Clover Leaf Research Articles

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of a newly discovered torrent catfish, Liobagrus geumgangensis, and their phylogenetic relationships.

A new Liobagrus fish was reported from the Korean Peninsula, but research on this taxon is lacking. Moreover, existing research on the mitogenome of the genus Liobagrus in Korea is very limited, and no studies have been conducted on structural characteristics of transfer RNA (tRNA) or gene order comparisons between taxa; instead, research has been restricted to basic phylogeny. The complete mitochondrial genome of Liobagrus geumgangensis was analyzed for the first time. We then aimed to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Liobagrus and estimate the divergence time of speciation events. We used a dissected fin clip from an adult of Liobagrus geumgangensis. Genomic DNA was extracted and analyzed with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and assembled by the NOVOPlasty method. The mitogenome sequence was annotated, and a genome map, tRNA structure, and phylogenetic tree were constructed using maximum likelihood analysis. In addition, divergence time was estimated. The mitochondrial genome was 16,522bp in length and comprised 37 genes. The overall base composition was 30.5% A, 25.5% T, 28.4% C, and 15.7% G. Most tRNAs exhibited the typical clover leaf shape, except trnS1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Liobagrus geumgangensis clustered within a clade with four other Liobagrus species exclusive to the southern region of the Korean Peninsula. Its divergence was estimated to have occurred during the late Miocene. Characteristics of Liobagrus geumgangensis mitogenome were consistent with those of other torrent catfish species. Time scale estimation revealed distinct groupings, with some distributed across mainland Asia and others in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula. Notably, the Korean Peninsula group was identified as its own lineage, comprising entirely endemic species.

Care for Seriously Injured People in Military Conflicts

The current war in Ukraine has drawn public attention to the treatment of war injuries. Follow-up treatment in Germany is portrayed the clover leaf of the TraumaNetzwerke DGU, is largely based on the demands of the Federal Ministries for Defence and Health and is intended to enhance resilience in war.The present article presents the special features of the care of severely injured patients during hostilities and should provide insights into the expected results of treatment and the actual procedures. We emphasise the unpredictability of the care of the severely injured during hostilities.On the basis of a search of the literature for the deployment of the German Army in Afghanistan and for the current war in Ukraine, we present the challenges and the typical patterns of injuries. We discuss the factors that can influence the procedures and the quality of the results during hostilities and how these may differ from civil polytrauma care in Germany - which is well established and standardised.Even during deployment of the Federal Army or (as planned) NATO, care of the severely injured is under standardised conditions, as based on the algorithmic ATLS care and which is concentrated on bleeding control. The corresponding equipment and personnel are well established, well prepared and well trained.However, there may be special local conditions or special deployments that make it inevitable that emergency medical care will be more delayed than in the civil system in Germany and can only take place after protracted transport. The objective is always that soldiers in combat should be able to receive medical care that is equivalent to that received by all accident victims in Germany, whatever the time and site of the accident.

Uji Sifat Organoleptik Patty Stick Patin Kelanggi Ditinjau Dari Ketebalan Dan Suhu Penggorengan

Patty stick is a processed product made from catfish, roasted young coconut and clover leaf puree which is processed using the deep frying technique. It is rectangular in shape with a length of 8 cm and a width of 2 cm which is used as a snack at any time. The aim of this research is 1) to determine the effect of thickness, temperature, and the interaction of thickness and temperature on the shape and color of fried patin kelanggi patty stick products. 2) to determine the nutritional content of the best patty stick products. This research method is experimental. The data collection technique used was observation through 5 trained panelists and 25 semi-trained panelists who were assisted with a line scale observation sheet (0-15 cm). The results showed that thickness had an effect on color and had no effect on the shape of fried patin kelanggi patty sticks. Temperature affects the color and has no effect on the shape of the fried patin kelanggi patty stick, and the interaction of thickness and temperature affects the color and has no effect on the shape of the fried patin kelanggi patty stick. The nutritional content of the best fried patin kelanggi patty sticks is 2 cm treated at a temperature of 160°C based on laboratory tests showing that per serving it has a carbohydrate content of 76.45%, protein 12.01%, fat 7.08%, fiber 2, 11%, water 2.31%.

