Close Value Research Articles

Russia-associated sanctions and asset’s value: determination of yield on investment from the liquidity perspective

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">In this study, the time-varying pattern of returns with the trading cost is assessed in light of sanctions on the Russia’s economy. The analysis is performed on the Moscow Exchange Index (MOEX) using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, Bayes’ Theorem technique, and vector error correction model (VECM). Firstly, the transparency of asset’s value in the same trading period was noted to execute the trade with a limited price impact. Thus, the liquidity seems not priced in returns. In addition, the posterior probability of the transparent asset’s value stabilized the market at a limited transaction cost. In this case, there is less likelihood of liquidity acting as a risk element in returns during the same trading session. These results correspond to the era without sanctions, as well as economic restrictions period. Before the economic restrictions, the execution of investment occurred on its real or close value due to the market transparency in the following trading period. This implies, that the past trading cost series is not priced in yields on investment. During the Russia-related sanctions, a higher price impact of transaction was noted due to the ambiguity in the future asset’s value. Therefore, the past liquidity series is a pricing element in the short run and long run. The analysis suggests a potential inference of trading cost to determine the yield on investment. </span></p>

Comparative Analysis of Financial Forecasting Techniques in Machine Learning for Netflix Stock Price Prediction

Abstract - In the stock market, predicting the price of stocks is still a hot research issue. One of the most challenging tasks in the field of computation is prediction of the stock market. The prediction depends on a number of variables, including physiological vs. Physical elements, rational vs. irrational investor behavior, investor attitude, market rumors, etc. All these factors work together to make stock values unpredictable and very challenging to predict accurately. Supervised Machine Learning (SML) algorithms is used to predict future value by using past stock price data. ML approaches have the ability to reveal trends and knowledge that hadn't previously noticed, and they can be used to predict that are incredibly accurate. The primary objective of this project is to predict stock prices of Netflix for analyzing profit on day closing. Data was gathered between the years of 2002 and 2022, and separated into two parts: training set and testing set. Only the testing portion is to be used for the final forecast. Four machine learning algorithms such as linear regression, decision tree, MLP, and KNN are used to forecast the close value of the Netflix stock price. This project's output adds to the body of knowledge on predicting stock prices and offers investors some new information for accurate prediction of stock prices.

On the Selection of Catalysts’ Support with High Oxygen Delivery Capacity for DRM Application: Interest of Praseodymium as Dopant of Ceria

AbstractIn the present work, a series of supports with varying compositions (ranging from pure CeO2 to pure PrO2-y) was designed to investigate their ability to release oxygen (with the concomitant formation of oxygen vacancies) under diverse reducing atmospheres: hydrogen (H2), helium (He), and in the presence of a carbonaceous substance that mimics eventual carbon deposits formed under practical reaction conditions (DRM). Oxygen vacancies were generated effectively in all three atmospheres (following the order He < H2 < carbon material). With regard to the influence of the composition, the capability to generate oxygen vacancies clearly increased with the Pr content, for whatever the conditions tested. Notably, the non-stoichiometry obtained with the support of pure praseodymia in both inert and reducing atmospheres is very remarkable, as it approaches the maximum non-stoichiometry value of the well-established theoretical Bevan cluster. This leads to consider this formulation as a very promising support for applications in catalysis and other fields where oxygen vacancies play a crucial role. Dry Reforming of Methane requires catalytic supports that possess highly mobile oxygen, enabling it to actively participate in the reactions step involved or potentially gasify undesirable carbon deposits generated during parallel reactions. Consequently, designing and elucidating the behavior of ceria-praseodymium-based supports with high reducibility and generation of oxygen vacancies (oxygen storage and release capacity) holds particular relevance in this context. Actually, the very preliminary results comparing two counterpart formulations (5%Ni/PrO2-y versus 5%Ni/Al2O3) already confirm the suitability of the choice of pure praseodymia in terms of activity, stability and very high selectivity towards H2 and CO, reaching a very close value to the ideal H2/CO ratio of 1.

