Cluster Bean Varieties Research Articles

Effect of the Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield Aspects of Cluster Bean Varieties

A field study was conducted to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) during Kharif 2023 at Loyola Academy, Alwal, Telangana. The four treatments, viz. 100% RDF + Rhizobium, 100% RDF + Psuedomonas, 100% RDF + Vermiwash, 100% RDF + Panchagavya, with two varieties namely Spark (V1) and Samrat (V2) were laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The mean values of various growth parameters of variety 1 i.e. Spark at harvest were viz. plant height at 94.0 cm, no. of branches 7.33. The mean values of various growth parameters, of variety 2 i.e. Samrat at harvest were viz. plant height at 97.27 cm, no. of branches 7.87. The mean values of various yield parameters, of variety 1 at harvest were viz. The length of the pod is 6.79 cm, pods per plant 29.33, no. of clusters 10.40 and pod yield 65.64. While the mean values of various yield parameters, of variety 2 at harvest were viz. The length of the pod is 7.30 cm, pods per plant 31.60, no. of clusters 11.13 and pod yield 69.86. Mean gross return values for variety 1 with treatments T0, T1,T2, T3, T4 were 200861.73, 260917.54, 354945.82, 324047.89 and 386299.86 respectively. Mean gross return values for variety 2 with treatments T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4 were 223093.36, 426535.69, 372768.28, 340586.49 and 387043.14 respectively. The highest yield attributes and gross returns were recorded with the application of 100% RDF + Rhizobium and the lowest growth and yield attributes were recorded in the control plots.

Performance of Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Varieties under Different Temperature and Relative Humidity Profiles

A study was performed at Department of Plant Pathology during year 2020, CCS Haryana Agricultural University to find the effect of different growing environments on temperature and humidity profile development, yield and its attributes in clusterbean crop. Three varieties of clusterbean varieties i.e. HG 365 (V1), HG 563 (V2) and HG 2-20 (V3) with each sown at three different dates of sowing i.e first (D1), third (D2) and fourth (D4) week of July in factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice. The diurnal range of temperature profiles at the emergence stage and flowering stage were higher in the crop sown in the first fortnight of July as compared to the second and third fortnights of July. Crops sown in the fourth week of July had a greater diurnal range of relative humidity profiles at the vegetative and pod formation stage while at flowering stage higher diurnal variation were present in first week of July sown crop. However, among different cultivars of clusterbean, no variation in temperature and humidity profile were observed. Significantly higher number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, harvesting index, grain and straw yield were found in D1 (first week of July) and V2 (HG 563) as compared to remaining dates of sowing and varieties, respectively.

Agroclimatic Indices, Phenology and Growth Response of Clusterbean to Different Dates of Sowing and Varieties

A field experiment was performed to study the effect of different sowing times and varieties on agroclimatic indices, phenology and growth of clusterbean at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana). Experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Treatments consists of two factors i.e. sowing time and varieties. Three clusterbean varieties i.e. HG 365 (V1), HG 563 (V2) and HG 2-20 (V3) with each sown at three different dates of sowing i.e first (D1), third (D2) and fourth (D3) week of July. Clusterbean variety HG 563(V2), sown in first week of July (D1) resulted in significantly higher accumulation of agroclimatic indices i.e. growing degree days, photo thermal units, heliothermal units and heat use efficiency because the early sown crop had a fully developed normal reproductive phase and took longer time to attain maturity. Similarly, more number of days were taken for emergence, days to 50% flowering, days to 50% pod formation and days to maturity in variety HG 563, sown in first week of July. Significantly higher leaf area index and dry matter accumulation were observed in HG 563 sown on 1st week of July than rest of the varieties and date of sowings.

Growth, varietal development and cultivar diversity in seed production chain of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in India

India with a contribution of about 90% to the global production ranks first in the world in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) production. It is an important feed, fodder, food and industrial crop grown in arid and semiarid regions of West and North-West India specifically, Rajasthan, accounted for about 87.7% of the production and 91.5% of the acreage during 2020–21. India is also the major exporter of guar gum or derivatives in the international market and during 2022–23, earned valuable foreign exchange worth US $617.14 million by exporting 0.41 million tonnes (mt) of guar gum. During 2020–21 area, production and yield were reduced by 34.6%, 34.0% and 17.1%, respectively, over that of the 2010–11. The compound annual growth rate during the last five years of the decade was-12.4%, -17.5 and -5.7% for acreage, production and yield, respectively. Despite negative CAGR for area during the last twenty years, the production and yield of cluster bean increased with a CAGR of 4.5 and 5.1%. A total of 39 forage or grain type varieties of cluster bean were released and notified during 1976–2023. Varieties HG 2-20 (14.1–45.2%; 8/8) followed by RGC 1038/Guar Karan (1.4–16.7%; 8/8); HG 365 (0.3–10.0%, 8/8) and RGC 1033 (14.9–62.0%; 7/8) were the major contributors with highest frequency of occurrence in the top-most five varieties in the seed chain. Seed requirement for the next five years was assessed. Timely availability of adequate quantityof quality seed at affordable price requires holistic approach involving researchers and developmental personnel responsible for production of seed from both public and private sector.

