Clostridium Septicum Research Articles

Clostridium septicum bacteraemia

This datasheet on Clostridium septicum bacteraemia covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Pathology, Epidemiology, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

Myonecrosis caused by Clostridium septicum in a horse from Southern Brazil

Clostridial myonecrosis is a highly fatal infectious disease of the muscle that is caused by pathogenic clostridia. When it occurs in equine muscle, the infection can cause a variety of clinical signs. The present report described a case of acute myonecrosis caused by Clostridium septicum in a horse, which had a favorable clinical evolution. A 6-year-old mare was admitted to a veterinary hospital due to increased volume and lameness in the left pelvic limb after an intramuscular injection of an anti-inflammatory drug. The diagnosis of myonecrosis caused by C. septicum was based on clinical and laboratory findings. The animal showed significant improvement after 5 months of treatment and was discharged from the hospital. There is very limited information regarding myonecrosis caused by C. septicum in horses in Brazil; our study showed that early diagnosis and prompt appropriate treatment can ensure significant improvement and recovery of affected animals.

INCREASING THE IMMUNIZING VALUE OF A Clostridium septicum STRAIN

The pathology caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Clostridium is a major cause of economic loss in small ruminant herds. The clinical manifestations caused by these pathogens are the result of a wide and variable spectrum of toxins released during their multiplication. The aim of this study was to enhance the toxigenesis of one of the Clostridium septicum isolates and to select the most productive clone, being the closest to the field strain. The strain toxicity was improved by passages on guinea pigs. In vivo assays on balb/C mice were confirmed by in vitro experiments (Western Blott, semi quantitative dosing of cytopathic effect and quantification of hemolytic activity). Assessment of the immunizing value was carried out by seroneutralization in mice. The selected and improved strain produced a toxin with a biological value superior to the minimum recommended limits for the formulation of anaerobic vaccines for small ruminants.

A sudden cardiac death caused by Clostridium septicum infection in left lower limb: Case report and literature review

A sudden cardiac death caused by Clostridium septicum infection in left lower limb: Case report and literature review

First Comparative Analysis of Clostridium septicum Genomes Provides Insights Into the Taxonomy, Species Genetic Diversity, and Virulence Related to Gas Gangrene.

Clostridium septicum is a Gram-positive, toxin-producing, and spore-forming bacterium that is recognized, together with C. perfringens, as the most important etiologic agent of progressive gas gangrene. Clostridium septicum infections are almost always fatal in humans and animals. Despite its clinical and agricultural relevance, there is currently limited knowledge of the diversity and genome structure of C. septicum. This study presents the complete genome sequence of C. septicum DSM 7534T type strain as well as the first comparative analysis of five C. septicum genomes. The taxonomy of C. septicum, as revealed by 16S rRNA analysis as well as by genomic wide indices such as protein-based phylogeny, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA–DNA hybridization indicates a stable clade. The composition and presence of prophages, CRISPR elements and accessory genetic material was variable in the investigated genomes. This is in contrast to the limited genetic variability described for the phylogenetically and phenotypically related species Clostridium chauvoei. The restriction-modification (RM) systems between two C. septicum genomes were heterogeneous for the RM types they encoded. C. septicum has an open pangenome with 2,311 genes representing the core genes and 1,429 accessory genes. The core genome SNP divergence between genome pairs varied up to 4,886 pairwise SNPs. A vast arsenal of potential virulence genes was detected in the genomes studied. Sequence analysis of these genes revealed that sialidase, hemolysin, and collagenase genes are conserved compared to the α-toxin and hyaluronidase genes. In addition, a conserved gene found in all C. septicum genomes was predicted to encode a leucocidin homolog (beta-channel forming cytolysin) similar (71.10% protein identity) to Clostridium chauvoei toxin A (CctA), which is a potent toxin. In conclusion, our results provide first, valuable insights into strain relatedness and genomic plasticity of C. septicum and contribute to our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of this important human and animal pathogen.

Clostridium septicum-induced gangrene in the right lower extremity complicating pneumatosis in the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and occlusion of right femoral artery: a case report

BackgroundGas gangrene is usually manifested as myonecrosis and subcutaneous gas accumulation, but rarely manifested as arterial occlusion or pneumatosis in the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.Case presentationWe report a case of gas gangrene caused by Clostridium septicum. The patient developed gas gangrene after being pecked by a chicken but turned for the better following antibiotic treatment and debriment. Imaging test revealed a rare occlusion of the right femoral artery and pneumatosis in the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery.ConclusionsIn the presence of gas gangrene, special care must be taken to prevent against the formation of circulatory air embolism. The gas gangrene-induced gangrene in the limb of this patient might be attributed to the combined action of infection and arterial occlusion. MDT (Multidisciplinary team)-Green Channel mode is conductive to treatment success of gas gangrene.