Performance Evaluation and Comparative Analyses of Tuned Inerter Damper for Stochastic Base Excited Structures Based on Hybrid H2/H∞ Optimization

Compared with tuned mass damper, tuned inerter damper (TID) has higher damping efficiency and lightweight characteristic if appropriate optimal methods are selected. Generally, [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] optimal methods are adopted to determine the optimal parameters of TID individually. But the vibration mitigation performance of the TID under near resonance frequency band based on [Formula: see text] optimization is less than [Formula: see text] optimization, but the peak frequency response based on [Formula: see text] optimization will be greater than [Formula: see text] optimization at the same time. Dual-characteristic-based vibration control may not be achievable based on [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] criteria, respectively. For this reason, hybrid [Formula: see text] optimization can be adopted. In this work, closed-form expressions are derived for the control of structural displacement responses based on hybrid [Formula: see text] optimal method. The vibration mitigation performance of the different optimized TIDs is evaluated considering the single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degrees-of-freedom systems are subjected to typical ground motions excitation. Results illustrate that because of the use of the optimal stiffness ratio of [Formula: see text] optimization and very close value of [Formula: see text] optimizations’ nominal damping ratio in [Formula: see text] optimization, [Formula: see text] optimization shows ‘dual characteristics’ in different excitation situations. Specifically, the peak response and structural fundamental frequencies’ response in displacement frequency response function using hybrid [Formula: see text] optimal methods are between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] optimization, which indicates an excellent and balanced control performance combining the advantages of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] optimal solutions. Hence, this hybrid method is more suitable for more complex ground motions excitation to control critical structural responses instead of single characteristic excitation. And the comprehensive vibration control in dynamic time histories analyses can be achieved by this dual characteristic-based optimal strategy. When designing the specific TID, hybrid [Formula: see text] optimization can be considered as the best choice for its compatibility and high adaptability for complex practical engineering scenarios with random and diverse excitations.

The Impact of General Elections on Stock Market Volatility in Indonesia (2004–2023)

Elections are events that play an important role in the economic aspects of a country. Elections create uncertainty and potentially affect investor sentiment, causing fluctuations in Indonesian stock prices. A few months before the election, stock prices in Indonesia showed a significant increase in the Indonesia Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG). This occurs due to an increase in purchasing power for campaign needs and an increase in the government budget. The ARCH/GARCH model is a relevant analysis instrument in looking at market volatility. This study forecasts the close value of IHSG in the election year 2024 and analyzes the effect of elections on stock price volatility in Indonesia. This research resulted in the best model is GARCH (1,1) with RMSE 604.74, MAE 484.27, and MAPE 13.37. The forecasting results from November 23, 2023 - February 29, 2023 tend to increase, the average increase is 0.097%, the biggest increase from the end of November to the beginning of the first week of December 2023 by 0.229%. The relationship between IHSG value and political month is positive. The regression equation shows the IHSG value in months containing political events is 743,53 greater than in non-political months.

Grandparents' and domestic helpers' childcare support: Implications for well‐being in Asian families

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether childcare support from grandparents and domestic helpers is associated with family well‐being in Singapore, with a focus on parent and child psychological well‐being as well as the quality of interactions and relationships within the family.BackgroundResearch on the implications of childcare support from maternal grandparents, paternal grandparents, and domestic helpers for family well‐being remains a gap in the literature. This involvement could enhance family well‐being through instrumental assistance and emotional encouragement in childcare. However, it could also create a negative emotional climate for families if the relationship of the mother with the grandparents or domestic helper is marked by conflict.MethodThis study used questionnaire data from 615 mother–child dyads from the birth cohort, Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes. The exposure variable was children's caregiving arrangements assessed at child ages 4.5 and 6 years, and the outcome variables were maternal well‐being, maternal parenting, and family functioning measured at concurrent assessments, and child well‐being assessed at age 10 years.ResultsChildcare support from maternal grandparents, but not from paternal grandparents or domestic helpers, showed concurrent associations with warmer parenting by mothers at child ages 4.5 and 6 years. Early childcare support from domestic helpers at child age 6 years predicted higher depressive symptoms in children at age 10 years.ConclusionOur findings suggest that childcare support from maternal grandparents, who are most likely to share a close bond and value system with mothers, could be most beneficial for families in Singapore.

An automated technique for global noise level measurement in CT image with a conjunction of image gradient.