Growth, Yield and Quality of Cluster Bean Varieties as Influenced by Organic Production System

Background: Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers causes harmful impact on soil, environment and human being, hence demand of organic food products has shot up recently. Organic cultivation aims to optimization of crop productivity rather than its maximization through restoration and back up of ecological processes and functions of whole ecosystem. Limited varieties are available on long term performance of pulse crop varieties under organic farming system so far. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and yield performance of cluster bean varieties under organic production system. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during 2016-2020, eight varieties of cluster bean were studied under organic production system. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The recommended quantity of nutrients for cluster bean is 15:40:00 kg NPK ha–1 and manures were applied on nitrogen equivalent basis through organic sources. The observations on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean were recorded at the time of harvesting. Soil and plant samples were collected at time of harvesting and analyzed for available nutrients in soil and nutrient content in seed samples. Result: Our investigation exhibited significant improvements in plant growth parameters, yield and yield attributes. The maximum plant height at harvest (123.53 cm), number of primary branches per plant (9.46), number of pods per plant (66.08), number of seeds per pod (8.66) with highest seed yield (1490.42 kg ha-1) were exhibited by variety RGC-1038 followed by RGC-1055 (1365.11 kg ha-1). Significant improvement in yield and yield attributes on the pooled basis were recorded in variety RGC-1038 followed by RGC-1055 and lowest seed yield (761.14 kg ha-1) was found in the variety RGC-986. RGC-1038 variety recorded highest plant nutrient status as compared to other varieties. The maximum net returns (Rs.48403/-) and B:C ratio (3.09) were recorded with the variety RGC-1038. Among eight varieties of cluster bean RGC-1038 and RGC-1055 found promising for organic farming in terms of growth, seed yield, quality and net return aspects.

Yield Attributes and Yield of Cluster Bean as Affected by Varieties and Micronutrient Foliar Application under Teak Based Agroforestry System

Agroforestry is an approach to land use that combines agriculture with forestry, ensuring both forest cover and food security. In the present study, teak based agroforestry system was used for the production potential of cluster bean in response to varieties and micronutrient foliar application. The study was conducted in the summer season for two years. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept consisting of 3 factors viz., varieties, foliar application of micronutrient iron and zinc at 2 levels each in 4 replications. Two different varieties of cluster bean viz. Pusa Navbahar (V1), Local Variety (V2), foliar application of iron viz. No foliar application of iron (F0), foliar application of iron [0.5% FeSO4 (F1)] at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) and foliar application of zinc viz. No foliar application of zinc (Z0), foliar application of zinc [0.5% ZnSO4 (Z1)] at 30 and 45 DAS were tested for yield attributes of cluster bean separately under teak based agroforestry system and open condition. Among two tested varieties, variety Pusa Navbahar perform well as compared to local variety. Foliar application of 0.5% FeSO4 and 0.5% ZnSO4 individually increased yield attributes and yield as compare to their control condition. Further, results of the investigation showed decline in the yield attributes and yield of cluster bean under teak based agroforestry system in comparison to open condition. The interaction effect of different treatment combinations was found nonsignificant for all yield attributes except the number of pods per plant under teak based agroforestry system and open condition.

Evaluation of Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Varieties for Koshi Region of Bihar

Background: Field experiment was conducted under In-house Project of the University during kharif seasons of 2015 and 2017 for evaluation of clusterbean varieties for Koshi Region of Bihar. Methods: The experiment was conducted by using randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were recorded on different agronomic parameters including, plant height, dry matter accumulation, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, test weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Economics of crop was also calculated to find out the economic feasibility for the farmers. Result: Result revealed that the significantly taller plants along with higher dry matter accumulation was observed under clusterbean variety Bundel Guar-2 (BG-2). Clusterbean variety Gujarat Guar-2 (GG-2) taken least number of days to maturity, however, highest number of days to maturity was taken by RGC-986 and BG-1. Significantly higher number of pods per plant was observed under RGC-1033. HG-365 resulted into significantly higher number of grains per pod and BG-1 recorded significantly higher test weight. RGC-1033 proved significantly better in terms of grain yield, harvest index and net returns. In terms of stover and biological yield BG-2 proved significantly superior.

