without imposing overhead to the clustering performance. SFCP is simulated in network simulator 2 and compared with two protocols including AODV and CBRP.

An Energy-Balanced Routing Scheme Based on Prim Algorithm in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network, there are many hurdles takes place in providing quality of service routing to a desired level. The majority of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks concentrates on energy efficiency as a prime factor. Developing an energy–efficient routing protocol has a significant impact on the overall lifetime and stability of the sensor network. In this paper, we have considered three types of sensor nodes. Some fraction of the sensor nodes are equipped with the additional energy resources than the other nodes. We have assumed that all the sensor nodes are uniformly distributed. In the Heterogeneous WSN, we proposed an energy efficient cluster head election protocol and using the improved Prim’s algorithm to construct an inter-cluster routing. Simulation results show out method is more efficient to reduce and balance energy consumption and hence prolong the lifetime of WSN.

An Efficient Approach to Select Cluster Head in Wireless Sensor Networks

Enhancing lifetime of sensor nodes should be considered as the key design objective in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A sensor node can only be equipped with a limited energy supply and it loses its energy during data communication. In some application scenarios, replenishment of energy resources might be impossible since the sensor nodes are distributed in remote environment. Hence, the nodes lose their energy quickly and become dead. The frequent topology changes due to the die of sensors make the network quite unstable. A good cluster head selection protocol is, therefore, required to enhance system lifetime and data communication. This paper proposes a new methodology for cluster head selection based on sensor nodes’ energy per unit cost. Experimental study shows that the proposed method, by adopting few selection criteria on choosing cluster head, increases the system lifetime and maximize data communication in comparison to existing dominant approaches.