Closure Function Research Articles

Platelet-rich plasma can release nutrient factors to promote facial nerve crush injury recovery in rats.

Objectives:To evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on promoting neural repair after facial nerve compression in rats and the mechanism by which this occurs.Methods:Adult Wistar rats (n=100) were divided into 3 groups: healthy controls, surgery-only, and surgery+PRP groups. The rats underwent nerve crush injury to establish a facial palsy model. The blood from the rats was used to prepare the PRP for application to the injury site. The evaluation methods included vibrissae movement, eyelid closure, and electrophysiology. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect nutrient factor expression in the brain and nerve sections. This study was conducted in Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China between January and November 2018.Results:Platelet-rich plasma promotes the recovery of vibrissae movement, eyelid closure, and electrophysiological function in a rat model of nerve crush injury. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, toluidine blue staining, and electron microscopy showed significant recovery of Schwann cells and axons in the PRP group. Polymerase chain reaction results showed that PRP releases growth factors, which include nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Immunohistochemistry also demonstrated higher levels of S-100 protein expression in the PRP group compared to the other groups.Conclusions:Platelet-rich plasma releases nutrient factors in the brainstem, and the use of PRP can promote injury recovery.

Use of a Predictive Regression Model for Estimating Hold-Up Volume for Biologic Drug Product Presentations.

A drug delivery system is designed to administer a therapeutic dose according to its label claim. Upon delivery of a parenteral drug product, the volume remaining inside the container that cannot be extracted at the end of drug administration is called the hold-up volume (HUV) and is primarily considered product wastage. To meet the label claim, every drug product container is filled with a slight excess volume. For early-stage products in clinical phase, for which material availability is often a limitation, excess volume in drug product containers has to be determined experimentally using several grams of product. In such scenarios, established models that can predict HUV in primary drug product containers would be valuable for product development. The objective of this study was to determine HUV with 95% confidence intervals across various container closures and drug delivery systems by using aqueous PEG 400 solution mimicking the viscosity of biologic drug products. ISO 2R, 6R, and 10R vials and single-use hypodermic syringes attached to a Luer lock needle (25 gauge, 1½ in.) were used to mimic parenteral drug product container and delivery systems for determination of HUV. Glass prefilled syringes in 1 mL and 2.25 mL configurations were also used to determine HUV with 95% confidence intervals. A linear regression model was developed for determination of HUV as a function of viscosity and as a function of container closure and a needle-based delivery system. This model predicting HUV was confirmed by using monoclonal antibodies of varying formulations and viscosities for container closure and delivery systems tested in this study. The model provided here can be used to determine HUV for a particular container closure for a drug solution with known viscosity that can subsequently be used to evaluate fill volume specifications and label claim for a dosage form.

Modified two-flaps palatoplasty with lateral mucus relaxing incision in cleft repair: A STROBE-compliant retrospective study.

Study Design:clinical results of A STROBE-compliant retrospective studyObjective:To achieving adequate pharyngeal closure and improve the pharyngeal function by a modified two-flap palatoplasty.Summary of Background:Excessive tension in soft palate is the main factor causing the dysphonia after cleft palate. The tension-free suture of the soft palate is the key to achieving adequate pharyngeal closure. In this paper, a modified two-flap palatoplasty improved the pharyngeal functionMethods:From August 2016 to December 2017, 20 patients with cleft palate were treated with a modified two-flap palatoplasty of the posterolateral symmetrical mucosal relaxation incision. The mucosal relaxation incision was performed on both posterolateral sides of the soft palate.Results:All cases had good healing of mucosal flap and the palate. All patients underwent endoscopic examination at 6 months after operation. The postoperative results were satisfactory, with no complications. Twelve patients had bilateral exudative otitis media before operation, 4 patients returned to normal postoperatively, and 8 patients underwent bilateral tympanic membrane catheterization; 2 patients had abnormal function of bilateral eustachian tube before operation and returned to normal postoperatively; 3 patients had unilateral exudative otitis media before operation, and all of them returned to normal; the acoustic impedance test was normal in 3 children before operation. Most children begin to learn to speak, parents are satisfied with their pronunciation, and 3 children are in speech rehabilitation due to unclear pronunciation.Conclusions:We propose a technique to improve the function of the velopharyngeal closure which effectively reduces the incidence of pharyngeal insufficiency and occurrence of operative correction of pharyngeal closure dysfunction. The modifed two-flap palatoplasty with posterior lateral symmetric mucosal relaxation incision is beneficial for better velopharyngeal closure.