Choline Chloride Mediates Salinity Tolerance in Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) by Improving Growth, Oxidative Defense, and Secondary Metabolism.

Choline chloride (CC) application enhanced the tolerance of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) against salinity stress. The aim of the study was to determine the protective role of CC on plant growth, photosynthesis, and biochemical indicators of oxidative stress. The seeds of BR-99 (tolerant) and BR-2017 (sensitive) were surface sterilized and sown in plastic pots containing river sandy soil. The design of the experiments was completely randomized with 4 replicates per treatment. Three weeks after germination, salinity (150 mM) was imposed. Then plants were sprayed with different concentrations of CC (3, 5, and 10 mM), while normal plants were sprayed with distilled water. Salinity decreased growth attributes, relative water contents, photosynthetic attributes, total soluble proteins, total free amino acids, phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, proline, and glycine betaine and increased the levels of oxidative stress indicators. However, the application of CC (particularly 5 mM) improved growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, and activities of antioxidant compounds by reducing the levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde in salt-stressed plants in both cluster bean varieties. BR-99 variety showed more tolerance to salinity stress than that of BR-2017 in the form of greater oxidative defense and osmotic adjustment and clear from greater plant dry masses. Thus, our results showed that the application of CC (5 mM) is an efficient strategy for field use in the areas, where salt stress soils limit agriculture production.

Effect of promising varieties of clusterbean on yield atteributes, yield and economics in northern madhya pradesh

A research experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at College of Agriculture, farm Gwalior (M.P.) under AICRP on Arid Legumes. On the basis of results obtained the variety X-10 gave significantly highest seed yield (2731 kg/ha), net monetary return (‘ 1,25,083/ha), BCR (7.74) and harvest index (27.83%) as compared to other varieties but at par with HG-563, RGC-1033 and HG 2-20 varieties. But the variety RGC-1066 gave significantly lowest seed yield (1736 kg/ha).

Elucidation of Galactomannan Biosynthesis Pathway Genes through Transcriptome Sequencing of Seeds Collected at Different Developmental Stages of Commercially Important Indian Varieties of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) endosperm predominantly contains guar gum a polysaccharide, which has tremendous industrial applications in food, textile, paper, oil drilling and water treatment. In order to understand the genes controlling galactomannan biosynthesis, mRNA was isolated from seeds collected at different developmental stages; young pods, mature pods and young leaf from two guar varieties, HG365 and HG870 and subjected to Illumina sequencing. De novo assembly of fourteen individual read files from two varieties of guar representing seven developmental stages gave a total of 1,13,607 contigs with an N50 of 1,244 bases. Annotation of assemblies with GO mapping revealed three levels of distribution, namely, Biological Processes, Molecular Functions and Cellular Components. GO studies identified major genes involved in galactomannan biosynthesis: Cellulose synthase D1 (CS D1) and GAUT-like gene families. Among the polysaccharide biosynthetic process (GO:0000271) genes the transcript abundance for CS was found to be predominantly more in leaf samples, whereas, the transcript abundance for GAUT-like steadily increased from 65% to 90% and above from stage1 to stage5 indicating accumulation of galactomannan in developing seeds; and validated by qRT-PCR analysis. Galactomannan quantification by HPLC showed HG365 (12.98–20.66%) and HG870 (7.035–41.2%) gradually increasing from stage1 to stage 5 (10–50 DAA) and highest accumulation occurred in mature and dry seeds with 3.8 to 7.1 fold increase, respectively. This is the first report of transcriptome sequencing and complete profiling of guar seeds at different developmental stages, young pods, mature pods and young leaf material from two commercially important Indian varieties and elucidation of galactomannan biosynthesis pathway. It is envisaged that the data presented herein will be very useful for improvement of guar through biotechnological interventions in future.