Insights on the comparative affinity of ribonucleic acids with plant-based beta carboline alkaloid, harmine: Spectroscopic, calorimetric and computational evaluation

Small molecules as ligands target multifunctional ribonucleic acids (RNA) for therapeutic engagement. This study explores how the anticancer DNA intercalator harmine interacts various motifs of RNAs, including the single-stranded A-form poly (rA), the clover leaf tRNAphe, and the double-stranded A-form poly (rC)-poly (rG). Harmine showed the affinity to the polynucleotides in the order, poly (rA) > tRNAphe > poly (rC)·poly (rG). While no induced circular dichroism change was detected with poly (rC)poly (rG), significant structural alterations of poly (rA) followed by tRNAphe and occurrence of concurrent initiation of optical activity in the attached achiral molecule of alkaloid was reported. At 25 °C, the affinity further showed exothermic and entropy-driven binding. The interaction also highlighted heat capacity (ΔCop) and Gibbs energy contribution from the hydrophobic transfer (ΔGhyd) of binding with harmine. Molecular docking calculations indicated that harmine exhibits higher affinity for poly (rA) compared to tRNAphe and poly (rC)·poly (rG). Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the binding mode and stability of harmine with poly(A), tRNAphe, and poly (rC)·poly (rG). The results revealed that harmine adopts a partial intercalative binding with poly (rA) and tRNAphe, characterized by pronounced stacking forces and stronger binding free energy observed with poly (rA), while a comparatively weaker binding free energy was observed with tRNAphe. In contrast, the stacking forces with poly (rC)·poly (rG) were comparatively less pronounced and adopts a groove binding mode. It was also supported by ferrocyanide quenching analysis. All these findings univocally provide detailed insight into the binding specificity of harmine, to single stranded poly (rA) over other RNA motifs, probably suggesting a self-structure formation in poly (rA) with harmine and its potential as a lead compound for RNA based drug targeting.

The Relationship of Hot Work Climate on Physiological Response in Traditional Clover Leaf Oil Refining Workers

In the clove leaf oil refining process which uses steam, it produces a hot temperature residue which affects clove leaf oil refinery workers. Exposure to a hot working climate can have an impact on human physiological responses such as an increase in body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure and weight loss. as a result of producing quite a lot of sweat fluid. This research aims to investigate the physiological responses of clove leaf oil refinery workers to exposure to a hot working climate. In the clove leaf oil refining process, which utilizes steam, the production of hot temperature residue affects the workers. Exposure to such conditions can lead to various physiological responses, including increased body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and weight loss due to significant sweating. Employing a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional analytical approach, data were collected from all 22 workers using a total sampling technique. The primary data collected were subjected to analysis using paired simple t-tests and the Pearson correlation test to explore relationships between variables. The findings reveal significant increases in physiological responses post-work, including elevated body temperature, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and a reduction in body weight. The obtained p-values for all variables were <0.05, indicating statistically significant differences between pre-work and post-work conditions. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation test analysis between heat stress data and post-work physiological responses, including body temperature, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as body weight, revealed moderate to strong correlations (r). These results underscore the detrimental impact of hot working climates on the physiological well-being of clove leaf oil refinery workers. Such findings highlight the urgent need for implementing appropriate measures to mitigate heat-related health risks in occupational settings, safeguarding the health and safety of workers.

Complete mitochondrial genome data and phylogenetic analysis of Papilio macilentus Janson, 1877 (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Papilionidae)

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Papilio macilentus (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Papilionidae) was sequenced by next-generation sequencing method. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule of 15,264 bp in size with 80.7% AT content, including 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes), and a long non-coding region (Control region). All protein-coding genes are initiated by ATN codons, and terminated with TAA, TAG, or single T. All tRNAs can be folded into common clover leaf secondary structure, except trn-S1. Phylogenetic analyses based on 13 protein-coding genes and 2 rRNA genes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference confirmed that P. macilentus and Papilio memnon are clustered into a clade, and revealed the relationships between Papilionini, Troidini, Teinopaippini and Leptocircini.

