Cloudy Swelling Research Articles

A Prospective Study Of Histo-Pathological Changes In Lungs, Liver And Kidneys In Burns Cases Autopsied At A Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Medico legal deaths including burns claim a substantial number of lives in central Karnataka.‘A Prospective Study of Histo-Pathological changes in Lungs, Liver and Kidneys in Burns Cases’ was carried out at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, SS hospital, SSIMS & RC, Davangere. Material & methods: The present study was carried out for the period of 3 years from January 2021 to December2023. Totally 100 cases with burns and scalds injuries brought to the mortuary for autopsy was the material for study and collection of tissues for histopathological examination. Observations & Results: In the present study, histopathological changes in lungs showed congestion, pulmonary edema, Diffuse alveolar damage or ARDS changes, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonitis, anthracotic pigment, carbon laden macrophages, intravascular thrombi, septic emboli, interstitial & intra alveolar hemorrhage. Histopathological changes in liver showed congestion, fatty change, centrilobular necrosis, cloudy swelling, focal hemorrhage, necrosis, portal inflammation. Histopathological changes in kidneys showed ATN in majority of cases, cloudy degeneration, congestion, tubular casts and acute pyelonephritis in rest of the cases. Conclusion: The effect of burns on vital organs can be assessed through histopathological examination, which helps in determining the post burn complications and which aid in better treatment outcome of the burn’s patients.

SITAGLIPTIN AMELIORATES ATORVASTATIN INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Atorvastatin (ATOR) is the most widely used statin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, which is the most common cause of severe liver injury. Sitagliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4-I) used clinically as oral anti-diabetic agent. This study aimed to identify the effect of sitagliptin (SITA) pretreatment against Atorvastatin (ATOR) induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups (5 rats in each); normal control, ATOR, SITA and two sitagliptin groups, which pretreated with sitagliptin 10 and 20 mg/kg/day in combination with ATOR 20mg /kg / day for eight consecutive days prior to ATOR. The results revealed that ATOR induced noticeable hepatic injury in the form of moderate Hepatoportal + sinusoidal congestion, all Zonal changes, moderate Cloudy swelling + hydropic degeneration, moderate Fatty change and mild Apoptosis. Biochemical analysis exposed a significant rise in the serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in ATOR group. Increased Proinflammatory TNF-alpha, Oxidative stress MDA and depressed antioxidant system of GSH were evident in ATOR group. On the other hand, sitagliptin pretreatment significantly ameliorated all of the above mentioned biochemical, histopathological changes induced by ATOR. In conclusion, sitagliptin ameliorated the hepatotoxicity induced by atorvastatin. This effect was probably based through suppression of inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic processes. Sitagliptin might exert beneficial effect on diabetic hepatic disorders which mandate further clinical research.

Pomegranate juice recuperates N’-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced kidney injury: evidence from biochemical and histological approaches

BackgroundPomegranate is considered as one of the oldest elixirs having various properties. Renal fibrosis is a preliminary sign of pathological degradation in most ailments related to kidney. Several efforts have been made for the discovery of cost-effective and safe therapeutics for the alleviation of renal diseases. There is a major dearth of studies on the action of pomegranate juice (PGJ) against NDEA-instigated kidney injury. This study investigates the protective and antifibrotic action of PGJ in restricting the occurrence of experimental renal fibrosis in Wistar rats. Renal injury was generated by a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 ml kg−1 b.wt. (1% NDEA stock), while fresh PGJ (i.p.) in doses of 2 ml kg−1 b.wt was administered thrice a week on alternate days for two weeks to observe amelioration. The renal function indices (blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid), SOD, CAT, LPO levels and renal anatomy (H&E, MT, Picrosirius and SEM) were investigated.ResultsThe assessment of renal function demonstrates augmented levels of blood urea, creatinine and uric acid in NDEA-administered groups in comparison with controls. SOD, CAT declined significantly in NDEA Day-7- and Day-14-treated animals, while the MDA levels raised by ~ 70.5% and ~ 76.3% in these groups, respectively. However, supplementation of PGJ provided recuperation from these elevated levels in injured groups. H&E staining of the controls exhibited normal renal structure with intact glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, while NDEA generated congestion of glomerular tuft, convoluted tubules with cloudy swelling and multiple subsidence of the renal tissue. Noticeable presence of collagen fibers in the interstitium of cortex region of kidney was observed by MT staining along with gross ultrastructural deterioration in NDEA-administered animals by electron microscopy. PGJ supplementation exhibited restoration of renal anatomy and physiology.ConclusionsPomegranate may be considered as a potent nutraceutical to prevent NDEA-induced renal damage and may be included as a daily dietary supplement.