Response of fertility and agro-chemical on growth and yield of different varieties of Clusterbean

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013 to study response of clusterbean varieties to fertility levels and agro-chemicals at SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner. The experiment consisted of two varieties (RGC-1038 and RGC-1066), three treatments of fertility levels (control, 50% RDF and 100% RDF) and three treatments of agro-chemicals (control, thiourea 500 ppm twice at vegetative and pre flowering stage and thiourea 100 ppm twice at vegetative and pre flowering stage) thereby making eighteen treatment combinations tested in randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that RGC 1066 variety recorded significantly higher plant height 60 DAS and at harvest and dry matter per meter row length at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of pods/plant and seeds/pod, test weight, seed yield, stover yield and biological yield as compared to variety of RGC-1038. The result further indicated that application of fertilized 100% RDF significantly gave higher plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest similarly, dry matter per meter row length at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of pods/plant and seeds/pod, test weight, seed yield, stover yield and biological yield recorded higher over control and fertilized with 50% RDF. Likewise, application of agro-chemical @ thiourea (500 ppm) significantly increased the plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest and dry matter per meter row length at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of pods/plant and seeds/pod, test weight, seed yield, stover yield and biological yield and remained at par with the application of agro-chemical @ TGA (100 ppm) over control. However, plant height at 30 DAS remained materially unchanged under different varieties, fertility levels and agro-chemicals.

Response of clusterbean varieties to various inter and intra row spacings in rainfed alfisols

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of spacing on clusterbean varieties in alfisols of scarce rainfall zone under rainfed situation for consecutive three kharif seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015 at the Agricultural Research Station, Ananthapuram of Andhra Pradesh. Pooled data revealed that higher yield was recorded with branched varieties (447 kg ha-1) than unbranched varieties (445 kg ha-1). Unbranched variety produced higher haulm yield. Among crop geometry, 22.5 x 10 cm recorded higher seed yield of 512 kg ha-1 while lowest seed yield of 393 kg ha-1 obtained with 45x10 cm. Among crop geometry tested, higher haulm yield was registered with 45x7.5 and 22.5x7.5 cm spacing resulted lowest haulm yield. Considering the economics and large scale availability of seed drills and planters with farmers sowing of cluster bean either branched or unbranched genotypes with 30 x 7.5 or 10 cm spacing was found optimum.

Effect of dates of sowing and varieties on yield and quality of cluster bean (Cyamopsistetra gonoloba L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla (Andhra Pradesh), study the effect of different sowing dates on the yield and quality of different varieties of clusterbean. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice, six dates of sowing from 15th September to 1st December at fifteen days interval and two clusterbean varieties viz. RGC-936 and RGC-1003. Results revealed that growth parameters, yield attributes, yield (1568 kg ha-1) and quality parameters viz. gum content (31.6 %), protein content (30.1 %) and viscosity (3783 cP) were highest with RGC-1003 sown at 15thNovember, which was at par with 1st December sowing with same variety. The study results showed that the clusterbean crop can be grown successfully in non-traditional area as a rabi crop.

Bioregulators protected the leaf anatomy and photosynthetic machinery under water deficit stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Water deficit is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental stresses limiting the productivity of chickpea around the world. Exogenous application of bioregulators has been found to be a novel technology for imparting stress tolerance in crop plants. This study evaluated the changes brought about by two bioregulators viz., thiourea (TU) and thidiazuron (TDZ) under water deficit stress in chickpea leaf anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthesis. The experiment was conducted using Pusa 362 (Desi type) chickpea variety. Imposed water deficit treatment decreased relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI) and photosynthetic rate (PN). However, bioregulators application maintained higher RWC, MSI and PN under water deficit stress. Under imposed water stress, compact palisade layers of the mesophyll tissue were disrupted and cell size of the mesophyll cells displayed drastic reduction. Chloroplast, under water stress, displayed a number of grana with lose type of thylakoid, large increase in osmiophillic granules, reduction in the amount of starch granules and overall disruption of the thylakoid membrane. Foliar application of bioregulators maintained the integrity of mesophyll tissue and chloroplast structure thereby protected the chickpea plants from the detrimental effects of water deficit stress.

Influence of growth regulators on nutrient concentrations, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of cluster bean varieties

A field experiment was conducted during the season kharif 2008 and 2009 to find out response of cluster bean varieties to growth regulators. RGC-936 recorded in significantly higher amount of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) uptake and protein content during both the years over RGC-1017, RGC-1003 and RGC-1002. Seed + foliar application with thiourea @ 500 ppm recorded maximum total N and P uptake. Quality parameters viz. gum and protein in seed, were found highest in cultivar RGC 1017 which was at par with RGC-1002 and RGC-1003 and all these three varieties were significantly superior over RGC 936. Variety RGC-1017 recorded 15.3% higher gum content over RGC-936. Among the growth regulators. maximum gum content in seed were recorded with the seed + foliar application of thiourea @ 500 ppm. However, it was found statistically at par with the seed + foliar application of TGA @ 100 ppm and significantly superior to rest of the treatments in current study.