82 Effects of a red-clover containing mineral on heifer behavior and fertility

Abstract Heat stress reduces reproductive efficiency in beef cattle. Recent evidence suggests that supplementation of red clover can alleviate the physiological impacts of fescue toxicosis which could decrease heat stress. Our objective was to determine the effect of supplementing heifers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+ TF) with a conventional mineral containing red-clover leaf. We hypothesized that heifers supplemented with the red-clover leaf mineral would have greater conception rates to AI (CRAI) in times of possible heat stress compared with heifers supplemented with conventional mineral. A grazing study was conducted from May – August in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Yearling beef heifers (n = 32, 36, 40 heifers yr-1, respectively) were blocked by body weight, hair coat score and color into 4 grazing blocks that were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (2 blocks treatment-1): 1. conventional non-medicated loose mineral control (0%-RC), or 2. conventional loose mineral + 20% wt/wt red clover leaf (20%-RC). Mineral treatments were provided in ground, 3-compartment mineral feeders ad libitum. Each grazing block was assigned to four, 0.8- ha. pastures consisting of predominantly E+ TF and were rotationally managed over the course of the study. Each year estrus was synchronized suitable for fixed time AI in May and all heifers resynchronized in June. In addition, each heifer was fitted with an ear-tag sensor (CowManager SensOor, Agis Automatisering BV, Harmelen, the Netherlands) for continuous behavioral monitoring (including high activity and activity). The CRAI were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS using the binomial distribution link logit function (v.9.4., SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Total daily activity and high activity reported by CowManger during May and June were analyzed by the MIXED procedure with repeated measures of SAS. The CRAI were similar for 20%-RC (67.30 ± 9.80%) and 0%-RC (60.70 ± 9.80%) heifers following the first service of AI (P = 0.51) during a thermoneutral period in May. In contrast, CRAI was greater (P = 0.02) for 20%-RC heifers (48.67 ± 13.47%) than CM (15.10 ± 13.47%) in June when temperatures increased to potential heat stress levels. Overall, conception rate after two rounds of AI for 20%-RC (78.30 ± 9.30%) heifers tended to be greater (P = 0.08) than CM (62.20 ± 9.30 %). While high activity (associated with estrous behavior) reported by CowManager did not differ between treatments (20%-RC: 203.94; 0%-RC: 213.90; SEM: 8.65 min d-1; P = 0.25), normal daily activity of 20%-RC heifers (150.69 ± 10.40 min d-1) tended to be greater (P = 0.06) than CM (126.33 ± 8.65 min d-1). Results of this study suggest supplementing red-clover containing mineral may mitigate negative effects of consuming E+ TF including decreased conception rates during times of heat stress.

Effect of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) aqueous extract as an additive on nickel electrodeposition: Experimental and theoretical study

Enhancements in nickel electrodeposition have been achieved using organic additives, some of which are not environmentally friendly and may produce undesirable deposits. Red clover leaf extract (RCLE) containing isoflavones was extracted aqueously from the Trifolium pratense L. plant. It was used as a green additive for nickel electrodeposition on a copper substrate in an acid-sulfate bath. The mechanism of Ni2+ electrodeposition was examined by anodic linear stripping voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and cathodic polarization. The surface morphology of the Ni2+ coatings were examined using SEM, EDX, XRD, and AFM. The adsorption of RCLE on the Cu substrate inhibited Ni2+ deposition and resulted in finer-grained, smoother, more uniform, and stronger hardness deposits. The corrosion protection of nickel coatings in a marine environment containing a 3.5 % NaCl solution was also investigated. The findings demonstrated that the addition of RCLE enhanced the corrosion resistance of Ni2+ deposition. The optimal structures of RCLE molecules and their active sites were examined using DFT computations. The results provide concise explanations of the precise atoms and functional groups responsible for the donation and acceptance of electrons. Thus, RCLE showed significant improvements in the process of nickel electrodeposition on a copper substrate in an acid sulfate solution.

Plant phytochemicals-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobial, pharmacological, and environmental applications.