Clostridium septicum bacteremia resulting from traumatic myonecrosis: A Case report

Clostridium septicum bacteremia resulting from traumatic myonecrosis: A Case report

Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in CRC progression and causation.

Based on recent research reports, dysbiosis and improper concentrations of microbial metabolites in the gut may result into the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Recent advancement also highlights the involvement of bacteria and their secreted metabolites in the cancer causation. Gut microbial metabolites are functional output of the host-microbiota interactions and produced by anaerobic fermentation of food components in the diet. They contribute to influence variety of biological mechanisms including inflammation, cell signaling, cell-cycle disruption which are majorly disrupted in carcinogenic activities. In this review, we intend to discuss recent updates and possible molecular mechanisms to provide the role of bacterial metabolites, gut bacteria and diet in the colorectal carcinogenesis. Recent evidences have proposed the role of bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleaturm, Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium septicum, in the carcinogenesis of CRC. Metagenomic study confirmed that these bacteria are in increased abundance in CRC patient as compared to healthy individuals and can cause inflammation and DNA damage which can lead to development of cancer. These bacteria produce metabolites, such as secondary bile salts from primary bile salts, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which are likely to promote inflammation and subsequently cancer development. Recent studies suggest that gut microbiota-derived metabolites have a role in CRC progression and causation and hence, could be implicated in CRC diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.

A Case of Nontraumatic Gas Gangrene Caused by <i>Clostridium septicum</i> with Fulminant Process of Gas Embolism Confirmed by Postmortem Computed Tomography and Autopsy

A Case of Nontraumatic Gas Gangrene Caused by <i>Clostridium septicum</i> with Fulminant Process of Gas Embolism Confirmed by Postmortem Computed Tomography and Autopsy

The gut microbiome in pancreatogenic diabetes differs from that of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

We hypothesized that the gut microbiome in patients with diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis (Type 3c) is different from those with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This was a cross-sectional preliminary study that included 8 patients with Type 1, 10 with Type 2, 17 with Type 3c diabetes and 9 healthy controls. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, imaging and treatment data were recorded and sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16SrRNA was done on fecal samples. Bioinformatics and statistical analyses was performed to evaluate the differences in the diversity indices, distance matrices, relative abundances and uniqueness of organisms between the types of diabetes. There was significant difference in the species richness. Beta diversity was significantly different between patients with Type 3c diabetes and the other groups. 31 genera were common to all the three types of diabetes. There was significant differences in the species level taxa between Type 3c diabetes and the other groups. The unique bacterial species signature in Type 3c diabetes compared to Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes included Nesterenkonia sp. AN1, Clostridium magnum, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Clostridium septicum, Porphyromonas somerae, Terrabacter tumescens, and Synechococus sp.

An Immunosuppression Hidden Malignancy: Case Report of An Unexpected Clostridium Septicum Infection and Its Fatal Consequence

Gastroenterology Medicine & Research An Immunosuppression Hidden Malignancy: Case Report of An Unexpected Clostridium Septicum Infection and Its Fatal Consequence Grade M1*, Welk E1, Sostmann H1, Hammerstein HV1, McAulay CH3 and Bostelmann R2 1Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine Christian Hospital Quakenbrück, Germany 2Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Christian Hospital Quakenbrück, Germany 3Department of Radiology, St. Marienhospital, Vechta, Germany *Corresponding author:Grade M, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine Christian Hospital Quakenbrück, Germany Submission: May 14, 2021;Published: May 21, 2021 DOI: 10.31031/GMR.2021.05.000625 ISSN 2637-7632Volume5 Issue5

Vaccination against pathogenic clostridia in animals: a review.

Clostridium is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium, which is found in the surrounding environments throughout the world. Clostridium species cause botulism, tetanus, enterotoxaemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease. Clostridium infection causes severe economic losses in livestock and poultry industries. Vaccination seems to be an effective way to control Clostridial diseases. This review discusses the toxins and vaccine development of the most common pathogenic Clostridium species in animals, including Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium chauvoei, and Clostridium septicum. In this comprehensive study, we will review different kinds of clostridial toxins and the vaccines that are experimentally or practically available and will give a short description on each vaccine focusing on its applications, advantages, and disadvantages.