Analysis of one-stage surgical repair for the full-thickness eyelid multiple injuries

Objective To analyze the one-stage surgical repair method and clinical efficacy for the treatment of full thickness injuries multiple of eyelid. Methods The data of 92 eyes of 92 cases with multiple injuries of eyelid full thickness from Jan.2015 to Dec.2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The lacerated wound of eyelid full thickness was repaired with three stitch suture, horizontal and vertical mattress suture. Patients who were accompanied with lacrimal canalicular rupture, musculus levator palpebrae superioris fracture and ligament fracture were separately adopted lacrimal canalicular anastomosis, eyelid defect repair and ligament reduction. Results All cases successfully performed emergency surgery repair, no demonstrated wound infection occurred. All the wound of patients healed after one-stage surgical repair. After 6 months of follow-up, eyelid appearance, closure and motor function recovered well in 96.7%(89/92). Conclusion A correct, timely and delicate surgery can make most eyelid lacerations repaired well after one-stage operation. According to the condition of the patient of multiple eyelid injuries and choose the appropriate surgical methods for repair. Key words: Trauma, eyelid, multiple; Repair, surgical; One-stage

Effects of Single Dose Citalopram and Reboxetine on Urethral and Anal Closure Function on Healthy Female Subjects

Effects of Single Dose Citalopram and Reboxetine on Urethral and Anal Closure Function on Healthy Female Subjects

Effectiveness of Furlow palatoplasty in velopharyngeal insufficiency after cleft palate surgery

To explore the application value of Furlow palatoplasty in reconstruction of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after cleft palate surgery. Between August 2015 and January 2017, 48 patients with VPI after cleft palate surgery were treated with Furlow palatoplasty. There were 29 males and 19 females, aged from 4 to 17 years (mean, 6.1 years). There were 16 cases of incomplete cleft palate and 32 cases of complete cleft palate; and 16 cases of soft cleft palate and 32 cases of soft and hard cleft palate. The interval between first cleft palate surgery and Furlow palatoplasty was 3 to 13 years (mean, 5.9 years). The patients were accompanied by significant open rhinolalia and nasal leakage. The degree of velopharyngeal closure assessed by electronic nasopharyngeal fiberoptic endoscopy was grade Ⅲ. The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The total length of palate, the length of soft palate, the depth of pharyngeal cavity, and the width of pharynx and palate arch were measured before operation and at immediate after operation, and the change of the above indexes before and after operation was calculated. According to the results of clinical assessment, the patients were allocated into three groups: velopharyngeal competence (VPC) group, marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy (MVPI) group, and VPI group. The relationship between the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall was evaluated by lateral cephalometric radiographs at 3 months after operation, and the patients were allocated into complete contact group, point contact group, and non-contact group. The velopharyngeal closure was evaluated by electronic nasopharyngeal fiberoptic endoscopy (grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ). Spearman analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the changes of the total length of palate, the length of soft palate, the depth of pharyngeal cavity, and the width of pharynx and palate arch before and after operation. The contact degree of soft palate and posterior pharyngeal wall and the closure degree of pharynx and palate were grouped separately, and the above indexes were analyzed statistically. The operation time was 35-64 minutes (mean, 41 minutes); the intraoperative blood loss was 3-10 mL (mean, 6 mL). All patients were followed up 3 months. After 3 months of operation, the clinical evaluation results were 34 cases of VPC, 7 cases of MVPI, and 7 cases of VPI. Lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that 30 cases had complete contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, 11 cases had point contact, and 7 cases had no contact. Electronic nasopharyngeal fiberoptic endoscopy showed that the pharyngeal closure function was improved to varying degrees, 29 cases of grade Ⅰ, 12 cases of grade Ⅱ, and 7 cases of grade Ⅲ. There were significant differences in the total length of palate, the length of soft palate, the depth of pharyngeal cavity, and the width of pharynx and palate arch between pre- and post-operation ( P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed a correlation between the change in the total length of palate before and after operation and the change in the length of soft palate ( r=0.448, P=0.001). There were significant differences in the changes of total length of palate, the length soft palate, and the depth of pharyngeal cavity before and after operation between VPC, MVPI, and VPI groups ( P<0.05); and there was no significant difference in the change of the width of pharynx and palate arch before and after operation between groups ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in the changes of total length of palate and the length soft palate before and after operation between complete contact, point contact, and non-contact groups ( P<0.05); and there was no significant difference in the change of the depth of pharyngeal cavity and the width of pharynx and palate arch before and after operation between groups ( P>0.05). Furlow palatoplasty can restore the VPI after cleft palate surgery, which can effectively prolong the soft palate and reduce the depth of the pharynx. It can cover the physiological and anatomical morphology of velopharyngeal closure significantly and improve the velopharyngeal function.