Nanotechnology is a fast-growing field with large number of applications. Therefore, the current study, was designed to prepare Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from A. modesta leaves extract through a cost-effective method. The prepared NPs were characterized through UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD and DLS analysis revealed the hexagonal nanocrystalline nature of ZnO NPs. The FTIR results displayed multiple fictional groups and UV results confirmed its optical properties. The average size of the NPs was 68.3 nm with a band gap of 2.71 eV. The SEM images divulge a clover leaf shape of ZnO NPs. The EDX spectrum revealed the presence of zinc and oxygen. The prepared NPs showed excellent biomedical application. The highest antileishmanial activity was 68%, anti-inflammatory activity was 78%, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was 79.1%, antibacterial potential (ZOI) 22.1 mm, and highest growth inhibition of 85 ± 2.1% against A. rabiei. The adsorption efficiency of 85.3% within 120 min was obtained. Conclusively ZnO NPs have shown potential biomedical and environmental applications and ought to be the more investigated to enhance their practical use.

Clover Leaf Drying Efficiency Using a Drying Machine with a Solar Cell

Kendung Village is known as "Kampung Semanggi" because the majority work as clover traders. The drying process of clover leaves is dried in the sun for 5 – 6 hours depending on weather conditions. During the rainy season, the drying process becomes slightly hampered due to rain or clouds. The aim of this program is to increase the efficiency of drying clover leaves by creating a drying machine powered by solar panels. This research uses the implementation method of purchasing tools and materials, making a clover leaf dryer, outreach with the local community, installing solar panels and installing batteries, testing drying time using a clover leaf drying machine. The use of a clover leaf drying machine based on solar panel electrical energy helps make the cloverleaf drying process easier, especially during the rainy season

Two new species of Acanthobothrium Blanchard, 1848 (Cestoda, Onchoproteocephalidea) from Urobatisjamaicensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Elasmobranchii, Batoidea, Myliobatiformes) of the Mexican Caribbean.

Eight specimens of Urobatisjamaicensis were collected from four localities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, of which four specimens were infected with cestodes of two new species of Acanthobothrium. Acanthobothriumgarciaprietoisp. nov. differs from congeners by a combination of characters including the size of the scolex and bothridia, length of the cephalic peduncle, length of the axial and abaxial prongs and total length of the abaxial prongs of the hooks, size of the cirrus sac and testes in mature proglottids, and the total number of proglottids. The most prominent characteristic distinguishing A.pulidofloresaesp. nov. from other species of the Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean Sea/Gulf of Mexico is the form of the scolex, which has the "clover leaf" configuration. In addition, it can be distinguished by the total length of the worm, total number of proglottids, small accessory suckers, the form of the bothridia, length of the axial and abaxial prongs and total abaxial prong length of hooks, and the number of testes. According to the current category scheme, A.garciaprietoisp. nov. and A.pulidofloresaesp. nov., belong to categories 1 and 5, respectively.

Extended Spectrum B-Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo B-Lactamase (MBL) Production in Gram-Negative Bacteria isolated from Urinary Tract Infection Patients.