Automated assessment of noise level in clinical computed tomography (CT) images is a crucial technique for evaluating and ensuring the quality of these images. There are various factors that can impact CT image noise, such as statistical noise, electronic noise, structure noise, texture noise, artifact noise, etc. In this study, a method was developed to measure the global noise index (GNI) in clinical CT scans due to the fluctuation of x-ray quanta. Initially, a noise map is generated by sliding a 10 × 10 pixel for calculating Hounsfield unit (HU) standard deviation and the noise map is further combined with the gradient magnitude map. By employing Boolean operation, pixels with high gradients are excluded from the noise histogram generated with the noise map. By comparing the shape of the noise histogram from this method with Christianson's tissue-type global noise measurement algorithm, it was observed that the noise histogram computed in anthropomorphic phantoms had a similar shape with a close GNI value. In patient CT images, excluding the HU deviation due the structure change demonstrated to have consistent GNI values across the entire CT scan range with high heterogeneous tissue compared to the GNI values using Christianson's tissue-type method. The proposed GNI was evaluated in phantom scans and was found to be capable of comparing scan protocols between different scanners. The variation of GNI when using different reconstruction kernels in clinical CT images demonstrated a similar relationship between noise level and kernel sharpness as observed in uniform phantom: sharper kernel resulted in noisier images. This indicated that GNI was a suitable index for estimating the noise level in clinical CT images with either a smooth or grainy appearance. The study's results suggested that the algorithm can be effectively utilized to screen the noise level for a better CT image quality control.

Association between red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio and the prognosis in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.

Red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio (RAR) is a combined new indicator reflecting immunology and has been reported to predict the prognosis of inflammation-related diseases and brain diseases. However, the association and predictive value of RAR in the prognosis of patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) has not been reported. This was a retrospective cohort study, and data were collected from the Henan Provincial People's Hospital. RAR was categorized according to quartile. The prognosis was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and an mRS score of ≥3 was defined as a poor prognosis. The logistical regression model was used to explore the association between RAR and the prognosis, with results reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The predictive value of RAR was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiving operating curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. A total of 175 eligible patients were included for analysis, and 51 patients were identified as having poor prognosis. After adjusting age, cancer, other diseases, histological subtype, antiepileptic therapy, anti-tumor treatment, ICU treatment, and length of stay, RAR in the highest quartile (Q4) was found to be significantly associated with the high odds of poor prognosis (OR = 5.63, 95%CI: 1.98-16.02) compared to RAR in the lowest quartile (Q1). In addition, RAR was identified as a predictor for the prognosis of AE patients (AUC = 0.660, 95%CI: 0.574-0.746). This study found the close association and predictive value of RAR for the prognosis of AE patients, indicating that RAR might help clinicians identify high-risk populations.

Mode Ⅰ–Governed fracture energy and maximum normal traction of a CFRP rod

This study develops a double cantilever beam test by using a specific fixture for measuring the representative critical energy release rate of rigid composite rods. Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite rod was used for the evaluation. Finite element analysis applying Cohesive Zone Model was used to estimate the relationship between load and displacement. In addition, for verifying the effect of specimen width on the measurement, the representative critical energy release rate was estimated and compared with reference to the crack length measured from the center or outer tip of the crack. The numerical results showed close value to that of experiment. This suggests that an effective representative critical energy release rate can be measured by the proposed method.

Thermally stimulated luminescence of PbS quantum dots with various interface passivators

The study aim is to establish the effect of various interface passivators (thiocarboxylic acids: thioglycolic acid (TGA), 2-mercaptopropionic acid (2-MPA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3- MPA); amorphous SiO2 shell) on the thermally stimulated luminescence of PbS quantum dots (QDs) with close value of the average nanocrystals size, which are equal to 3.0 ± 0.5 nm. All samples of PbS QDs, passivated with thiocarboxylic acids are characterized by exciton luminescence at 1120 nm and trap state luminescence in the region of 1200–1300 nm. The formation of PbS/SiO2 core/shell QDs leads to the trap state luminescence quenching in the region of 1200–1300 nm. Two types of shallow traps with a depth of 0.17 eV and 0.25 eV were found for PbS QDs, using the thermally stimulated luminescence technique in the temperature range from 80 K to 350 K. The formation of PbS/SiO2 core/shell QDs leads to a decrease in the concentration of traps with a depth of 0.25 eV, which indicates their interface nature. The obtained results indicate that the increase in the quantum yield of exciton luminescence at 1120 nm and of trap state luminescence quenching in the region of 1200–1300 nm during the formation of PbS/SiO2 core/shell QDs is the result of defects passivation with two types.

Assessment of Water Transport and Chemical Attack of Meta-Illite Calcined Clay Blended Cement in High-Performance Concrete.