의문형 종결어미 ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’의 담화 기능 연구

The purpose of this research is to analyze the discourse functions that appear in semi-spoken language corpus for ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ of the ending of a word who have the sentence closure function in question. interrogative final endings ‘-(으) ㄹ까(요)’ is a common ending term in spoken words, and is mainly treated in Korean language education as a style that expresses the function of suggestion, conjecture in the beginning stage. However, ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ performs various and complex functions compared to other expressive patterns, the training that faithfully reflects the functional system is not provided at the Korean language training site, making it difficult for learners to use it appropriately for contextual situations. Therefore, language training should be provided from a functionalist perspective focusing on ''use'' that focuses on discourse functions to improve the communication skills of Korean learners. It was also intended to attempt a comprehensive approach to the discourse function performed by ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ by characterizing which discourse function is extended from the circular attribute to the actual use of the language.

Treatment of blepharoptosis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis: report of three cases

Objective To explore the treatment of unilateral blepharoptosis caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon after craniocerebral trauma or operation. Methods Three patients suffered from blepharoptosis caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon were collected in this study and the modified levator resection technique was applied to correct ptosis. The observation index after operation included the height of upper palpebral margin, the radian of double eyelid, the change of eye movement and the corresponding upper eyelid height, the eye closure function and the incidence of exposure keratitis. Results One case of oculomotor nerve palsy with moderate ptosis achieved an ideal height of upper eyelid after surgery, two cases of oculomotor nerve palsy with severe ptosis were undercorrection. All the three patients had smooth double eyelid radian, no obvious change of eye movement and corresponding upper eyelid height compared with preoperative. The two severe ptoses could close eyes well, but the moderate ptosis patient couldnot close eyes completely. Conclusions The technique of modified levator resection is an effective method to treat the moderate ptosis caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon, but the results are unfavorable in the treatment of severe ptosis. Key words: Oculomotor nerve; Paralysis; Blepharoptosis; Pseudo-Graefe phenomenon, ptosis; Modified levator resection technique

Clearance vs. tolerance for mobile overconstrained mechanisms

This paper describes a geometrical model to quantify minimal joint clearance in overconstrained 2D or 3D linkages when the shapes of components are subject to manufacturing deviations. This important property needs to be computed at the earlier stages of product development for engineers to design and produce reliable mechanisms in the context of mass production. The solution is based on a previous study dedicated to rigid assemblies. The major contributions of this work are the definition of a regularized closure function together with the computation of minimum joint clearance for a mobile linkage. Five examples illustrate the efficiency of the solution.