Background: The rate of infections caused by Morganella species is reported to be affected by difficulties in their isolation. Enterobacter, species, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, and Morganella morganii are the major pathogens involved in hospital acquired infections. All of them are extensively reported in the infections of urinary tract, respiratory tract, cutaneous disorders, catheter associated infections and infections of the central nervous system.Objective: To investigate the frequency of ESBL producing bacteria in Urinary Tract Infection. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 200 urine samples was collected from the outdoor patient departments of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar through consecutive sampling technique during April, 2019 to June 2019. The urine samples were collected and then cultured on selective media i.e., Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and on MacConkey agar plates. Isolates were identified by conventional morphological and biochemical tests while antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by “Agar disc diffusion method” using different antibiotics and their zone of inhibition was measured. Results: Total 200 samples processed, 125 (62.5%) isolates, including 67 (53.6%) females, tested positive for the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Among the identified species, 76 (60.8%) isolates produced ESBLs, with Escherichia coli accounting for 32.6%, Enterobacter for 23.2%, and Morganella species for 12.0%. Moreover, 77 (61.6%) of the isolates were found to be MBL positive, with 30 (24.0%) of them being E. coli, 28 (22.4%) being Enterobacter, and 19 (15.2%) being Morganella spp. The isolates formed a zone of inhibition like a clover leaf and demonstrated a sensitivity of 85 (68%) to antibiotics in the carbapenem class, such as imipenem and meropenem. Cefoparazone/Sulbactam 80 (64.0%), Ofloxacin 79 (63.2%), and Amikacin 78 (62.4%) were the next three antibiotics with high sensitivity. Ampicillin 106 (84.8%) showed the highest resistance, followed by Nitrofurantoin 84 (67.2%) and Ceftriaxone 79 (63.2%), in that order. Conclusion: The study indicated that ESBL-producing bacteria were present frequently among UTI patients. Most of the isolates exhibited strong carbapenem class antibiotic sensitivity. The findings of this study may contribute to the formulation of tactics to lower the incidence of ESBL-producing UTI.Keywords: Antibiotics resistance, Gram Negative bacteria, Plasmid-mediated enzymes, UTI.

Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Clover (Marsilea crenata) Powder Infusion with the Addition of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Clover (Marsilea crenata) has the potential to be used as powder infusion products because its benefits to health. The disadvantage of clover leaf is it produce an unpleasant aroma that requires the addition of spices. This study aims to study the effect of clover powder formulations and red ginger (Zingiber officinale) spice on the chemical and sensory characteristics of herbal infusion. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD), namely the comparison of Clover leaf powder and red ginger powder, namely (95%:5%), (90%:10%), (85%:15%) and (80%:20%). The analysis included moisture content, ash content, antioxidant activity, water soluble extract content as well as sensory quality tests and hedonic tests. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and continued with DNMRT at the 5% level. The addition of red ginger powder had a significant effect on moisture content, ash content, antioxidant activity (IC50), water soluble extract content, and descriptive and hedonic sensory assessment and overall assessment. The selected formula based on the final result is the addition of 80% clover powder and 20% red ginger powder with a water content of 16.68%; ash content 4.71%; antioxidant activity 207.745 ppm; and water-soluble essence content of 19.02%. The sensory quality test of the selected products obtained a brownish-green color, not unpleasant, and a bit spicy. The results of the hedonic test showed that the color, aroma, and taste of powder infusion were preferred by the panellists.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Box Tree Moth Cydalima perspectalis and Insights into Phylogenetics in Pyraloidea

To resolve and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within Pyraloidea based on molecular data, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) was widely applied to understand phylogenetic relations at different taxonomic levels. In this research, a complete mitogenome of Cydalima perspectalis was recorded, and the phylogenetic position of C. perspectalis was inferred based on the sequence in combination with other available sequence data. According to the research, the circular mitochondrial genome is 15,180 bp in length. It contains 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 13 typical protein-coding genes (PCGs), and a non-coding control region. The arrangement of a gene of the C. perspectalis mitogenome is not the same as the putative ancestral arthropod mitogenome. All of the PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, which is undertaken by CGA. Five genes have incomplete stop codons that contain only 'T'. All tRNA genes display a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA, except for trnS1 (AGN). The control region contained an 'ATAGG(A)'-like motif followed by a poly-T stretch. Based on the mitochondrial data, phylogenetic analysis within Pyraloidea was carried out using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. perspectalis is more closely related to Pygospila tyres within Spilomelinae than those of Crambidae and Pyraloidea.

Fabricating Plant Extract Mediated Silver Doped Bismuth Oxybromide (BiOBr‐G‐Ag) Photocatalyst for Wastewater Treatment

Herein the fabrication of bismuth oxybromide-silver doped photocatalyst using green route replacing toxic chemicals at 80 °C, further characterizing and studying of potential applications of fabricated nanoparticles is reported. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), degradation studies of methyl orange are studied using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy are performed to characterize the different nanoparticles that are synthesized. The properties of as-fabricated catalysts are assessed using above characterization techniques reflect clover leaf like structure with higher surface area. The many-fold increase in degradation activity of methyl orange is attributed to increase in OH groups due to phytochemicals present in plant extract of neem.