Impact of continuous Triazophos exposure on Labeo rohita: Physiological, biochemical, and histological alterations and IBRv2 index assessment

Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture and aquaculture. Triazophos, an organophosphate-based pesticide, is widely used in agriculture to control many insect pests. Due to its high photochemical stability and mode of action, Triazophos could persist in the aquatic ecosystem and cause toxic effects on non-target organisms. We have studied the potential toxic effects of Triazophos on L. rohita. Primarily, we determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of Triazophos for 24 and 96 h. Next, we studied acute (96 h, LC50–96 h) toxicity. Then, we studied chronic (35 days, 1/10th LC50–24 h Treatment I: 0.609 mg/L, 1/5th LC50–96 h Treatment II: 1.044 mg/L) toxicity. We analyzed blood biomarkers such as hematology (Hb, Hct, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC), prolactin, cortisol, glucose and protein levels. Concurrently, we analyzed tissue biomarkers such as glycogen, GOT, GPT, LDH and histopathology. IBRv2 index assessment method was also to evaluate the Triazophos toxicity. Studied hematological, hormonal, biochemical and enzymological biomarkers were affected in Triazophos treated groups when compare to the control group. The changes in these biomarkers were statistically significant at the 0.05 alpha level. Triazophos exposed fish shown a severe degenerated primary and secondary lamellae, lamellar fusion, hypertrophy and telangiectasia in the gills. In the hepatic tissue, it caused moderate necrosis, blood congestion, distended sinusoids with minor vacuolation, prominent pyknotic nuclei, hypertrophy, cloudy swelling of cells, lipid accumulation and fibrotic lesions. In the renal tissue, Triazophos caused thickening of Bowman's capsule, hyaline droplets degeneration, irregular renal corpuscle, congestion, cellular swelling, degeneration of tubular epithelium, necrosis, shrunken glomerulus, vacuolated glomerulus, hypertrophy, exudate and edema. IBRv2 analysis suggested that tissue biomarkers are highly sensitive to Triazophos toxicity and prolonged exposure could cause serious health effects like acute toxicity in fish. Triazophos could cause multiorgan toxicity at studied concentrations.

Histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissues of Mice as Result of an Ibuprofen Drug Treatment

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is frequently prescribed in children for diverse therapeutic indications, including fever, postoperative pain, tumors, and inflammatory disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes that may occur in kidney tissue in association with prolonged administration and overdose treatment of Ibuprofen. 20 female albino mice were used. They were divided into four groups, group (I) included 5 animals and served as a control group, group (II) included 10 animals and received daily recommended therapeutic dose of Ibuprofen 2.75ul/kg body weight for ten weeks, group (III) included 10 animals and received a daily overdose of Ibuprofen 5.5ul/kg body weight for ten weeks and group (IV) included 10 animals and treated exactly as a group (II) then the animals were left for recovery for six weeks. At the end of each period, the animals were sacrificed and kidneys were excised. The drug-induced many histopathological changes in kidneys included inflammatory cellular infiltration, cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, hemorrhage, dilatation and congestion of blood vessels, and fibers deposition. The study concluded that Ibuprofen treatment may cause different injuries in the renal tissue of mice. After six weeks of recovery, the renal changes persist, animals may need a longer period for complete recovery.