Rapid urbanisation causes a rise in the need for infrastructure, which in turn fuels the creation of additional concrete and further increases cement supplies. Activation of illite-based clay mineral and usage in concrete production is one of the sustainable ways to address the cement industry anthropogenic issues. This study evaluates the durability properties of water transport (water absorption, and capillary water absorption), and resistance to aggressive environments (5% solutions of hydrochloric acid, HCl; sodium sulphate, Na2SO4; and calcium chloride, CaCl2) of meta-illite calcined clay (MCC)-based high-performance concrete (HPC). For this purpose, concrete was produced with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% MCC content in partial substitution of CEM II. Results from the water absorption tests indicate an average percentage value of 3.57%, 3.35% and 2.52% for all the observed mixes at 28, 56 and 90 days, respectively, with MCCC-10 HPC having an average best value of 2.23% across the curing ages. On all observed days, the 5 to 15% cement replacements had very close average water sorptivity value of 0.125 ± 0.001 mm/min0.5 with the control mix (0.113 ± 0.011 mm/min0.5). The aggressive environments exposure findings of the hardened MCC-based HPC specimens of 10 to 20% recorded an approximately 15% compressive strength loss in HCl, Na2SO4 and CaCl2 solutions over the 90 days of curing. In all, the HPC mixes of 5 to 15% MCC content obtained an average durability performance factor of 89%. As a result, these findings imply that MCC can replace cement in up to 15% of HPC production.

First-principles calculations to investigate structural, optical and electronic properties of ZrO2, Zr0.93Si0.07O2 and Zr0.86Si0.14O2 for dye-sensitised solar cells applications

ABSTRACT Initially, density approximations and generalised gradient approximations (GGA) functional of DFT were executed to determine the electronic structure where the non-local functionals of GGA obtained more close value of reference value, so that GGA method was used to calculate the band structures, DOS, PDOS and optical properties of ZrO2, Zr0.93Si0.07O2 and Zr0.86Si0.14O2 using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE), Revised Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (RPBE), Perdew Wang (PW91), and Wu-Cohen. The transferability of electrons is completely related to PseudoPotential (PP), where four methods, such as OTFG ultra-soft, OTFG norm-conserving, ultra-soft, and norm-conserving, were used in this study. Finally, the norm-conserving PP has been selected as the most accurate method for determination of electronic structure. In addition, to assess the nature of orbital, the DOS and PDOS were additionally simulated and even the optical properties of crystals were calculated. Furthermore, the chemical reactivity, such as HOMO and LUMO, quantum properties, is justified where doping can have a vast effect as well as the open circuit voltage (Voc) is increased after doping. Finally, the toxicity data from in silico study refers to us that these are non-toxic or non-carcinogenic materials with not readily biodegradable status.

Direct-methane anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells fabricated by aqueous gel-casting

Direct methane Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) operated under catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) conditions are investigated, focusing on the processing of the anode support and the anode deactivation caused by carbon deposition. Anode-supported SOFCs based on gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte, and NiO-GDC anode support were fabricated by the gel-casting method. Suitable aqueous slurries formulations of NiO–GDC were prepared, starting NiO-GDC nanocomposite powders, agarose as gelling agent and rice starch as pore former. Electrochemical and mechanical tests evidenced that the support of 550 ± 50 µm thickness and 10 wt% pore former is a good candidate for direct-methane SOFCs. The cells operating under stoichiometric conditions of CPOX reached a performance of 0.64 W·cm−2 at 650 ºC, a very close value to that measured under humidified hydrogen (0.71 W·cm−2). The best electrochemical stability of the cell is achieved at a CH4/O2 ratio of 2.5, showing no evidence of carbon deposition and reducing nickel re-oxidation significantly.

Detection of Uric Acid in UV-VIS wavelength Regime

Background: Current techniques for uric acid (UA) detection are time consuming and therefore, need to improve the detection methods like absorption.
 Objective: There was a need to establish a technique that has low integration time for detection of UA using absorption technology.
 Methods: we measured the concentrations of UA using the ultra violet visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometer in the wavelength regime (190-1100 nm).
 Results and Conclusion: In this work, the proposed spectroscopic technique can detect each concentration and interpret into an absorption value in a constant UV/Vis regime. This technique acquires the data in ~ 3 seconds (a quick integration time). Our phantom showed a close value as reported in the text.