The Potency of Water Clover (<I>Marsilea crenata</I> C. Presl.) Leaves as Anticholesterolemic Functional Foods Through <I>In Silico</I> Study

Highlight Research 1. There were 26 active compounds from water clover leaf extract that were identified using GC-MS 2. In silico approach was used to screen potential anticholesterolemic compounds from water clover leaf extract 3. Anticholesterolemic compounds from water clover leaf extract were interacted with HMG-CoA reductase receptors and compared to native ligand and medicine 4. There were 6 potential anticholesterolemic compounds identified from water clover leaf extract Abstract Water clover (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) is a widely available plant in Indonesia and often utilized as a traditional food ingredient. This plant is also traditionally believed to contain compounds that can decrease blood cholesterol. This study aimed to determine the compounds in water clover which have the potential to decrease blood cholesterol through inhibition of the HMG-CoA enzyme using in silico approach. This research was done in several steps, i.e., extraction using ethyl acetate solvent, identification of chemical compounds using GC-MS, and screening of compounds with potential to be anticholesterolemic agent through in silico using PyRx 0.8 (AutoDockVina and Open Babel GUI version 2.4.1), Discovery Studio Visualizer 2021, and PyMOL™ 1.7.4.5 software. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract of water clover contained 26 compounds, 6 of which were potential to be anticholesterolemic agent, i.e., phytol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,4-di- tert-butylphenol, diethyl phthalate, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, and dipentene. Binding affinity values of those six compounds were lower than the native ligand of the HMG-CoA reductase, although still higher compared to pravastatin. The binding affinity value of pravastatin was -7.13 kcal/mol and the binding affinity value of 3-methyl glutaric acid as a native ligand was -5.33 kcal/mol, meanwhile, the lowest binding affinity value of compounds in water clover was phytol (-6.37 kcal/mol) and the highest was dipentene (-5.40 kcal/mol). Through in silico study, there were six compounds from water clover leaf’s ethyl acetate extract that could inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase. Therefore, water clover leaf has the potential to become an anticholesterolemic functional food ingredient.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, anti-bacterial, cytotoxic and in vivo analgesic and neuro-pharmacological investigation of alysicarpus vaginalis available in Bangladesh

Purpose: The objectives of this research were to investigate the effects of Alysicarpus vaginalis L. (Alyce clover) leaf extracts prepared with ethyl acetate and methanol on in vitro activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic, as well as on some in vivo activities like analgesic and neuropharmacological properties in an animal model. Study Design: Phytochemical screening was used as the primary method of evaluation for both the ethyl acetate (EAEAV) and methanolic extract (MEAV) of Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.). Because of the pharmacological interest in the plant's constituent components, it was decided to investigate its potential on in vitro activities, such as antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial. Whether or if the observed effects on its in vivo analgesic and neuropharmacological properties in animal models are statistically significant. Place and Duration of Study: This investigation was performed in Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka between June 2022 to October 2022. Methodology: Both EAEAV and MEAV was subjected for phytochemical screening using various test reagent and was also researched for its potential antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, analgesic, and neuropharmacological effects. The DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay, the Disk Diffusion Method and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay were all used to determine cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, using different concentrations respectively. Swiss albino mice were subjected to acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests to determine analgesic efficacy. cGMP pathway induced mechanism test was used to confirm the actual analgesic activity. Open field and hole cross tests were used to evaluate locomotor activity as part of the neuropharmacological experiment. Results: Different phytochemical constituent were detected in the experimental result of EAEAV and MEAV's phytochemical screening. MEAV showed highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 34.70 μg/mL where EAEAV showed IC50 value of 12.49 μg/mL and MEAV also showed higher antibacterial activity compared to EAEAV. EAEAV and MEAV showed most notable lethality with LC50 value of 3.89 μg/mL and 8.71 μg/mL compared to the conventional vincristine sulphate's LC50 value in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. As opposed to this, EAEAV reduced peripheral nociception in the acetic acid-induced writhing nociceptive paradigm, with percent inhibitions of 42.48% and 47.00% where MEAV reduced 40.63% and 51.77% at the aforementioned dosages as opposed to conventional Diclofenac sodium. cGMP pathway mechanism confirmed the % inhibition of pain using both EAEAV which boosted the pain reduction into 59.62% and 71.12%. Additionally, a considerable analgesic effect was seen in the hot plate test. The extract, when compared to the usual Diazepam, was also shown to reduce motor coordination in the Open Field and Hole Cross Tests. Conclusion: These results confirmed the conventional medicine claims of the Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) plant's therapeutic virtues and suggest potential mechanisms of action.

Conventional loose mineral with added red clover leaf (Trifolium pratense L.) reverses vasoconstriction associated with tall fescue toxicosis in steers

Endophyte-infected tall fescue (E + TF) can cause persistent vasoconstriction in ruminants and consequently fescue toxicosis. Legumes, including red clover (RC), contain isoflavones that are known hypotensive agents. Previous experiments have shown the benefits of overseeding RC or feeding other stored legumes on blood flow and growth performance of livestock challenged with E + TF; however, alternative supplementation strategies have not been explored. Therefore, the objective was to determine if low levels of RC in conventional loose mineral could mitigate fescue toxicosis symptoms. Mature, rumen fistulated steers (n = 12) received 1 of 4 mineral treatments (5 oz head d−1 or 141.8 g head d−1 dosed intraruminally; n = 3 steers per treatment): 1) 0% RC (w/w), 2) 10% RC, 3) 15% RC, or 4) 20% RC. All steers were first adapted to their basal diet (ad libitum corn silage + 2.27 kg dried distillers’ grains with solubles) for 14-days and then were subjected to a 14-day E + TF seed step-up challenge (day 0–7: 10 µg kg BW−1 ergovaline + ergovalanine [ERV]; day 8–14: 15 µg kg BW−1 ERV), followed by a 7-day withdrawal period. The caudal artery of each steer was imaged repeatedly over the course of the study using Doppler ultrasonography to monitor artery luminal areas (CAA). Jugular blood samples were serially collected to monitor serum prolactin concentrations. Data were analyzed by repeated measures using the mixed procedure of SAS with significance set at P < 0.05. A treatment by sample day interaction was detected for CAA (P = 0.0051) and prolactin (P = 0.0148). The E + TF seed challenge induced vasoconstriction (d1: −54.6%, d7: −26.8%, d14: −80.1%, relative to baseline) and prolactin depression (d7: −35.5%, d14: −83.3%, relative to baseline) in 0% RC steers (P < 0.05, in all cases). All three RC mineral treatments were effective at partially or fully alleviating vasoconstriction and prolactin depression with the 20% RC treatment being most effective on day 14 (CAA: 10% RC: +37.4%; 15% RC: +29.7%; 20% RC: +56.9%, prolactin: 10% RC: +125.3%; 15% RC: +132.1%; 20% RC: +149.2%, relative to 0% RC; P < 0.05, in all cases). All treatments fully recovered (above baseline) by the end of the withdrawal period (P < 0.05, in all cases). These results demonstrate that loose mineral amended with RC could be used to prevent the adverse effects of fescue toxicosis in E + TF grazing livestock. Additional experiments are required to determine the optimum isoflavone source and concentration required to mitigate fescue toxicosis.

Cytomorphology of Human Bone Marrow Subjected to Prolonged Standing That Mimic Features of Myelodysplasia