Air in the Aortic Wall

An 81-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a 48-h history of central chest pain radiating to the back. Observations revealed hypoxia, tachycardia, and hypotension. Biochemistry revealed raised inflammatory markers (white cell count: 18.5 × 109/L and C-reactive protein: 62.5 mg/L) and reduced renal function (creatinine: 157 μmol/L and urea 10.2 mmol/L). Computed tomographic (CT) scan (CT aortogram) revealed the presence of air in a diseased thoracic and abdominal aorta wall with no evidence of aneurysm (A, B, and C). Wall thickening at the cecal pole was noted as well (D). A diagnosis of acute aortitis was made, and the patient was started on intravenous antibiotics. Blood cultures isolated Clostridium septicum. Follow-up CT aortogram performed at 2 weeks revealed a resolution of the pockets of air. Colonoscopy revealed the presence of a fungating cecal mass (adenocarcinoma) as a source of bacteremia leading to aortitis; further, staging identified the disease as nonresectable.

Evaluation and Comparison of Clostridium Epsilon-Alpha Fusion Gene Expression Using Different Commercial Expression Vector.

Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods and pathogens for humans and livestock, which are widespread in nature as well as human and animal digestive systems. C. perfringens produces numerous different exoproteins, which are various systems of action. The major C. perfringens toxins include alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota. C. perfringens are classified into five groups (A-E) on the basis of the production of these lethal toxins. Furthermore, toxins secreted from C. septicum include alpha, beta, delta, and gamma. Epsilon and alpha toxins of C. perfringens and C. septicum are the major causes of enterotoxemia and braxy in sheep and goats, respectively. The production of recombinant immunogenic proteins of these bacteria using suitable expression vectors and expression prokaryotic hosts can be a convenient method for the reduction of the costs and production time of clostridial anaerobic vaccines. In the present study, recombinant Escherichia coli strain TOP10 containing pJETεα was used for the evaluation of C. perfringens type D and C. septicum epsilon-alpha fusion protein using different commercial vectors. After the extraction of pJETεα from the recombinant cell, it was digested by NdeI and XhoI restriction enzymes and subcloned into pET22b (+), pET26b (+), and pGEM-B1 expression vectors in E. coli/Rosetta and E. coli/BL21 (DE3). The expression of recombinant fusion toxin was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting in three different temperatures, various isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) gradients, and different times using pGEMεα, pET22εα, and pET26εα vectors in E. coli/Rosetta and E. coli/BL21 (DE3). According to the obtained results, recombinant E. coli/Rosetta/pET22εα showed better expression at a temperature of 37°C after 6 h of induction by IPTG.

Essential oil combinations against Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum - the causative agents of gas gangrene.

The inhibitory and bactericidal effect of a wide range of essential oils, and their selected combinations against two pathogens (Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum), the causative pathogens of gas gangrenous infections were investigated. Fractional inhibitory indices were also calculated to determine the interactions. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays were used to determine the efficacy of the essential oils. Santalum austrocaledonicum demonstrated the highest activity inhibiting both Clostridial pathogens at the lowest concentration of 0·02mgml-1 . Santalum austrocaledonicum combined with Cymbopogon martinii had the strongest inhibition against C. perfringens (MIC 0·02mgml-1 ) and C. septicum (MIC 0·01mgml-1 ). Selected combinations demonstrated synergy (ΣFIC≤0·50) in combination against both pathogens tested. Antagonism was also observed in many combinations. Selected essential oils, when studied either individually or in combination, have high inhibitory and bactericidal effects against both Clostridial strains. Nine combinations have proven to be synergistic with 23 combinations additive; 96 indifferent and 77 having an antagonistic effect against the pathogenic strains. Some combinations demonstrated extreme antagonism and as such, careful consideration needs to be given to essential oil selection against these pathogens. Very few essential oils have been antimicrobially screened (MIC and MBC) against Clostridial strains and furthermore, the efficacies in combination are not known.