Effect of ASP2205 fumarate, a novel 5-HT2C receptor agonist, on urethral closure function in rats

The pharmacological profile of ASP2205 fumarate (ASP2205), a novel 5-HT2C receptor agonist, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ASP2205 showed potent and selective agonistic activity for the human 5-HT2C receptor, with an EC50 of 0.85 nM in the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization assay. Rat 5-HT2C receptor was also activated by ASP2205 with an EC50 of 2.5 nM. Intraduodenal administration (i.d.) of ASP2205 (0.1–1 mg/kg) significantly elevated the leak point pressure (LPP) in anesthetized rats in a dose-dependent manner. This ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.d.)-induced LPP elevation was inhibited by SB242084 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Urethral closure responses induced by intravesical pressure loading in rats were enhanced by ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), which was abolished by pretreatment with SB242084 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) and bilateral transection of the pudendal nerve. In contrast, ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) did not change the resting urethral pressure in rats. These results indicate that ASP2205 can enhance the pudendal nerve-mediated urethral closure reflex via the 5-HT2C receptor, resulting in the prevention of involuntary urine loss.

In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of a novel bioprosthetic pulmonary valve for use in congenital heart surgery

BackgroundManagement of congenital malformations of the pulmonary artery and valve can be challenging. The severity often demands early intervention, which is rarely definitive due to the natural growth and multiple surgeries may be required. An artificial valve made entirely from biodegradable materials that will serve as a bioscaffold for host recellularization would be an attractive solution for these patients. Such valves have been experimentally evaluated with various results. In this study, a simple valve design supported by an absorbable proximal stabilization ring is evaluated both in-vitro and in-vivo.MethodsFrom a 6.7 × 5.0 cm sheet of CorMatrix® tissue we created the valve as an inverted tubegraft with three sutured commissures. A non-closed ring of LactoSorb® basally supported the valve. The commissure height was 2 cm. Inserted as an interposition graft the valve was tested in an in-vitro model and an acute porcine model. Right ventricular and pulmonary artery pressures were recorded.ResultsThe in-vitro testing indicated a proper opening and closure function of valve at physiological simulated hemodynamic conditions. The in-vivo evaluation showed a peak right ventricular pressure of 38 mmHg and a peak pulmonary artery pressure of 27 mmHg and thereby a peak valve gradient of 11 mmHg. The pulmonary pressure wave demonstrated a dicrotic notch indicating competence of the valve.ConclusionThis new pulmonary valve made entirely from biodegradable tissue worked in an acute setting and displayed a good hemodynamic profile. The valve gradient observed is equal to or superior of today’s surgical treatment options.

Strategy of Velopharyngeal Closure Function in Articulation of Fricatives

Strategy of Velopharyngeal Closure Function in Articulation of Fricatives

Age and multiparity related urethral sphincter muscle dysfunction in a rabbit model: Potential roles of TGF-β and Wnt-β catenin signaling pathways.

Prior studies demonstrate increased incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) in the geriatric population which affects their quality of life. Pathophysiology of UI in the geriatric population and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. To elucidate these mechanisms, we performed a pre-clinical study in a rabbit model and the objectives were to (i) determine the effect of aging as well as multiparity on urethral sphincter muscle thickness and urethral closing pressure (UCP); (ii) examine the role of fibrosis and atrophy; and (iii) elucidate the molecular pathways that mediate fibrosis and atrophy in the urethral tissue. New Zealand White female rabbits (n = 6 each; young 6-12 months and old over 30 months of age) were anesthetized and urethral muscle thickness and sphincter closure function were measured. Rabbits were then sacrificed and urethral tissues (bladder neck and mid-urethra) were collected to process for immunostaining as well as for molecular studies for markers for fibrosis (β-catenin which is an important mediator of Wnt signaling, Collagen-1, and TGF-β) and atrophy (MuRF-1). Our studies showed a significant decrease in the urethral sphincter muscle thickness and closure function with age. Age-related increase in protein and mRNA expression levels of fibrosis, as well as atrophy markers were observed in the bladder neck and mid-urethral tissues. Age and multiparity related increase in fibrosis and atrophy of urethral sphincter muscles may contribute to impaired urethral closure function seen in old animals.

The urethral closure function status in pregnant women suffering from overactive bladder syndrome

The ultrasound method of investigation was proposed as the first step in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence, since the average value of the thickness of the bladder wall and the size of the urethral sphincter in the works of many urologists are correlated with the presence of overactive bladder. The objective: was to determine the sonographic parameters of the urethral closure in pregnant women with overactive urinary bladder. Materials and methods. In this article, an estimation of such ultrasound signs of the urethral closure apparatus, such as funnel-like urethral enlargement, bladder wall thickness measurement, bladder volume, residual urine volume, were performed. The diagnostic value of the cervical-bulk test in pregnant women with overactive urinary bladder is assessed. The obtained results were compared with the same in healthy pregnant women. Results. The index of bladder wall thickness with age increases, as in women with overactive bladder, and in practically healthy women. However, significantly higher value of this indicator (p&lt;0,001) was found in the group of women with overactive bladder. In the third trimester of pregnancy, a positive cervical-bleb test was found in all patients with overactive bladder. In the group of pregnant women with overactive bladder, significantly less volume of the bladder and increased volume of residual urine, which confirms the world data. Conclusion. Data of spontaneous contractions of detrusor in pregnant women suggest that this indicator is a characteristic diagnostic feature of overactive bladder. Key words: pregnancy, ultrasound examination, urethral closure, overactive bladder.

Numerical Simulation of Free Surface Fluid Flows Through Porous Media by Using the Explicit MPS Method

An extension of the explicit moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is proposed for simulating free surface flow through a porous structure object. The model formulation is based on the local volume averaging equations, and the porous drag is given by a general closure function. It can compute the macroscopic behaviors of incompressible flows in porous media. Specifically, the present study addresses numerical difficulties of existing MPS models in two respects, namely the conservation of macroscopic fluid volume and the well-balanced hydrostatic equilibrium where the fluid and porous media interpenetrate. Numerical tests are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the proposed model, from which good agreements are found between the simulation results and validation data. In comparison with existing models, it is also demonstrated that the numerical techniques developed in this study are important to obtain consistent predictions of flow behaviors. Therefore, the present MPS method is shown to be suitable for modeling free surface flows interacting with porous structures.

Implications of Pyran Cyclization and Pterin Conformation on Oxidized Forms of the Molybdenum Cofactor.

The large family of mononuclear molybdenum and tungsten enzymes all possess the special ligand molybdopterin (MPT), which consists of a metal-binding dithiolene chelate covalently bound to a pyranopterin group. MPT pyran cyclization/scission processes have been proposed to modulate the reactivity of the metal center during catalysis. We have designed several small-molecule models for the Mo-MPT cofactor that allow detailed investigation into how pyran cyclization modulates electronic communication between the dithiolene and pterin moieties and how this cyclization alters the electronic environment of the molybdenum catalytic site. Using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR and rR), electronic absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, distinct changes in the Mo≡O stretching frequency, Mo(V/IV) reduction potential, and electronic structure across the pterin-dithiolene ligand are observed as a function of pyran ring closure. The results are significant, for they reveal that a dihydropyranopterin is electronically coupled into the Mo-dithiolene group due to a coplanar conformation of the pterin and dithiolene units, providing a mechanism for the electron-deficient pterin to modulate the Mo environment. A spectroscopic signature identified for the dihydropyranopterin-dithiolene ligand on Mo is a strong dithiolene → pterin charge transfer transition. In the absence of a pyran group bridge between pterin and dithiolene, the pterin rotates out of plane, largely decoupling the system. The results support a hypothesis that pyran cyclization/scission processes in MPT may function as a molecular switch to electronically couple and decouple the pterin and dithiolene to adjust the redox properties in certain pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes.

Measuring length-tension function of the anal sphincters and puborectalis muscle using the functional luminal imaging probe.