Examination of bone marrow (BM) aspirate smears plays an important role in the diagnosis of patients with various hematological disorders particularly patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In current practice, bone marrow samples are often collected by the clinical staff and sent to the laboratory after a variable period of delay. As a result bone marrow aspirate smears prepared from such samples are prone to show morphological changes which may mimic changes observed in MDS. To ascertain the type and extent of morphological changes that may occur due to prolonged standing we have studied BM aspirate specimens from patients diagnosed with various hematological disorders which have been left standing for 30 minutes to 24 hours. Bone marrow aspirate samples were obtained from the right or left posterior iliac crest from ten patients (seven men and three women, age range 50-70 years) presenting with various hematological disorders who underwent BM aspiration and BM trephine biopsy procedures as part of their diagnostic work-up. Clinical indications included pancytopenia (n=3), leukopenia (n=2), thrombocytopenia (n=2), thrombocytosis (n=1), lymphocytosis (n=2). The first draw of 2.0 ml of BM aspirate sample was obtained using a conventional BM aspiration needle and placed in a tube containing appropriate concentrations of dipotassium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). A drop of marrow was then placed on each of the three glass slides and smears were made. The subsequent smears (three slides from each patient) were made from the collected samples at intervals of 30 minutes, one hour, two hours, four hours, eight hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours. The slides were stained with Romanowsky stain and examined under a light microscope. Five hundred consecutive cells in each slide were assessed and the number of cells exhibiting dysplastic changes was recorded. Striking morphological changes were observed between the smears made of fresh marrow as compared to marrows left standing for a "lengthy" period. No noticeable changes in the morphology of hematopoietic cells were observed in the films made from the marrow which was left standing for not more than an hour at room temperature and were not easily distinguishable from the films made immediately after its collection (fresh marrow). By two hours changes were discernible and by 18-24 hours they became striking, affecting the morphology of all the hematopoietic cells. Myeloid cells were affected uniformly; their nuclei stained more homogeneously than in the fresh marrow, the nuclear lobes became separated and the cytoplasmic margins appeared ragged or less well defined. Small vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm and they became more prominent and more numerous and the quantity of cytoplasmic granules decreased the longer the samples stood. Nuclear hypolobulation (pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly) and bizarre nuclear shapes were also observed. Erythroid precursors were also affected by prolonged standing which led to progressive degenerative changes such as nuclear lobulation and budding, nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony, karyorrhexis, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and cytoplasmic blebs. Megakaryocytes were also adversely affected and showed morphological changes in the form of multi-nuclearity and less granulation. Some of the lymphocytes also showed similar changes, including cytoplasmic vacuolation. Some of the nuclei showed major budding giving the appearance of a nucleus with two or three lobes (clover leaf shape). Examination of a BM aspirate smear is a highly informative hematological tool at the hematologist's disposal. However, the preparation of a good quality BM aspirate smear and the aberrations in the morphology of hematopoietic cells caused by a delay in smear preparation have not been reported. Our findings demonstrate that the morphology of hematopoietic cells in the BM aspirate deteriorates considerably during prolonged standing. Some of the changes that were noted were akin to the alterations seen in patients with MDS. We recommend that whenever possible the smears should be made immediately after the sample is withdrawn from the patient. This approach helps ensure the ideal morphology of hematopoietic cells and their accurate analysis for hematological diagnosis and may even prevent misdiagnosis of conditions such as myelodysplastic syndromes.

Unfolding the mitochondrial genome structure of green semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta Walker): An emerging pest of onion (Allium cepa L.).

Onion is the most important crop challenged by a diverse group of insect pests in the agricultural ecosystem. The green semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta Walker), a widespread tomato and soybean pest, has lately been described as an emergent onion crop pest in India. C. acuta whole mitochondrial genome was sequenced in this work. The circular genome of C. acuta measured 15,743 base pairs (bp) in length. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one control region were found in the 37 sequence elements. With an average 395 bp gene length, the maximum and minimum gene length observed was 1749 bp and 63 bp of nad5 and trnR, respectively. Nine of the thirteen PCGs have (ATN) as a stop codon, while the other four have a single (T) as a stop codon. Except for trnS1, all of the tRNAs were capable of producing a conventional clover leaf structure. Conserved ATAGA motif sequences and poly-T stretch were identified at the start of the control region. Six overlapping areas and 18 intergenic spacer regions were found, with sizes ranged from 1 to 20 bp and 1 to 111 bp correspondingly. Phylogenetically, C. acuta belongs to the Plusiinae subfamily of the Noctuidae superfamily, and is closely linked to Trichoplusia ni species from the same subfamily. In the present study, the emerging onion pest C. acuta has its complete mitochondrial genome sequenced for the first time.