Studies on Plumbago zeylanica: An Ethnoveterinary Plant

The plant species Plumbago zeylanica Linn. (Known vernacularly as Chitraka, Chitramulamu, Tellachitramulamu, Agnichela, Agnimaala by its trade or popular names of “Lead wort-white flowered” and “Ceylon Lead wort”) belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae, is distributed as a weed in throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The main objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemicasl, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the crude extract of Plumbago zeylanica leaves. Plumbago zeylanica was a rich source of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenols, tannins, saponins, Steroids and quinones. It has prominent antioxidant activities. Among the selected pathogens highest zone of inhibition was observed by Clostridium septicum (10 mm) followed by Candida albicans (16 mm). The findings of this study support the view that P. zeylanica plant is a promising source of potential antioxidants and may be effective as preventive agent in the pathogenesis of some Ethno-Veterinary diseases.

Identification of Clostridium septicum in Clinical Cases Suspected to Braxy and Malignant Edema by Traditional and Molecular Method and Evaluation of Toxigenic Isolates for Vaccine Production

Clostridium septicum is the causative agent of the acute fetal disease braxy and gas gangrene with major economic losses in the dairy industry. Accurate and rapid detection is great importance in this regard. Vaccination is an effective process for protection against C. septicum infection. It is necessary to identify and evaluate toxigenic Iranian isolates to produce a vaccine. This study aimed to detect Iranian isolates and evaluate toxigenic isolates as candidates for vaccine production. To this end, a total of 17 samples of animals, clinically suspected to braxy and malignant edema, were obtained. All samples were then cultured on media and microbiological and biochemical tests were performed on the colonies. The test results were confirmed by PCR amplification of the alpha-toxin gene. The toxigenic isolates were then evaluated using MLD. The experimental vaccine was produced and evaluated according to the British Pharmacopoeia Standard. According to the results, out of 17 samples, 15 samples were considered C. septicum. All samples were confirmed by PCR amplification. The most toxigenic isolate was used for experimental vaccine production. The result was successful. The Iranian isolate could be, therefore, used for vaccine production although further studies should be conducted in this regard.

Mycotic Aneurysm Rupture Due to Clostridium septicum Thoracic Aortitis

An 85 year old female was referred with a diagnosis of mycotic aortitis with foci of gas within the descending aortic wall (A). Blood cultures were positive for Clostridium septicum, initiating targeted antibiotic therapy with metronidazole. A computed tomography (CT) scan at 10 days showed a ruptured descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA; B). The mycotic TAA rupture was treated successfully by an endovascular approach. A Valiant Navion 34-31-200 mm (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) stent graft was deployed in the descending aorta without spinal drainage. Metronidazole was continued lifelong. Check CT scan at one month confirmed exclusion of the rupture with no new mycotic features.Image 1

Fatal bacterial septicaemia after immobilisation of a captive brown bear (Ursus arctos)

A four-year-old female brown bear (Ursus arctos) was immobilised via blowpipe targeting the right hind limb to perform a chemical contraception. Few days after anaesthesia, the animal developed lameness and...

Effectiveness of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Development of Pentavalent Clostridial Toxoid Vaccine in Terms of Clinical Pathology Elements and Immunological Responses.

Toxoid vaccines can provide protective immunity against clostridial diseases. Since the duration of the toxoid vaccine immunogenicity is short, these vaccines need to contain an adjuvant. The nanoparticles of chitosan can stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. In the present study, the effect of chitosan nanoparticles was investigated on the immunogenicity of the pentavalent clostridial toxoid vaccine containing Clostridium perfringens types D, C, and B, Clostridium septicum, as well as Clostridium novyi. Rabbits were immunized by two injections with 3-week intervals and checked clinically and through autopsy 2 weeks after the last injection. Hematological changes were investigated during immunization, including the changes of white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophile, monocyte, and Neut/Lymph. Biochemical factors, namely creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, and albumin, were also studied. The changes in immune responses during the immunization period were investigated through indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of ELISA showed that chitosan significantly enhanced immunogenicity when accompanied with in the pentavalent clostridial toxoid vaccine. During the immunogenicity period and following that, no changes were observed in clinical behavior and internal organs after autopsy. The hematological and biochemical factors were reported with no significant pathologic changes during immunization in the control and vaccinated groups (p <0.05). The obtained findings revealed that the toxoid vaccines could not induce significant physiological changes in the body. The vaccine containing chitosan could stimulate humoral immunity 2-3 times higher than the nonchitosan vaccine. The humoral immune response was significantly duplicated due to the chitosan effect. Chitosan not only had no local or general side effects but also could be a good help with the enhancement of the immune system; therefore, it can be recommended as an appropriate safe adjuvant in the development of toxoid vaccines.