Role of Physical and Biochemical Parameters of Different Cluster Bean Varieties on the Guar Gum Content and Aphid Infestation

Role of Physical and Biochemical Parameters of Different Cluster Bean Varieties on the Guar Gum Content and Aphid Infestation

Effect of varieties and nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobaL.)

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M. P.) during two kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of varieties and nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of clusterbean. Amongst the clusterbean varieties, HG 563 recorded maximum growth, yield and yield attributes and net income. Thus, HG-563 produced maximum 19.45 q/ha grain with net income up to Rs. 178151/ha. Amongst the fertility treatments, 75% RDF (N15P30K15) with 5 t/ha vermicompost raised all the above parameters up to maximum extent. The net income was highest Rs. 177089/ha with B: C ratio 9.78. The treatment interactions were non-significant for grain yield. For the sake of recommendation to the clusterbean growers in this region, HG-563 may be recommended with 75% NPK+5t vermicompost/ha. For maintaining good soil health and sustainable crop productivity, vermicompost would be most beneficial in the long run. The net income would reduce only slightly.

Detection of double stranded RNA in phytopathogenic Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

One hundred one isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina from various hosts and eco-geographical locations were employed for elucidating relationships among genetic diversity and virulence. Highly pathogenic, moderately pathogenic, and hypovirulent cluster bean specific isolates were identified. In order to correlate respective phenotypes of plant pathogenic fungus multiple and complex patterns of dsRNA elements were analyzed. Double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNA) are ubiquitous in all major groups and most of them have vast potential as biological control agents for fungi. Rate of virulence and its further association could ascertain by host plant and their fungal genotypes. Variability of the fungal genotypes decides the link between the complexity of dsRNA with different variants and the change in virulence pattern. Double-stranded RNA was identified in approximately 21.7% of M. phaseolina isolates from charcoal rot infected cluster bean varieties. After recurrent laboratory transfer on culture media, the preponderance of the isolates harboring dsRNAs developed degenerate culture phenotypes and showed reduced virulence (hypovirulence) to cluster bean. Macrophomina has successfully showed diversified and reproducible banding profile in dsRNA containing/free isolates. This is the first report of hypovirulence and detection of dsRNA in Macrophomina phaseolina isolates of cluster bean origin.

Molecular and morphophysiological characterization of superior cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonoloba) varieties

Cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonoloba) belongs to tribe Indigoferae of family Leguminosae. India is the world-leader for cluster bean production as it contributes 80% shares of its total production. Cluster bean (guar) is a cash crop for its application in textile, paper, petroleum, mining, pharmaceuticals, explosives, and food industries. Owing to its immense wealth of variable morphophysiological and industrial qualities there is a strong need for appropriate addressing and well documentation of the germplasm. Efforts are to be made to organize research programs on germplasm characterization, utilization, and molecular characterization. Superior cluster bean varieties were selected on the basis of morphophysiological characters and subjected to DNA-based molecular marker analysis. Eighteen of the best genotypes were chosen for DNA extraction, optimization of PCR conditions, and genetic diversity studies using 37 random primers. A total of 381 random amplification fragments were obtained; number of amplifications ranging from 4 to 22 with an average of 10.29 amplified fragments per primer. Evaluation of RAPD data reveals a magnificent range (0.34-0.76) of genotypic similarity coefficients. The UPGMA dendrogram was constructed based on similarity indices which illustrated discrete clustering of different genotypes into groups. Results recorded a positive correlation amongst varieties vis-a-vis cluster analysis generated by NTSYSpc and morphophysiological characteristics. The degree and distribution of genetic diversity in cluster bean would facilitate an evolutionary relationship between numerous accessions that eventually catalogues genetic resources in a more concerted fashion.

Influence of weather factors on the incidence of Alternaria blight of cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) on varieties with different susceptibilities

Abstract Progression of Alternaria blight intensity was observed fortnightly during 1997 and 1998 on six varieties of cluster bean ranging in their susceptibilities to the disease. The disease progressed faster on the most susceptible variety (FS-277) during both the years. There was a significantly positive correlation between the disease severity and certain weather parameters (cumulative rainy days and cumulative rainfall) whilst maximum temperature was significantly negatively associated (pooled basis). The step-wise multiple regression analysis of data revealed that minimum temperature, relative humidity in the evening, sunshine and cumulative rainfall played a major role in disease development.