Energy-efficient Cluster-based Routing Research Articles

Energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor network

Energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor network

Energy Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for WSN Using Nature Inspired Algorithm

Energy Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for WSN Using Nature Inspired Algorithm

Cluster based energy efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

SummaryWith the advancement in recent technologies, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged to become one of the key research areas. Sensor nodes in WSN are deployed randomly to sense the events that occur in an area. Clustering of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network will result in better energy efficiency and topology management. In many scenarios, wireless sensor networks are deployed in remote areas and in hostile environments where batteries cannot be recharged or replaceable. In real world applications, heterogeneous sensor nodes with different initial energies in a WSN are more preferable to prolong stability period, network lifetime, and throughput. The main objective of this article is to design and develop a cluster‐based energy efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (CEER). The proposed CEER routing protocol is based on the residual energy of all the sensor nodes in each round, distance of each sensor node from the base station, weighted election probabilities and reliability of a sensor node and the network. It is found from the results that, the proposed CEER routing protocol provides better stability, network lifetime, and throughput as compared with the existing routing protocols of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.

A Brief Survey on Cluster based Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in IoT based Wireless Sensor Networks

The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of randomly distributed nodes capable of detecting environmental data, converting it into a suitable format, and transmitting it to the base station. The most essential issue in WSNs is energy consumption, which is mostly dependent on the energy-efficient clustering and data transfer phases. We compared a variety of algorithms for clustering that balance the number of clusters. The cluster head selection protocol is arbitrary and incorporates energy-conscious considerations. In this survey, we compared different types of energy-efficient clustering-based protocols to determine which one is effective for lowering energy consumption, latency and extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSN) under various scenarios.

Optimized hybrid routing protocol for energy-aware cluster head selection in wireless sensor networks

The clustering mechanism in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the ideal strategy for constructing an energy efficient protocol for achieving extended network lifetime, energy efficiency, and scalability. The design of energy efficient protocols in WSNs is essential, as the sensor nodes are battery powered, and may be completely drained, resulting in deterioration in network lifetime. Energy efficient protocols aim to maximize network lifetime while minimizing overall energy consumption to avoid interruptions to the wireless sensor nodes deployed for monitoring and recording physical information from the environment. Moreover, hybrid metaheuristic-optimization based clustering and routing protocols are widely used for attaining energy stability and network lifetime. In this study, the golden eagle optimization algorithm (GEOA) and improved grasshopper optimization algorithm (IGHOA) based on the energy efficient cluster-based routing protocol (GEIGOA) are proposed for sustaining energy stability and augmenting network lifetime longevity by overcoming challenges in the cluster head (CH) selection process. In particular, by optimizing the node centrality, node degree, distance to the base station, distance to the neighbors, and residual node energy, GEOA selects an optimal CH from the deployed group of sensor nodes in the network. Furthermore, IGHOA is utilized to determine a reliable and optimal route between the CH and base station (BS) by assessing node degree, residual energy, and distance parameters. Moreover, the proposed GEIGOA was confirmed to be sufficiently capable in improving the probability of preventing the worst nodes from being selected as CHs with different number of sensor nodes, which was predominantly enhanced by 12.64%, 15.82%, 18.96%, and 20.98% compared with the competitive CH selection schemes. In addition, the computational cost incurred by the proposed GEIGOA with different number of sensor nodes was also confirmed to be minimized by 14.98%, 17.21%, 19.76%, and 21.62% compared with the competitive CH selection schemes.

A Review of Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent times wireless sensor networks have grown extremely and become increasingly striking in big variety of applications due to their low cost, low power, small in size, self-organizing behavior in unsympathetic environments. Routing is a vital technology in WSN. There are many routing protocols like: Location-based Protocols, Data Centric Protocols, Hierarchical Protocols, Mobility-based Protocols, Multipath-based Protocols, Heterogeneity-based Protocols, quality of service (QoS)-based Protocols etc. Clustering is used to protract the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. It involves grouping of sensor nodes into clusters and electing cluster heads (CHs) for all the clusters. CHs collect the info from respective cluster’s nodes and forward the aggregated data to base station. In this paper we present the study of various clustering based energy efficient routing protocols of wireless sensor networks and compared them on various parameters. like Delivery Delay, Algorithm Complexity, Energy Efficiency, Load Balancing.

Energy efficient cluster-based routing scheme using type-2 fuzzy logic in underwater wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient cluster-based routing scheme using type-2 fuzzy logic in underwater wireless sensor networks

Internet of things multi hop energy efficient cluster-based routing using particle swarm optimization

Internet of things multi hop energy efficient cluster-based routing using particle swarm optimization

Energy-Efficient Routing of Mobile Sensor Nodes by QBWR Protocol

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has involved in the development of the technology in today’s world. But the energy restrictions of the nodes have the impact in use of the network in many field. The extant cluster based energy efficient routing, consumes large amount of energy from the cluster head since the cluster head is also a node in the network. This tends to failure of the node sooner and also, the number of cluster on the network is not predicted that makes complexity of the system model. Hence, this article brings the reference node to make the manual cluster on the network, which reduces the energy consumed by the cluster head as in other models. The reference node finds the number of path available for the mobile node to transmit the data by considering the congestion and retransmission, which allows the node to lose its energy. Then Q-table based black widow optimized routing protocol (QBWR) find the optimal path to transmit the data with received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The parameters of the model are analysed against the extant protocols. The energy consumed in the network is 60J for 4000 rounds at the same time none of the node is dead and total of 50 mobile nodes are alive on the network by inhibiting the throughput of 99.23%, which is not happened on the state-of-the-art models.

An energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol using unequal clustering and improved ACO techniques for WSNs

Routing and hotspot are considered among the key issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Several routing protocols have been proposed; yet they suffer from the lack of fault tolerance, the uneven load balancing and the local optimal solution issues. To fix these issues, we propose in this paper an algorithm named Energy-efficient Cluster-based Routing Protocol using Unequal Clustering and improved Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) techniques (ECRP-UCA). ECRP-UCA divides the network into unequal clusters based on residual energy, distance to the sink, number of neighbor nodes, and a new parameter named number of backward relay nodes in previous round to properly balance the load among Cluster Heads (CHs). We propose also a batch-based clustering method that allows the network to function several rounds without requiring control overhead for its configuration. Additionally, we devise an improved ACO based routing technique for efficient and reliable inter-cluster routing from CHs to the sink. In this algorithm, the heuristic function is formulated considering the energy of next hop sensor node, distance from the current sensor node to the next sensor node and the latter to the destination, and the new parameter Number of Preferred Probable Relay Nodes (NPPRN). By using NPPRN, the ants have the probability to follow other paths, which improves the algorithm’s ability to obtain the optimal global solution and protect the algorithm from converging quickly into the optimal local solution. Moreover, the ant searching direction is improved. The proposed routing protocol is intensively experimented and compared with recent and relevant existing protocols. The simulation results show that the proposed ECRP-UCA outperforms these protocols in terms of various interesting metrics.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol based on Clustering for Multi-Hop Infrastructure-Less Wireless Networks

The evolution of mobile computing devices to share information has forced mobile users to opt for a Wide Area Network (WAN). Infrastructure-less network has captured all the surroundings. Therefore, in this work a Cluster based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (CERP) for has been proposed for multi-hop infrastructure-less wireless networks and has been compared with widespread existing protocols. This routing protocol has the capability to identify the backbones from all the existing nodes within the network and circulate them within acceptable time limit. CERP backbones maintain its unique arrangement. They remain stimulated for multi-hop packet hoping while remaining in power budgeting mode. The alternative sensor nodes occasionally check if the present nodes are awaken and can set up itself as the backbone of the network. In order to identify the nodes that are not required and to regulate backbone within specifically defined geographical area, researchers opt to organize a scrutinizer from the backbone. This has to be done beneath them and also in between of the geographic area of the entire network. It has been predicted that the amount of energy saved using proposed protocol will amplify exclusively up to some extent once the density increases.

Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing using Dragonfly Optimization Algorithm in Internet of Things

Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing using Dragonfly Optimization Algorithm in Internet of Things

Energy Efficient Cluster based Routing Protocol with Secure IDS for IoT Assisted Heterogeneous WSN

Currently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have become useful in a wide range of applications. The nodes in IoT assisted WSN commonly operate on restricted battery units, meaning energy efficiency is a major design issue. Clustering and route selection processes are commonly utilized energy-efficient techniques for WSN. Although several cluster-based routing approaches are available for homogeneous WSN, only a limited number of studies have focused on energy efficient heterogeneous WSN (HWSN). Moreover, security poses a major design issue in the HWSN. This paper introduces an energy efficient cluster-based routing protocol with a secure intrusion detection system in HWSN called EECRP-SID. The proposed EECRP-SID technique involves three main phases: cluster construction, optimal path selection, and intrusion detection. Initially, the type II fuzzy logic-based clustering (T2FC) technique with three input parameters are applied for cluster head (CH) selection. These parameters are residual energy level (REL), distance to the base station (DTBS), and node density (NDEN). In addition to CH selection, the salp swarm optimization (SSO) technique is utilized to select optimal paths for inter cluster data transmission, which results in energy efficient HWSN. Finally, to achieve security in cluster based WSN, an effective intrusion detection system (IDS) using long short-term memory (LSTM) is executed on the CHs to identify the presence of intruders in the network. The EECRP-SID method was implemented in MATLAB, and experimental outcomes indicate that it outperformed the compared methods in terms of distinct performance measures.

An energy efficient authentication scheme based on hierarchical IBDS and EIBDS in grid-based wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network is a peculiar kind of ad hoc network, consists of hundreds of tiny, resource constrained as sensor nodes. Clustering is a demanding task in such environment mainly due to the unique constraints such as energy efficiency and dynamic topology. In this paper, a novel energy efficient cluster-based routing algorithm is proposed on which hierarchical identity-based digital signature (IBDS) and enhanced-identity-based digital signature (EIBDS) scheme is concerning in grid-based wireless sensor networks. Firstly we form clusters using multi-parameters-based type-2 fuzzy logic algorithm. This paper proposes an improved ant colony optimisation algorithm, which optimises the energy consumption on data transfer in a WSN. Each node in a sensor network is authenticated using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). After a set of simulation tests on NS-3 simulator, our proposed work achieves good performance for various metrics.