Radiation-induced lung injury after breast cancer treatment: incidence in the CANTO-RT cohort and associated clinical and dosimetric risk factors.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is strongly associated with various clinical conditions and dosimetric parameters. Former studies have led to reducing radiotherapy (RT) doses to the lung and have favored the discontinuation of tamoxifen during RT. However, the monocentric design and variability of dosimetric parameters chosen have limited further improvement. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of RILI in current practice and to determine clinical and dosimetric risk factors associated with RILI occurrence. Data from 3 out of the 10 top recruiting centers in CANTO-RT, a subset of the CANTO prospective longitudinal cohort (NCT01993498), were retrospectively analyzed for RILI occurrence. This cohort, which recruited invasive cT0-3 cN0-3 M0 breast cancer patients from 2012 to 2018, prospectively recorded the occurrence of adverse events by questionnaires and medical visits at the end of, and up to 60 months after treatment. RILI adverse events were defined in all patients by the association of clinical symptoms and compatible medical imaging. RILI was found in 38/1565 (2.4%) patients. Grade II RILI represented 15/38 events (39%) and grade III or IV 2/38 events (6%). There were no grade V events. The most frequently used technique for treatment was 3D conformational RT (96%). In univariable analyses, we confirmed the association of RILI occurrence with pulmonary medical history, absence of cardiovascular disease medical history, high pT and pN, chemotherapy use, nodal RT. All dosimetric parameters were highly correlated and had close predictive value. In the multivariable analysis adjusted for chemotherapy use and nodal involvement, pulmonary medical history (OR=3.05, p<0.01) and high V30 Gy (OR=1.06, p=0.04) remained statistically significant risk factors for RILI occurrence. V30 Gy >15% was significantly associated with RILI occurrence in a multivariable analysis (OR=3.07, p=0.03). Our study confirms the pulmonary safety of breast 3D RT in CANTO-RT. Further analyses with modern radiation therapy techniques such as IMRT are needed. Our results argue in favor of a dose constraint to the ipsilateral lung using V30 Gy not exceeding 15%, especially in patients presenting pulmonary medical history. Pulmonary disease records should be taken into account for RT planning.

An improved CLVA method for evaluating the endurance quality level of young male basketball players with 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic information

For a long time, the level of endurance quality of our male basketball athletes is not high, and there is a gap with the strongest countries in Europe and America. The former head coach of Chinese men’s basketball team diagnosed the biggest problem of Chinese men’s basketball team and Chinese youth men’s basketball team is the poor quality of endurance. It is especially important to strengthen the endurance training of our basketball players and improve their endurance level. However, from the current situation, the teams in the training due to the lack of standards for endurance quality training has led to a great blindness in endurance quality training. The endurance quality level evaluation of young male basketball players is a classic multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) issue with vague, inconsistent, and indeterminate information. The 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs) is an appropriate form to express the indeterminate decision-making information in the endurance quality level evaluation of young male basketball players. Therefore, in this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic numbers CLVA (2TLNN-CLVA) is built based on traditional close value (CLVA) method and applies it to evaluate the endurance quality level of young male basketball players. Finally, a numerical example for evaluating the endurance quality level of young male basketball players has been given and some decision comparisons are also conducted to further illustrate the advantages of the 2TLNN-CLVA method.

Laser powder bed fusion fabricated Cu-1.8Cr-1.0Nb-2.0Fe alloy with in-situ precipitation strengthening

Copper alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) have been widely utilized in a diverse range of industrial sectors, including electrical, electronics, aerospace, etc. This study centers on an LPBF-fabricated in-situ precipitation-hardening Cu-1.8Cr-1.0Nb-2.0Fe copper alloy and comprehensively investigates its densification, microstructure, mechanical properties, strengthening mechanisms, and coarsening resistance. The results demonstrate that optimal process parameters enable the fabrication of nearly full specimens with a relative density (RD) of 99.98%. The microstructure of the as-built (AB) and direct aging (DA) treatment specimens consists of columnar grains. During the LPBF process, an Nb(FeCr) core-shell nanostructure in-situ precipitates, inducing a strong precipitation effect that results in an exceptional ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 444 MPa. After aging treatment, the average radius and volume fraction of the Nb(FeCr) core-shell nanostructure remains unchanged. Another reinforced phase of FeCr σ-phase forms to further enhance the tensile strength, resulting in a higher UTS of 498 MPa for DA specimens. Precipitation strengthening is the dominant mechanism among the four strengthening mechanisms for both AB and DA specimens. The excellent coarsening resistance of Nb(FeCr) core-shell nanostructure is confirmed by (i) the almost unchanged size and volume fraction after aging treatment and (ii) the close contribution value of precipitation strengthening induced by Nb(FeCr) core-shell nanostructure to YS for AB and DA specimens. This study provides valuable insights into the in-situ precipitation behavior for LPBF-fabricated copper alloys.