The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) has been used to measure the distensibility of the anal canal. We hypothesized that with increasing distension of the anal canal with FLIP there will be an increase in length of the anal sphincter muscle allowing measurement of the length-tension function of anal sphincter and puborectalis muscles (PRM). We studied 14 healthy nulliparous women. A custom-designed FLIP bag (30-mm diameter) was placed in the vagina and then in the anal canal, distended in 10-ml steps with volumes ranging from 30 to 90 ml. At each volume, subject performed maximal voluntary squeezes. Length-tension measurements were also made with a manometric probe system. Tension was calculated (pressure × radius) in Newtons per meter using a custom software program. Peak tensions at different FLIP volumes were compared with the manometric data. No change in the luminal CSA was noted at low fluid volumes; the sphincter muscles were able to fully collapse the FLIP bag within the anal canal/vagina even at rest. At larger volumes, with each squeeze there was an increase in the bag pressure and reduction in the cross-sectional area, which represents concentric contraction of the muscle. Both rest and squeeze tension increased with the increase in volume in the anal as well as vaginal canal indicating that the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscles produce more tension when lengthened. FLIP device, which has been used to describe the distensibility of the anal canal can also provide information on the length-tension function of the anal sphincters and PRM. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) has been used to describe the distensibility of the anal canal. This report is the first to describe the use of the FLIP in the vaginal canal and the anal canal to provide information on the length-tension function of the anal sphincter and puborectalis muscles, which may provide clinicians with additional information regarding the active components of muscle contraction involved in the anal closure function.

Software-based video analysis of functional outcomes of face transplantation.

Assessment of outcomes after face transplantation (FT) is necessary to provide sound evidence on the benefits of this life-giving surgery. Current methods for outcomes assessment, however, are imprecise or prone to subjectivity. Software-based video analysis may allow fast, objective and retrospective assessment of restoration of facial movements and functions after FT. We recorded videos of 7 subjects before as well as every 3-6 months after facial transplantation. Patients performed the same sequence of facial movements in every video: smile, open mouth, purse lips, wrinkle nose, frown, close eyes, and lift eyebrows. The videos were retrospectively analyzed using EMOTIENT software, which is capable of automatic tracking and detailed measurements of facial movements and expressions. These measurements were subsequently compared to the same patient at different time points, as well as to the normal population. Open mouth, wrinkle nose and smile functions significantly improved in all patients when compared to pre-transplant functions; this improvement was significant at 3, 6, and 12 months after transplant, respectively. Lip purse, eye closure and frown functions improved by 6, 9, and 18 months after transplantation, respectively; however, improvement in these particular functions was not significantly with respect to pre-transplant. Face transplantation did not improve any of the patients' ability to lift their eyebrows. Most remarkably, mouth opening and smiling functions both reached values comparable to the normal population at 3 and 12 months after transplantation, respectively. Software-based video analysis provides a valuable assessment tool capable of objective, precise and reproducible analysis of facial movements and functions after FT.

Local Closure Functions in Hereditary Generalized Topological Spaces

In this paper, we introduce and study the notions of local closure functions and also we introduce the operator \(\Psi_\Gamma\) in hereditary generalized topological spaces.

Hierarchical mark‐recapture distance sampling to estimate moose abundance

ABSTRACTEstimating the abundance of wide‐ranging wildlife, difficult under any circumstances, is particularly challenging when detection is low and affected by factors that also influence density and distribution. In northeastern Washington, moose (Alces alces) have evidently increased since the 1970s but spend most of their time under coniferous cover that makes detection from the air difficult. We used a Bayesian hierarchical approach to incorporate habitat use (in the form of availability as a function of canopy closure) into a detection model within a mark‐recapture distance sampling framework to estimate moose density. Our model of availability used a latent density surface employing habitat use data obtained from 17 adult female moose wearing global positioning system (GPS) collars. Distance sampling data, obtained from helicopter surveys in winters 2014, 2015, and 2016, consisted of double‐observer detections of 166 moose groups along 2,241 km of systematically placed line transects within 29 survey blocks selected using a stratified‐random design. We estimated moose density over the entire survey area as 0.49/km2 (95% credible interval = 0.33–0.67/km2). Extrapolated to the 10,513‐km2 survey area, we estimated 5,169 moose (95% credible interval = 3,510–7,034). Our methodology allowed us to adjust for availability bias and produce an estimate even where detection was difficult but required many hours of helicopter flights, acceptable weather conditions, and the availability of GPS collared‐moose. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.