Sub-acute pathological effects of calcium carbide as an artificial fruit ripening agent on various organs of albino mice

Introduction. Calcium carbide is the most commercially used artificial fruit ripener because it is inexpensive to produce though, involving the use of hazardous elements and can easily be purchased in local markets. This study aimed at investigating the architectural changes of organs extracted from albino mice fed with fruits that were ripened with calcium carbide. Material and methods. About 40 mice of both males and females, weighing between 18g-25g were randomly used for this study. They were divided into five (5) groups, made up of six mice namely Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 respectively. A set of unripe mature pawpaw and banana were ripened with calcium carbide (CCRP & CCRB) and were fed orally to groups 3 and 5 respectively for four weeks with water. Another set of the unripe mature pawpaw and banana were ripened naturally (NRP & NRB) without subjecting them to any artificial ripening processes and were fed orally to groups 2 and 4 mice respectively for four weeks with water. Rat feed and water were also given to the control group 1. Results. Increased body weights were observed in the calcium carbide ripened banana (CCRB) treated group when compared to the other groups (control and calcium carbide ripened pawpaw). Histological sections revealed increased numbers of inflammatory cells, presence of collapsed epithelial layer, ruptured muscle, disorganized clara cells, aggregation of fibroblasts in the lungs; mild interstitial edema in the brain between the cardiocytes: mononuclear cell infiltration with cloudy swelling of the renal epithelium; dendritic cells in the brain. Discussion and conclusions. According to this study, eating fruits that are ripened with calcium carbide has adverse related health effects thus negatively altering the histological architecture of the organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart as well as the brain. Fruit vendors must therefore use caution when applying calcium carbide and adhere to international regulations that strictly limit its use.

Monosodium glutamate altered renal architecture and modulated expression of NMDA-R, eNOS, and nNOS in normotensive and hypertensive rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration has been shown to pronounce hypertension and oxidative status with increased renal blood flow (RBF), however, the precise mechanisms of action have never been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the MSG action by studying the alteration in renal architecture and specific protein expression in 2-kidney-1-clip hypertensive comparing to sham operative normotensive rats. The administered doses of MSG were 80, 160, or 320 mg/kg BW daily for 8 weeks. Using routine chemical staining, the congestion of glomerular capillaries, a lesser renal corpuscles and glomeruli size, a widen Bowman capsule's space, an increase in mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial matrix, renal interstitial fibrosis, focal cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelial cells were observed. Immunological study revealed an increase in the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) but a decrease in neuronal NOS (nNOS). It is suggested that MSG may upregulate the NMDA-R levels which responsible for the oxidative stress, glomerular injury, and renal interstitial fibrosis. The NMDA-R may also stimulate eNOS overexpression which resulted in renal microvascular dilatation, a raise in RBF and GFR, and natriuresis and diuresis promotion. Long-term exposure of MSG may trigger adaptation of tubuloglomerular feedback through nNOS downregulation.

Subchronic Toxicity Testing of Ethanol Extract of Red Betel Vine (Piper crocatum) Leaves in DDY Strain Mice

Background: The red betel vine (Piper crocatum) is a plant that has potential as a medicinal plant. The use of medicinal plants should be tested for safety. Acute toxicity testing has been performed with safe results for consumption, but there is no known long-term effect on various organs.Objective: To determine whether an ethanol extract of the red betel vine could be used safely on different parts of DDY mice.Methods: The treatment of ethanol extract was performed orally every day by using a feeding tube with different doses in mice within 3 months. Those were divided into several groups, each consisting of 5 male and 5 female mice. The dosages used consisted of 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 400 mg/kgBW, with aquadest and solvent as controls. The treatment was done every day for 3 months. At the end of the study, the mice were terminated, and their organs were collected, which included the spleen, liver, kidney, heart, lungs, brain, testes, and ovaries.Results: The results of this study show no significant difference compared to controls in all organs. There are liver changes from cloudy swelling degeneration and reversible hydropic degeneration, but the effect is reversible.Conclusion: To conclude, long-term use of the red betel vine as a medicinal plant can be recommended for healthy people but not for people with a history of hepatic disorders.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 01 Jan’24 Page: 69-74

Effects of non-contact electric fields on kidney and liver histology in tumour-induced rats

Background A novel modality of cancer treatment based on exposure to non-contact electric fields has been developed to reduce cancer incidence. However, the safety of the electric field exposure was not fully investigated. Therefore, This study aimed to observe the safety of electric field exposure on kidney and liver structures. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into one control group and three treatment groups. Animals were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for mammary tumour induction and exposed to non-contact electric fields individually for 10 hours a day for three weeks. Fresh samples of the kidney and liver were collected for observation of structural damage in both organs. Both organs were prepared for histopathological cross-sectioning using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining followed by histological scoring using the post-examination masking method. Results Damages found in the kidney were as follows: thickening of the Bowman capsule, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, cloudy swelling, epithelial sloughing, inflammation, haemorrhage, and congestion. In addition, the number of inflammation and haemorrhage in the kidney structure of healthy rats that were exposed to electric fields was significantly lower than that in the control group. All damages to the kidneys were also found in the liver, but each showed a different degree of damage. Exposure to this electric field can cause haemorrhagic damage to the livers of healthy rats, but not to rats with breast cancer. Conclusions Exposure to non-contact electric fields can cause haemorrhagic damage to the livers of healthy rats, however, in other liver tissues and the kidneys, exposure to this electric field was safe. It can even decrease the number of inflammations and haemorrhages in the kidneys.

Effect of Sublethal Dose of Ethion on Selected Biochemical Parameters in the Pancreas of Albino Rat

Ethion is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide that was specifically developed as an effective solution for controlling insects, mites, and eggs on both plants and animals. Its primary application is as an insecticide, acaricide, and ovicide. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ethion on protein metabolism in the pancreas of Albino rats by assessing its sublethal effects. During the course of the experiment, adult male Albino rats of the Wistar strain were given ethion orally. The dosage administered was 1/5th of the LD50 value, which equates to 42mg/kg of their body weight. The rats were subjected to this treatment for a duration of 30 days, with a 48-hour interval between each administration. The rats were randomly divided into four groups for the experiment. The first group of rats served as the control, receiving no ethion treatment. The second group of animals was treated with ethion for a duration of 10 days. The third and fourth groups of rats were administered ethion for 20 and 30 days, respectively. In groups administered with ethion, the levels of total proteins exhibited a decrease. However, all the parameters analyzed in this study demonstrated an overall increase. Notably, the increase observed in the 30-day administered group was more prominent compared to the groups administered for 20 and 10 days. Ethion exposure led to severe alterations in all the parameters studied in Albino rats during the present investigation. Histopathological studies were conducted to evaluate the extent of damage caused. Examination of the pancreas in Albino rats exposed to Ethion revealed various histological observations. These included Cloudy Swelling with Granulated Cytoplasm (CSGC), Denatured nucleus (DN), Hemorrhage (H), and Congestion (C). The study findings indicate that the administration of Ethion has negative consequences on pancreatic functions, resulting in impairments to its normal physiological functioning. The study suggests that Ethion's toxic impact is manifested by disrupting various aspects of protein metabolism within the pancreas of Albino rats.

Garcinia dulcis Extract Alleviates Inflammation in Kidney and Liver of the 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive rat.

Garcinia dulcis (GD) extract possesses anti-hypertensive property that are poorly characterized. This study aimed to investigate an anti-inflammatory effect of GD flower extract in the 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive compared to sham operative (SO) rat. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups; the 2K1C group in which a silver clip was placed around renal artery to induce hypertension, and the SO normotensive group. Four weeks later, each group of rats were further divided into 2 subgroups, each subgroup was orally gavaged of either corn oil (vehicle) or 50 mg/kg BW GD extract daily for 4 weeks. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, liver, and kidney were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out for histological examination, Periodic acid - Schiff staining for glomerular injury, Masson's trichrome staining for renal fibrosis, and immunohistochemistry for either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) investigation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GD flower extract decreased the MDA level in both serum and liver and kidney tissue and suppressed the expression of TNF-α in both liver and kidney of 2K1C hypertensive rats. Mesangial cell proliferation, expansion of mesangial matrix, widening Bowman's capsule space, congestion of glomerular capillary and vessel, cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelial cell, and renal fibrosis were observed in the kidneys of 2K1C rats. Therefore, we concluded that GD flower extract can alleviate liver and kidney inflammation in which partially attenuates the glomerular injury in the 2K1C rat.

Effect of Cartap hydrochloride (50% SP) insecticide on Liver and Kidney histology of the fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Effect of Cartap hydrochloride on the liver and kidney of the Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala was studied. Fingerlings were exposed to sub-lethal (0.0376 mg-1) and lethal (0.376 mg-1 ) concentrations of Cartap hydrochloride for 24 and 96 hours. The histological changes in the liver of fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of cartap hydrochloride were characterized by the formation of the prominent yellowish-brown pigment cytoplasmic vacuoles, pycnotic nuclei, degeneration of hepatopancreatic tissue, eosinophilic granules, Melano macrophages aggregate, appearance of blood streaks, degeneration of hepatopancreatic tissue, hypertrophic nuclei, cytoplasmic degeneration change in the shape of the hepatocytes, disappearance of hepatic cells, hyperplasia of cells, hypertrophic nuclei and degeneration of cell membrane. The kidney of the treated fish showed the appearance of prominent tubular yellowish brown pigment, formation of vacuoles, swelling of glomerulus, separation of the tubular epithelium, tubular architectural loss, damage of bowmans capsule, tubular cytoplasmic degeneration, cloudy swelling degeneration, damage to renal tubules, damaged haemopoitic tissue, necrosis of cell and renal tubules, disorganization of connective tissue, degeneration of cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, hypertrophy of nuclei, disintegration of cell membrane were also seen. The results obtained were discussed at length with the available literature. By studying these histological deformities, it was concluded that the pesticide caused enough damage to the liver and kidney of the fish and can influence on the survival of the fish.

ПАТОЛОГОАНАТОМИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ У СВИНЕЙ ПРИ ФУМОНИЗИНОВОМ ТОКСИКОЗЕ

The material of the study was 16 weaned piglets that died at the age of 27–45 days, and samples of full-fledged granular mixed feed SK-3 – prestarter for piglets aged 10–42 days, fed in groups of the studied animals. Pathoanatomic examination and histological examination of lung, liver and kidney samples were performed. Conducted a study of the feed for the presence of fumonisins by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) by using Agilent 1290/AB SCIEX Triple Quad 5500 GOST 34140-2017. As a result of the study, it was established that about 4 mcg of fumonisins per 1 kg of weight were received into the body of the studied piglets per day with mixed feed at an acceptable rate of 2 mcg/kg, i.e. the daily dose of fumonisins exceeded the permissible dose by 2 times. At the autopsy, pulmonary edema, asphyxiated heart, protein liver dystrophy with foci of necrosis, catarrhal enteritis, cloudy swelling of the kidneys were found in piglets. Histological examination in the liver of piglets revealed granular dystrophy and necrosis of hepatocytes, and in some animals also leukocyte infiltration of parenchyma, in the kidneys, in the epithelial cells of the renal tubules – granular dystrophy and necrosis, in the lungs – accumulation of edematous fluid in the alveoli and bronchi.

Hematological and Histopathological Changes of Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Exposed to Lethal and Sublethal Concentrations of Roundup (Glyphosate 41% SL)

The presence of pesticides and their potential toxic effects on fish can pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of commercial formulations of glyphosate (Roundup) on the survival rate, hematological parameters, and tissues (gills and liver) of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). For these purposes, we exposed the fish to 0, 50, 100, and 150 mL L−1 of Roundup for 96 hr. Results showed a significant correlation between the fish’s mortality rate and pesticide concentrations ( p < 0.01 ); the LC50 96 hr of Roundup was 75.838 mL L−1 in the present study. The concentrations above 50 mL L−1 induced significant tissue lesions seen as lamellar aneurism, leukocyte infiltration, distal hyperplasia, cloudy swelling, macrophage aggregates, and necrosis in the gills and liver. We also reported a significant correlation between the severity of tissue damage and Roundup concentration. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, white, and red blood cell count significantly reduced after 96 hr of exposure to 100 and 150 mL L−1. The opposite trend was reported for concentrations of glucose, albumin, cholesterol, total protein, and triglycerides. Finally, the fish exposed to 100 and 150 mL L−1 of Roundup displayed some clinical signs, such as increasing operculum movement, darkening the skin, and swimming near the surface during the movement test. Overall, our results showed that concentrations of Roundup higher than 50 mL L−1 can induce various toxic effects and significantly reduce the survival chance of juvenile grass carp. Roundup altered fish behavior, tissue functioning, and biochemical processes. In this study, we provided some basic knowledge about the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on aquatic organisms and possible environmental management.

Effects of non-contact electric fields on kidney and liver histology in tumour-induced rats

Background: There were an estimated 2.1 million breast cancer diagnoses in 2018 worldwide, which is about 11.6% of the total cancer incidence. A novel modality of cancer treatment based on exposure to non-contact electric fields has been developed to reduce cancer incidence. However, the safety of the electric field exposure was not fully investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to observe the safety of the electric field exposure on renal and liver structure. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into one control group and three treatment groups. Animals were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for mammary tumour induction and exposed to non-contact electric fields individually for 10 hours a day for three weeks. Fresh samples of the kidney and liver were collected for observing structural damage in both organs. The two organs were prepared for histopathological cross-sectioning using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin & Eosin staining followed by histological scoring using the post-examination masking method. Results: The damages found in the kidney were the following: thickening of Bowman capsule, karyolysis, karyorrexhis, pyknosis, cloudy swelling, epithelial sloughing, inflammation, haemorrhage, and congestion. The number of inflammation and haemorrhage in the kidney structure of the placebo group was the lowest and significantly different from the three other groups. All damages in the kidney were also found in the liver, but each showed different levels of damage. The damages in the kidney and liver caused by the exposure were not significant. Conclusions: The non-contact electric fields were not harmful to renal and liver structure in tumour-induced rats. Instead, it may increase the renal function in normal rats.

The suppression of MAPK/NOX/MMP signaling prompts renoprotection conferred by prenatal naproxen in weaning preeclamptic rats

Although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for fever and pain during pregnancy, their possible interaction with perinatal renal injury induced by preeclampsia (PE) has not been addressed. Here, studies were undertaken in the N(gamma)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) PE model to assess the influence of gestational NSAIDs on renal damage in weaning dams. PE-evoked increments and decrements in urine protein and creatinine clearance, respectively, were intensified by celecoxib and weakened by diclofenac or naproxen. Naproxen also improved renal cloudy swelling, necrosis, and reduced glomerular area evoked by PE. The concomitant rises in renal expression of markers of oxidative stress (NOX2/4), extracellular matrix metaloproteinase deposition (MMP9), and prostanoids (PGE2, PGF2α, TXA2) were all more effectively reduced by naproxen compared with celecoxib or diclofenac. Western blotting showed tripled expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; p-p38, p-JNK1, p-ERK1, p-ERK2) in PE kidneys that was overturned by all NSAIDs, with naproxen producing the largest drop in p-ERK2 expression. The PE-provoked elevation in renal expression of autophagic marker LC3 was reduced by naproxen and diclofenac, but not celecoxib. The data suggests superior effect for naproxen over other NSAIDs in rectifying preeclamptic renal injury and predisposing inflammatory, oxidative, autophagic, and fibrotic signals.

Morphological and Histological Impacts of Bisphenol A on Chicken Embryos

The aim of the current study was to investigate the morphological and histological effects of Bisphenol A on chicken Ross 308 during embryonic development A total of 150 eggs were randomly divided into five groups: negative control, positive control injected with con oil and treatment groups administered with different concentrations of Bisphenol A (0.005, 0.02 and 0.1 microliters/egg). The eggs were injected on the second day of incubation and the evaluation was conducted on days 10 and 21 of incubation. Our results showed different abnormal observations at both ages of incubation including skin redness, presence of hemorrhagic spots on the head and around the eyes, congenital anomalies in the upper and lower limbs, chick lethargy and inflammation, particularly in the caudal region. Additionally, there was a clear paralysis in a chicken aged 21 days. Microscopically, there were changes in the liver structure representing congestion in the central vein, mild focal intercellular changes in hepatocytes, few necrosis and atrophy of hepatic cords. At day 21, there was also dispersed hemorrhagic, inflammatory infiltration slight proliferation of Kupffer cells, fatty degeneration, irregularity of hepatocytes and hepatic cords as well as cloudy swelling.

Biochemical and histopathological changes in livers of rats poisoned with aluminum phosphide and treated with carrot extract.

The experimental studies of Aluminum Phosphide (AP) poisoning in rats revealed several clinical and pathological signs such as hemorrhage, sinusoidal dilatation, bile stasis, centrilobular necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, infiltration by mononuclear cells, and fatty infiltration in the liver tissues. This paper aimed to show the impact of carrots on the toxic effect of AP on the livers of adult rats (female). To investigate some biochemical and histopathological changes effects of AP in rats, sixty white female rats were equally divided into four groups, the first group (G1) was administered orally with 3mg/kg/ body weight of AP, the second group (G2) was orally treated with AP and 10% carrot extract at the same time. The third group (G3) administrated 10% carrot extract only. The fourth (G4) group was the negative control and was treated with distilled water only. The experiments continued for a month at the animal house of the Veterinary Medicine College of Baghdad University. The results revealed that high levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin were induced in G1 with decreasing total protein levels. The pathological examination revealed the presence of marked proliferation of Kupffer cells in G1 livers. However, the G2 group showed slight infiltration of lymphocytes in sinusoids. The pathological changes in the livers of G3 group showed slight cloudy swelling in hepatocytes compared with the normal texture of hepatocytes in G4. The data of this experiment showed that treatment with carrot extract significantly decreases the elevation in the level of liver function enzymes in animal poisoned with AP. In addition, treatment with carrot extract reduces the severe damage in the hepatic tissue that occurred in rats treated with AP only. In general, it could be concluded that treatment with carrot extract provides a remedial effect against the hepatotoxicity that is resulted from exposure to AP.

Effect of mercury on histological alterations in gill, liver and stomach tissues of Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus

Heavy metal pollution poses a great threat to aquatic ecosystem, ultimately threatening the survival of safe and healthy life on earth. Contaminated water persuades pathological alterations and behavioural changes in fish. Mercury is highly toxic and seriously affects aquatic organisms, ultimately affecting humans.The present study aimed to assess the histological alterations in tissues like gill, liver and stomach of Indian catfish Clarias batrachus. The fish were divided in to four groups i.e. one control (Group I) and three groups of different concentration of mercury chloride treated groups, i.e.0.0002mg/l (Group II), 0.002mg/l(Group III), and 0.02mg/l (Group IV) for 14 days. Each group contained 25 number of fish.The results indicated degenerative changes in gill, liver and stomach tissues of exposed fish. Level of changes were higher with respect to higher in concentration. Rupture of epithelial layer, club shaped gill filament, broken gill lamellae, hyperplasia of interlamellar epithelium, deletion of secondary lamellae, formation of vacuoles, blood conjugation and necrosis in gill filaments were observed in gill tissues of exposed fish. Liver damage included hepatocellular dissociation, inflamed hepatocytes, cloudy swelling, vacuole formation and hydropic degeneration. Besides, stomach tissues showed alterations such as thinner serosa, vacuolization, muscle damage, and necrosis at several points. The study confirmed that mercury is life hazardous even at very low concentration.

Effects of non-contact electric fields on kidney and liver histology in tumour-induced rats

Background: A novel modality of cancer treatment based on exposure to non-contact electric fields has been developed to reduce the cancer incidence. However, the safety of this electric field exposure on vital organs has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to observe the safety of the electric field exposure on kidney and liver structures. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into one control group and three treatment groups. Animals were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for mammary tumour induction and exposed to non-contact electric fields individually for 10 hours a day for three weeks. Fresh samples of kidney and liver were collected for observation of structural damage in both organs. Both organs were prepared for histopathological cross-sectioning using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin & Eosin staining followed by histological scoring using the post-examination masking method. Results: Damages found in the kidney were as follows: thickening of Bowman capsule, karyolysis, karyorrexhis, pyknosis, cloudy swelling, epithelial sloughing, inflammation, haemorrhage, and congestion. The thickening of Bowman’s capsule was significant, but other damages to the rest of kidney tissue were not significant. In addition, the number of inflammations and haemorrhages in the kidney structure of the placebo group was the lowest and significantly different compared to the other three groups. All damages to the kidneys were also found in the liver, but each showed a different degree of damage. The damages to the liver caused by exposure to the electric fields were not significant. Conclusions: Together with the effects of DMBA administration, exposure to non-contact electric fields can cause thickening of Bowman's capsule in the glomerulus of the kidney, however, in other kidney tissues and in the liver, exposure to this electric field was safe. It can even decrease the number of inflammations and haemorrhages in the organs.