Performance Enhancement of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fixed Clustering/Event-Driven Concept

Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. In this paper, we develop and analyze a new concept in the Optimal Energy LEACH Protocol (OELP), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve excellent performance in terms of system lifetime. The new approach is studying and analyzing the effect of fixed clustering and event-driven on the network lifetime. Fixed clustering OELP (FCOELP) includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to distribute the energy load among all the nodes evenly. The results show that fixed-clustering OELP increases network lifetime by a factor of 50% approximately compared with previous related work researches.

Cluster based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (EERP) for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

Energy efficiency is one of the major open research challenges for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper evaluates EERP which is an integrated solution for routing data according to user preferences and context. Proposed protocol contains layers for optimal cluster head election, data aggregation and filtering of sensed data. Each layer deploys intelligent mobile agents for performing its designated function efficiently. The work has been evaluated on standard metrics available in literature. Initial implementation and evaluation indicated extended network life time, transmission delay and higher packet delivery ratio as well.

A novelistic approach for energy efficient routing using single and multiple data sinks in heterogeneous wireless sensor network

In this paper, Improved Dual Hop Routing protocol (IDHR) and Multiple data sink-based Energy Efficient Cluster-based routing protocol (MEEC) are proposed. The Cluster Head (CH) selection in IDHR and MEEC is done by incorporating node density parameter along with other parameters, namely energy and distance between the node and the sink. In MEEC, multiple data sinks are employed to pact with the burden on the relaying nodes involved in data forwarding. The node density factor proves to be adherent for energy preservation of nodes by abating the average communication distance between the nodes and respective CH. The employment of multiple data sinks in MEEC avoids any dual hop communication between CHs and sink, which in turn alleviates hot-spot problem and ameliorates network longevity. As evident from the simulation results, IDHR and MEEC individually outperform competitive protocols, namely SEECP, DRESEP and TEDRP with respect to various performance metrics. Furthermore, the performance comparison of MEEC and IDHR is investigated to limelight the essence of employing multiple data sinks for a network.

Probability-based cluster head selection and fuzzy multipath routing for prolonging lifetime of wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a new power-aware routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based on the threshold rate and fuzzy logic for improving energy efficiency. The cluster heads are elected based on the probability values of every node in WSN, which are calculated from the remaining energy of every node. Cumulative remaining node energy is used to calculate mean energy of the whole network of the current phase. The nodes with high probability will have more chances to be selected as the cluster head, which gathers packets from the cluster member via single hop communication. The cluster head forwards the gathered data to sink by using fuzzy control with multi-hop communication. Fuzzy control takes three parameters namely queue length of a node, the distance of a node from the base station, and the remaining energy of node. The evidence from experiments suggest that the proposed energy efficient cluster-based routing protocol method (called MLSEEP) gives better results than the existing protocols by the supplement of those techniques.

Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop Energy Efficient Routing Protocol using Multiple Mobile Nodes (MEACBM) in Wireless Sensor Networks

Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the most significant and the challenging issue for the researchers in terms of enhancing its performance in terms of network lifetime, energy efficiency, scalability, connectivity, throughput, etc. They have the incredible capability to interact and gather data from any physical environment with help of routing protocols. Many routing protocols based solutions have been proposed in the recent years for accomplishing the preferred level of performance in WSNs for these issues. The hierarchical heterogeneous cluster based energy efficient routing protocols are more efficient as compared to flat and location based routing protocols due to the presence of nodes heterogeneity in terms of energy level of sensor nodes which enhances the lifetime of the network. The most recent trend that extensively enhances the functionality and the performance of WSNs is the use of mobile sensor nodes. In this paper, the authors proposed a novel concept regarding mobile sensor nodes is proposed called Mobile Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-hop (MEACBM) routing protocol for hierarchical heterogeneous WSNs which selects CHs on the basis of newly proposed probability equation which selects only that sensor node as Cluster Head (CH) which has the highest energy among other sensor nodes by introducing a new term S(i).E in the equation. It considers hierarchical heterogeneous clustering considering three levels of sensor nodes; multi-hoping for inter-cluster communication and connectivity of sensor nodes within the whole network area. In MEACBM, after the deployment of sensor nodes and formation of clusters, the whole network area is divided into sectors and inside each sector a mobile sensor node is placed which act as Mobile Data Collector (MDC) for collecting data from CHs. This technique helps in significantly reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes for transferring information to the Base Station (BS). Simulation performance based results indicates the effectiveness of MEACBM routing protocols by comparing it with other contemporary cluster based routing protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability, throughput, number of CHs and number of dead nodes.

IoT enabled adaptive clustering based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

IoT enabled adaptive clustering based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks