Clothing Style Research Articles

A decolonial analysis of Lolita dressing practice and fashion in Mainland China

Based on ethnographic work performed in Chengdu, China, this article presents a decolonial analysis of Chinese Lolita dressing, criticising the unjustified accusations of catering to paedophilia and escapism. Lolita dressing is a clothing style originating from the Gothic clothing style of rebellious rock music singers in 1990s Japan. Some fashion studies and the mass media tend to place Lolita dressing in the context of a counter-public subculture narrative. However, such a framework is biased due to its Eurocentrism. Eurocentrism appears as origin-centrism in forming two unjustified accusations. The accusation of catering to paedophilia is formed based on its Euro-American etymological origin. The word ‘Lolita’ is inextricably associated with paedophilia in Western culture, which leads the general public, and mass media in particular, immediately to the discussion of Lolita dressing as being an abnormality. The accusation of escapism is based on its Japanese subcultural origin. Japanese Lolita dressing is an intentional refusal of the mainstream expectation of being an adult woman. This directs the discussion of Lolita dressing to youthful escapism from a disappointing reality. These two presumptions are problematic in Chinese Lolita dressing practices. Chinese Lolita dressing practitioners tend to integrate Lolita dresses into their ordinary life instead of using Lolita dresses as a medium to build an imagined identity. For Chinese Lolita dressing practitioners, Lolita dresses are neither abnormal nor counter-public. In short, Chinese Lolita dressing should be positioned as a fashionable clothing category among diverse clothing practices instead of as a subculture or an example of a counter-public rebellion.

Psychological influence of emerging niche clothing culture on youth with OCPD

Background Subculture is a unique cultural group formed outside the mainstream culture, and emerging niche clothing culture usually refers to some non-traditional, independent brand or style clothing culture. Compulsive personality disorder is a psychological disorder in which patients tend to overly focus on details, order, and perfectionism. For young people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, participating in emerging niche clothing culture may have some psychological effects.Subjects and MethodsSelect 100 patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and randomly divide them into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group of patients adopted emerging niche clothing culture and conventional psychological treatment methods, while the control group adopted conventional psychological treatment methods. The experimental period is 3 months, and the treatment effects of patients after 3 months are compared and statistically analyzed using Excel and SPSS23.0.ResultsThe research results indicate that the combination of emerging niche clothing culture and conventional psychotherapy methods is more likely to obtain a different way of relaxation and decompression compared to conventional psychotherapy methods. This novel rather than traditional clothing style can become a way for them to alleviate the pressure of compulsive thinking and behavior, providing physical and mental comfort.ConclusionsThe emerging niche clothing culture can provide a unique way for young people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorders to express their individuality and uniqueness. By choosing clothing and styles that are different from mainstream clothing styles, they can express their independent thinking and aesthetic preferences.Acknowledgement2021 National Social Science Foundation Art Program (No.21BG103).

‘Biography of the self’: Why Australian women wear 1950s style clothing

This article aims to understand why one cohort of Australian women choose to wear anachronistic clothing, in this case, 1950s inspired and styled clothing, and more so, why they choose to wear this style of clothing as part of their everyday lives. While some wearers of anachronistic clothing, such as civil war re-creators or Jane Austen enthusiasts, dress for particular social events and revert to ‘everyday’ clothing in their daily lives, this research seeks to examine why this cohort of 1950s fashion aficionados maintain this aesthetic in their everyday work and social lives. The research findings are based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 27 Australian women, aged from their 20s to their 60s, living in urban and regional locations. The purpose of the project was to uncover the psychological and sociological reasons for their sartorial everyday choices. In doing so a number of issues emerged notably interpretations of what constituted 1950s styled clothing. In the discussion of the findings, it was found that the reasons for this fashion choice were complex ranging from personal, psychological, sociological, gendered, nostalgic and political reasons for adopting this style.

Clothing As Window to the Soul

Individuals’ interaction with the external world is almost always influenced by their clothing, whether through personal choice, their “habitus”, dress codes, etc., through shaping how other view/interact with them, influencing their understanding of their identity, and conversely of influencing how others view them though how they dress. As a result of this, different clothing styles can evoke different connotations based on the viewers assumption of the ideals of the groups or contexts that the wearer’s clothing connects them to, such as formal office dress and LGBTQ+ fashions, whether by choice or by pressure. Also, through dress individuals can internalize these ideals of the group, to influence their view of themselves, and in turn how they interact with the outside world. Furthermore, clothing can also highlight a person’s individuality through failure to conform, evoking a different individual-world interaction. Regardless, an individual’s desire to express themselves and externalize the internal can lead to clothing construction or altering to better represent themselves, and/or their relationship to a group.

Collar recognition and matching of clothing style drawings based on complex networks

Seeking a fast and effective algorithm for describing and classifying clothing styles is currently a hot topic in the textile and clothing industry. The study first constructs a sample library of collar styles, preprocesses clothing images, and uses complex network models to describe and extract features; Implement clothing image classification based on support vector machines, and finally use image matching algorithms to match the image to be matched with the target object. It was indicated that the complex network model established by the research institute can effectively depict the characteristics of various collar styles, and the complex network model can effectively depict the characteristics of various collar styles. In 10 experiments, the overall average overall accuracy was 98%; Regarding different types of collars, the average accuracy of 10 experiments is above 96%, indicating that the collar classification accuracy based on support vector machine method is very high. The classifying results of the 10 categories obtained by the research method have little change and are relatively stable. For each category, the research method is higher than the other two methods. The results can indicate that the research method has effect and is more suitable for collar recognition and classification. Compared with traditional Hu invariant moments and HOG feature extraction algorithms, the research algorithm has stronger noise suppression ability, and using Euclidean distance as a similarity measure has great advantages.

The Pleasures and Power in a Trans Identity: A “Found Poem” Found in a Discussion About Fashion

This poem represents the qualitative findings from a study on transgender individual’s relationship to fashion. Eight transgender young adults were interviewed about their gender identity and presentation, as well as their use of clothing and fashion style to represent themselves. Within these interviews, all participants shared the pleasures and power they derive from their transgender identities. Using direct quotes, and intentionally arranging phrases and stories found within the interview transcripts, the authors created this found poem. A research poem was chosen to best represent this data as it allows the participants to maintain their power using their voices directly to more authentically represent their pleasures and joys in their identities. Themes that emerged, and are represented by the six color groups of stanzas, which include making connections to others and the queer community (red); gaining a unique perspective of the world (orange); finding opportunities and enjoying fluidity (yellow); enhancing pleasure in the body and physical representation of gender (green); creating power in visibility and representation (blue); and embracing the delight and freedom in a trans identity (purple).

Evaluation of the Moisture Management, Air and Water Vapour Permeabilities of Knitted Fabrics for Garments

The market today offers a variety of fabrics that may be utilised to create any style of clothing. Fabrics are periodically altered as a result of technology’s continual growth, to the point that it became difficult for clothes makers to assess the fabric characteristics related to thermal comfort. This paper reports some investigations on the moisture management and permeability properties of several commercial knitted fabrics intended for garment application. The fabric’s ability to manage moisture as well as its air and water vapour permeability were assessed. A fabric rating index was used to combine the results from each test to determine the fabric’s thermal comfort characteristics. Among the five knitted fabrics, the fabric comprised of nylon & polyester with jersey structure gave the highest assessment rating which is 5. The study serves as a future reference for future textile and garment industry, that implement the laboratory method used in this paper i.e moisture management, water vapour and air permeability in choosing the better thermal comfort qualities for general wear.

Brandy Melvilles Social Media Marketing Strategy-Taking Girls in Generation Z as an Example

A fast fashion brand that has become topical and popular in recent years, it must be Brandy Melville. In the era of fast fashion dying out, BM really has a big market. People never see their advertisements because they don't advertise. Brandy Melville used social media marketing strategies to successfully create concepts such as BM girl, BM style, etc. Make the brand a representative of American style clothing. Brandy Melville is especially popular among Gen Z girls. This article analyzes the success and controversy of BM's social media marketing strategy by studying the relationship between BM and z-generation girls, the BM brand's 4P marketing strategy, and the social issues brought about by the BM brand.

Clothing and Queer Style in Early Modern English Drama by James M. Bromley (review)

Clothing and Queer Style in Early Modern English Drama by James M. Bromley (review)

Investigating cycle shifts in women's clothing style and grooming.

In contrast to some non-human primate species, human females do not show overt cues to fertility. Previous research argued that women still show systematic changes in their appearance across their ovulatory cycle to enhance their mating success when fertile. We report five studies investigating whether women's clothing style and grooming behaviour change across the ovulatory cycle. All studies were large (with N = 157 in Study 1, N = 109 in Study 2, N = 257 in Studies 3-5), longitudinal studies with four testing sessions per participant. They involved salivary hormone samples and luteinizing hormone tests to validate conception risk estimates. Across all studies, our results suggest no compelling evidence for cycle shifts in clothing style and grooming. Rather, two studies suggest effects in the opposite direction as hypothesized, as women wore more skin-revealing clothes when non-fertile. One study suggests small effects of wearing necklaces more and eyeglasses less often when fertile. However, these effects were not robust across all studies. Our results are in line with other recent null replications and suggest that, if existent, cues to fertility might be even more subtle than previously assumed. We discuss the need for testing competing theories that explain the evolution of concealed ovulation.

Everyday Life of Ancient Bengal People: Food Habits and Dress-up

Food and clothing are two of the basic human needs. From cavemen to the modern age of mechanized civilization, people love to taste new foods. The number of foodies in today’s society is not very small. Similarly, it is not an exception in the case of clothing. The market is now flooded with new designs and styles of clothing. My current research is based on my interest to know about the food habits and clothing styles of the people of Ancient Bengal. Starting from knowing what kind of food the people of Ancient Bengal liked to eat, what kind of food they kept in their daily bill of fare, what kind of food was customary to eat at weddings or any festival, whether there was any difference in the diet of the rich society and the poor society, a clear idea of the human food chart can be obtained from this study. Besides, what kind of clothes did the people of Ancient Bengal wear, what was the style of clothing of men and women, whether there was any different in the style of clothing of upper class and lower-class family members, what kind of clothes were worn during festivals, many knowledge seekers are interested in knowing about these issues. But due to the lack of adequate and detailed research on Ancient Bengal, there is less scope to know about these issues. It was mainly with this goal in mind that I conducted my research.

Analisis Usaha Drclth (Doctor Clothes) Solusi Busana Terjangkau yang Authentic

This Research was motivated by the height the influence of the East Asian Entertainment Industry, especially Korea, on the local community, which made Indonesian women’s clothing styles begin to shift, following hallyu or Korean Fashion Trend which brought a tremendous increase Creative Business Opportunities, a stalemate in the domestic market Fashion industry.The aim of this research is to find out environmental analysis business and business Feasibility Analysis of DrClth’s Business. This research uses descriptive analysis with a business plan approach. Research result in the form of analysis, business environment, carried out by assessing the marketing aspect, the production aspect, the memories aspect and the source aspect, with the result that DrClth business has good potential in the fashion Industry sector, while the business feasibility analysis is carried out by calculating analysis, financial analysis of business feasibility, exploring business sustainability, calculating the bares of sales and break event point.The conclusion of this study is that DrClth results are feasible carried out, based on the analysis of the business environment and business feasibility analysis that has been carried.

Exploring the psychological characteristics of style and fashion clothing orientations

PurposeThis study aims to examine the conceptual distinction of two clothing orientations – style orientation and fashion orientation. Style and fashion orientations both express identity and individuality, but the fashion orientation may more strongly reflect materialistic values, which extensive evidence shows are detrimental to well-being. This study investigates how the clothing orientations are associated with materialism and subjective well-being.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual distinction between style and fashion orientations and their associations with materialism and subjective well-being were investigated via an online survey (N = 4,591) conducted in Germany, Poland, Sweden and the USA. Participants aged 18–65 were recruited based on national representative quotas for age, gender, education and region.FindingsThe regression results support a conceptual distinction between the style and fashion orientation. Style orientation was positively associated with subjective well-being compared to fashion orientation. Both the style and fashion orientations were positively correlated with materialism, but the association was much stronger for fashion orientation and materialism exhibited a strong negative association with subjective well-being. Interestingly, materialism moderated the association between fashion orientation and well-being but not between style orientation and well-being.Research limitations/implicationsThe four examined countries were Western, and, thus, the findings cannot be generalized to other populations. In addition, this study specifically examined relationships in a clothing context. To enable wider generalization, the relationships tested must be explored in other countries, especially non-Western, and also across other product categories.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study can help retailers develop their marketing programs, product and service offerings and specifically their communications more closely targeted to consumers’ clothing orientations.Originality/valueThis study contributes by conceptually distinguishing between clothing style and fashion orientations and investigating their divergent associations to materialism and subjective well-being. This research also raises the question of whether fashion orientation is independent or rather, an aspect of materialism, which has implications for other consumption domains as well.

The Multifunctionality of Vestial Vocabulary in the Artistic Portrait of V.A. Gilyarovsky (based on the Autobiographical Novels "My Wanderings" and "People of the Theater")

The journalistic legacy of V.A. Gilyarovsky has been studied in sufficient detail, to a lesser extent, the attention of scientists was riveted to his autobiographical prose - the stories "My Wanderings" and "People of the Theater", the author's manner, the expression of an individual vision of the world and man. The article deals with the linguistic and stylistic features of the portrait of V.A. Gilyarovsky and reveals the originality of the vestial vocabulary, its function in describing the appearance of heroes of different social strata.The purpose of the study is to study the themes and problems of autobiographical prose, to carry out a linguistic analysis of portrait descriptions in the stories "My Wanderings" and to identify the specifics and functions of the vestial vocabulary. In the study, the emphasis was placed on understanding the features of the writer's style, the specifics of his portraits, the ethnolinguistic and etymological aspect of the clothing vocabulary.As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that in the autobiographical prose of V.A. Gilyarovsky, the main type of portrait is socio-historical, descriptive and everyday. Based on artistic tasks, the writer does not strive to comprehend the psychology of the characters or their rare individuality. There is no author's commentary in the portrait. The principles of the external image become fundamental. The "masculine" vision of the surrounding people leads to a lack of positive or negative expression, exaltation of feelings or sentimentality.Civil uniform, frock coat, tailcoat, livery in portraits have not only a descriptive function, "visualizing" the hero, but also reveal the position of the hero, determine his personal attitude to his own position in society. Uniform, overcoat, caps, boots represent uniforms, where the definitions emphasize the material, insignia, style and details of clothing; awards. This vocabulary is also of a historical and archaic nature, allowing the reader to imagine the features of the costume of the 19th century, to immerse themselves in an interesting, unknown, sometimes patriarchal world, which contributes to understanding the environment, its hierarchy and, at the same time, picturesque diversity.Female portraits with vestial vocabulary are rare; they perform a descriptive function, a function of social characterization. The legal requirement to wear official and particular dress is observed by officials who serve as heroes.The change in fashion, associated not only with the aesthetic, but also with the ideological and political views of the revolutionary youth, their desire to democratize their appearance, is shown by the portrait of the exiles, where the vocabulary of folk clothes, in particular, the appearance of urban workers, prevails. At the same time, accessories emphasize the "subculture" of nihilists.

Giyinmeyle İlgili Hadis Rivayetleri Bağlamında Giyim-Şöhret İlişkisi

Humans have an innate need to cover and dress. Although the nature of clothes varies according to beliefs and cultures, clothing has been a source of concern for Muslims who have achieved Muslim identity since the Prophet Muhammad's revelation. The Prophet, who is a guide for Muslims in all matters, is also an example for Muslims in clothing. This exemplarity includes the Prophet's clothing ethics extending beyond garment types to cover. I will underline the concept of vanity in the relevant narrations in this context. Although there are studies on clothing during the Prophet's time period, there needs to be a study on dealing with the concept of vanity in clothing. The fundamental premise of this study is the Prophet Muhammad's hadith, which states that "whoever wears a garment of vanity, Allah will make him wear a garment of humiliation on the Day of Resurrection." I will explain which aspects of clothes will be regarded vanity based on the narrations dealing with the relationship between clothing and vanity. The transfer of vanity dress traits, as well as the types of dresses in the Prophet's time, is significant in determining the requirements set by Islam on clothing. The Prophet's statements about the colour, pattern, and fabric of the clothes in his time have an important place in determining the clothing style of today's Muslims. In this research, it is aimed to contribute to the elimination of the deficiencies and weaknesses of today's people in this regard by determining the limits of the relationship between clothing and vanity according to the Prophetic principles. In this research, I will analyze the data obtained by using the documentation method within the framework of this subject in the context of narration and vanity. The Prophet's statements about the color, design, and fabric of clothing in his period have a significant impact on the clothing style of today's Muslims. The goal of this research is to contribute to the removal of today's people's flaws and weaknesses in this regard by identifying the limits of the relationship between clothes and vanity according to Prophetic principles. In this study, I will investigate the data gathered by employing the documentation method within the context of narration and vanity. In the analysis phase, I have used commentaries such as Imam al-Nawawī's (d. 676/1277) al-Minhāj, Ibn Hajar al-Askalānī's (d. 852/1448) Fatḥ al-Bārī and Abū al-Tayyib Shams al-Haq al-Azīmābādī's (d. 1329/1911) 'Awn al-Ma'būd. In terms of the relationship between clothing and vanity, explaining the concept of "vanity" in the narration is critical. The Prophet gives warnings and explanations concerning the features of the dress worn rather than adopting a specific form of dress. The vanity dress is one that is unusual in color, model, and fabric from what most people wear while also making the wearer famous, among others. This dress may have characteristics that draw people's attention, arouse adoration, and lead to arrogance. As a result, the Prophet's hadiths contain severe cautions for individuals who wear a dress for vanity. In addition to eye-catching clothes, the garments worn by a person to convince others of his poverty are also considered within the purview of the 'dress of vanity'. Both aim for arrogance and showing off. The Prophet forbade wearing garments for vanity because it breeds hubris. The fact that both valuable and worthless clothes are included in the definition of vanity dress demonstrates that intention is also significant in clothing. During my investigation, I came to the conclusion that the vanity dress is one that is worn with the goal of showing off and being arrogant. The Prophet's era embraced the over-the-heels attire, which reflected arrogance, as an element of showing off and vanity. Taking into account the sociocultural characteristics of the society in which we live, the garments worn with the goal of arrogance and vanity, as well as producing prestige, can be appraised in this context today.

Feminine and masculine style as a spirit of contemporary ‘Batik’ textile making in Semarang

The creation of batik Semarang motifs has been limited to visualizing regional icons, even though batik cloth in Semarang has a very good position and potential to be developed in a contemporary direction. On the other hand, the feminine and masculine patterned designs also underlie this development. This study aims to reconstruct batik Semarang designs with contemporary feminine and masculine clothing styles. This study used art practice-based research methods to produce and present batik motifs. The research stages included (a) art data collection, (b) presentation of ideas, (c) artistic action, and (d) presentation of works. This study has resulted in the development of contemporary Semarang batik motifs. The source of the idea of ​​motifs comes from the natural-physical and socio-cultural environment in Semarang, which is visualized by stylization. The main motif designed does not use repetitive patterns of batik motifs, while filler and supporting motifs (isen-isen) are designed using repetitive patterns. The color identity of the textile is illustrated based on the character of femininity and masculinity.

THE ROLE OF THE VISUAL IMAGE OF A POLITICAL LEADER IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

The article examines the influence of the visual image of political leaders, in particular their appearance and clothing style, on public perception. The visual image of a political leader is a complex system of impressions that he creates with the help of his appearance, clothing and manner of behavior. It is one of the sources in forming the authority and popularity of political leaders. On the basis of empirical domestic and foreign research, a comprehensive comparative analysis of senior officials and political leaders of the leading countries of the world and Ukraine was carried out from the point of view of external image formation and its perception by potential voters. Examples of changes in the visual image of political leaders in the context of their perception by the target audience and the electorate in general are given. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, in addition to the key aspect of a political leader’s visual image, such as appearance (physical features, clothing, etc.), sociability, media presence, and lifestyle are also important components. Appearance is an important factor in creating a first impression on people. Clothing reflects the style and ideology of a political leader, which can enhance his image. Communicability is a key factor in interacting with the public and the media, allowing politicians and political leaders to attract attention to their ideas and views. Media presence forms a visual image, as mass media provide a wide audience and can significantly influence the public’s perception of a political leader. Based on the analysis, it is emphasized that in a democratic society, within the framework of fair political competition, the visual image as a whole, as well as its individual components, can cause significant fluctuations between positive and negative indicators in the political rating. It was concluded that the visual image plays an important role in shaping the popularity of a political leader, is a factor in forming his political brand, which he uses to convey certain ideological messages and attitudes.

Indonesian Islamic Intellectual Fashion Style in The Early 20th Century: Photo Narrative Analysis

The development of clothing began to have a variety of functions ranging from the symbol of social status to the symbol of a person's position. Indonesia stretches from the Hindhu-Buddhist, Islam to the modern era Indonesia clothing is very dispersed and coloured by customs and culture that developed in its time. Entering the beginning of the 20th century, with the emergence of Indonesian Intellectuals as a result of the Dutch ethical politics fashion style of Indonesian to be varied. Among Indonesian Islamic Intellectuals, a similar change occurred. Robes or sarongs are often synonymous with the characteristics of a Muslim's clothes are no longer a major symbol. The purpose of this study is to know Indonesian Islamic Intellectuals' clothing style in the early 20th century. The method used is a historical research method consisting of 4 stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The study's results found that Western fashion styles influenced the fashion styles of Indonesian Islamic Intellectuals in the early 20th century. Suits, ties, hats and shirts are the common Western clothes these people wear.

Human-pose estimation based on weak supervision

BackgroundIn computer vision, simultaneously estimating human pose, shape, and clothing is a practical issue in real life, but remains a challenging task owing to the variety of clothing, complexity of deformation, shortage of large-scale datasets, and difficulty in estimating clothing style. MethodsWe propose a multistage weakly supervised method that makes full use of data with less labeled information for learning to estimate human body shape, pose, and clothing deformation. In the first stage, the SMPL human-body model parameters were regressed using the multi-view 2D key points of the human body. Using multi-view information as weakly supervised information can avoid the deep ambiguity problem of a single view, obtain a more accurate human posture, and access supervisory information easily. In the second stage, clothing is represented by a PCAbased model that uses two-dimensional key points of clothing as supervised information to regress the parameters. In the third stage, we predefine an embedding graph for each type of clothing to describe the deformation. Then, the mask information of the clothing is used to further adjust the deformation of the clothing. To facilitate training, we constructed a multi-view synthetic dataset that included BCNet and SURREAL. ResultsThe Experiments show that the accuracy of our method reaches the same level as that of SOTA methods using strong supervision information while only using weakly supervised information. Because this study uses only weakly supervised information, which is much easier to obtain, it has the advantage of utilizing existing data as training data. Experiments on the DeepFashion2 dataset show that our method can make full use of the existing weak supervision information for fine-tuning on a dataset with little supervision information, compared with the strong supervision information that cannot be trained or adjusted owing to the lack of exact annotation information. ConclusionsOur weak supervision method can accurately estimate human body size, pose, and several common types of clothing and overcome the issues of the current shortage of clothing data.

Vitamin D Levels in Children During Winter and the Relationship Between Sunscreen and Sun Protection Behaviors.

Sunlight is the major source of vitamin D, thus, the use of sunscreens could result in vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Our study aimed to assess serum vitamin D levels in healthy children aged 0-18 years in the winter season and determine the association between sunscreen use and sun protection behaviors on vitamin D status. The demographic data, clothing style, skin type, history of sunburn, history of visiting seaside towns in summer, sun protection behaviors including sunscreen use, wearing sunglasses and hats, and further detailed information about sunscreen use were recorded. Vitamin D status was assessed by measuring blood levels of total 25(OH)D during winter. Three hundred seventy-six children (172 boys and 204 girls) with a mean age of 128.38±56.39 months were enrolled. The mean serum level of 25(OH)D was 15.32±8.64 ng/mL. The mean values of vitamin D were associated with age, sex, traditional clothing style, having a sunburn history, and sunscreen use (P < 0.05). Adolescents and girls had vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy more than younger children and boys (P < 0.05). Sunscreen use in the adequacy group was lower than in the inadequacy and deficiency groups (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between vitamin D status according to the sunscreen details (sun protection factor, product source, season, and body areas) (P > 0.05). Sunscreen use appears to reduce vitamin D levels measured in winter. Children, especially girls and adolescents, should be exposed to sufficient sunlight to maintain normal serum vitamin D levels. Vitamin D supplementation should be given to children, especially during winter.