Effect of the Preparation Conditions on Polyvinyl Chloride/Aliquat-336 Microspheres’ Efficiency: Optimization Using Surface Response Methodology

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/Aliquat-336 microspheres were prepared with the phase inversion method and optimized for red Cibacron dye adsorption. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to maximize the adsorption capacity. The optimized parameters were the PVC fraction in the dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, the Aliquat-336/polymer ratio, and the volume fraction of ethanol in the water coagulation bath. The model significant parameters found were the Aliquat-336/polymer ratio and the ethanol volume fraction. The maximum adsorption of 73.7425 mg g−1 was obtained by optimization with an Aliquat-336/PVC mass ratio of 1.5 and an ethanol volume fraction of 0.0934. This theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was confirmed with the experimental one, which had a close value of about 70.25 mg g−1. Both intraparticle and interparticle diffusion mechanisms controlled the adsorption kinetics, and the equilibrium adsorption time was established as 180 min.

Social Innovations and the Mountain Economy: The Case of 100% Valposchiavo and Its Influence on Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

This article examines how social innovations influence the economic growth orientation of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in mountain regions. Social innovations can help mountain regions solve local challenges by creating novel ideas to improve the situation. This, in turn, can have various effects on the mountain economy. However, there is still no consensus on the ways in which social innovations create economic impulses such as economic growth or even economic growth independence. This article aims to improve our understanding of social innovations and their impact on the local mountain economy. We examine the 100% Valposchiavo initiative, which aims to close regional value chains by bringing together economic actors in agriculture, production, and hospitality in a Swiss mountain region. In particular, the article examines the evolution of the initiative and its impact on local SMEs. We employed the novel method of innovation biographies and conducted narrative and guided interviews to examine the ways in which the initiative evolved and what its effects are on participating SMEs. The results show that 100% Valposchiavo induced potential growth effects through its focus on increased collaboration, whereas (re)localization created growth-independent effects. Some companies are growth dependent because of higher demand, junior management, modernization efforts, or a fast-growing market. The growth-independent companies pursue this strategy through personal contacts, their corporate philosophy, their management age, or their business form. Our study adds a postgrowth perspective to the discussion around the role of social innovations in mountain economies.

COMPARISON OF THE PROPERTIES OF CoW AND CoMo ALLOYS DEPOSITED BOTH FROM ALKALINE CITRATE AND CITRATE-PYROPHOSPHATE ELECTROLYTES

The chemical composition, current efficiency and some properties of galvanic binary CoMo and CoW alloys, deposited from both alkaline citrate and citrate-pyrophosphate electrolytes, were studied. It is shown that the main difference between mono- and polyligand electrolytes is the mechanism of the electrodeposition process and the rate of passage of limiting stages preceding the formation of an electrochemically active complex. During electrolysis in a citrate solution, the limiting step is the mass transfer of [CoCit2]4– complexes, while in the citrate-pyrophosphate one, the process proceeds with kinetic control, and the hydrodynamic regime does not significantly affect the content of metals and the rate of their deposition. The use of a polyligand electrolyte makes it possible to increase the current efficiency for CoW alloys from 32.1 to 45.5% in the convective mass transfer mode and from 5.9 to 35.7% in the diffusion transfer mode. During electrodeposition from citrate-pyrophosphate electrolytes of the same composition of alloys of two different refractory metals, it was found that the current efficiency of the CoMo alloy is on average 20% higher than that of CoW. It has been found that at a close value of the content of the refractory component in X-ray amorphous alloys, the differences in the magnetic and corrosion properties of the coatings are determined by the nature of the refractory metal. Thus, during electrodeposition from a polyligand electrolyte, CoMo alloys have Ms 300–380 emu·cm-3 and Hc 60–72 Oe, while CoW alloys have Ms 22–45 emu·cm-3 and Hc 50–70 Oe. Both types of alloys are characterized by Mr/Ms – 0.2-0.3. The properties of CoW alloys deposited from a monoligand citrate electrolyte approach hard magnetic materials with Mr/Ms – 0.6–0.7.