Close Temporal Proximity Research Articles

Coupling of Slow Oscillations in the Prefrontal and Motor Cortex Predicts Onset of Spindle Trains and Persistent Memory Reactivations.

Sleep is known to drive the consolidation of motor memories. During nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the close temporal proximity between slow oscillations (SOs) and spindles ("nesting" of SO-spindles) is known to be essential for consolidation, likely because it is closely associated with the reactivation of awake task activity. Interestingly, recent work has found that spindles can occur in temporal clusters or "trains." However, it remains unclear how spindle trains are related to the nesting phenomenon. Here, we hypothesized that spindle trains are more likely when SOs co-occur in the prefrontal and motor cortex. We conducted simultaneous neural recordings in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and primary motor cortex (M1) of male rats training on the reach-to-grasp motor task. We found that intracortically recorded M1 spindles are organized into distinct temporal clusters. Notably, the occurrence of temporally precise SOs between mPFC and M1 was a strong predictor of spindle trains. Moreover, reactivation of awake task patterns is much more persistent during spindle trains in comparison with that during isolated spindles. Together, our work suggests that the precise coupling of SOs across mPFC and M1 may be a potential driver of spindle trains and persistent reactivation of motor memory during NREM sleep.

Temporal connections between extreme precipitation and humid heat

Abstract Individually, extreme humid heat and extreme precipitation events can trigger widespread socioeconomic impacts which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. These impacts might become greater when both events occur in close temporal proximity, for example if emergency responses to heat stress casualties are hindered by flooded roads. Improved understanding of the probabilities and physical mechanisms associated with these events’ temporal compounding might uncover causal interrelationships offering avenues for improving early warning systems and projecting changes in a warmer climate. We explore sequential humid heat and rainfall relationships during the local summer season, identifying two classes of temporal relationships. We find that high wet bulb temperature (WBT) anomalies in most mid- to high-latitude and tropical regions are preceded by anomalously low precipitation. In contrast, hot and dry subtropical regions generally experience elevated WBTs during and, to a somewhat lesser extent, before extreme precipitation events. High WBT events are followed by positive precipitation anomalies in many land regions.

“It frees your body from that pain thought”: A mixed-methods exploration of patterns, contexts, and experiences of cannabis use for pain in rural communities

U.S. adults increasingly report using cannabis to manage chronic pain and rural areas have inadequate comprehensive pain management. Using mixed methods, we aimed to understand how and why some rural adults use cannabis for pain, including within the context of co-use with opioids. Participants (N = 14, Oklahoma) were rural-dwelling adults who used tobacco and ≥1 other substance, including cannabis and opioids, ≥3 days per week. Participants completed 14 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) regarding substance use and subsequent in-depth interviews discussing maps of their substance use reports. Half (7/14) described cannabis use for chronic pain, and most of these (85%) reported use on ≥75% of EMA days. The most frequently reported cannabis use motive was therapeutic/medicinal (90% of use reports). Most reports were of combusted cannabis (88% of use reports) at home (99% of use reports). Same-day use of cannabis and opioids was relatively common (45% of daily surveys), but seemingly not within close temporal proximity. Interview narratives characterized cannabis as modifying pain-adjacent factors (eg, thoughts), not eliminating pain itself. They recounted using a repertoire of substances to manage different pain dimensions (eg, intensity, quality) and balance perceived trade-offs of different substances. Participants described high medical cannabis access, low pain specialist access, and most physicians as unwilling to discuss cannabis for pain. The findings suggest that rural-dwelling patients could benefit from increased access to comprehensive pain management, having cannabis addressed within pain management provider discussions, and that risks and benefits of cannabis use for pain must be better established. PerspectiveThis study used a geographically explicit EMA mixed method to gather rich, intensive pilot data on cannabis use and co-use for chronic pain in rural Oklahoma. It provides unique insights to inform future research on cannabis use among a vulnerable and understudied subgroup of adults with pain—rural residents.

Space-Time Association between Gunshot Detection Alerts, Calls for Service, and Police Enforcement in Chicago: Differences Across Citizen Race and Incident Type

Abstract Objectives This study explores the level to which Gunshot Detection Technology (GDT) leads to increased arrests and stops as compared to shots fired calls for service (CFS) in Chicago, Illinois. Methods A two-process Knox test and point process test are applied to measure the level to which GDT alerts and CFS cluster with arrests and stops in space and time. Both tests are first applied to the aggregate arrest and stops data. We then disaggregate arrests and stops by type as well as suspect race/ethnicity to measure any disproportionate effects across GDT and CFS. Results Both GDT alerts and CFS are significantly associated with arrests and stops occurring in close spatial and temporal proximity. The relative effect of GDT and CFS was consistent across race in the majority of instances. The small number of instances with disparate effects did not exhibit any clear patterning. For some racial groups and arrest/stop types, GDT was associated with heightened enforcement while CFS had a null effect, with the opposite relationship observed for other racial groups and arrest/stop types. Conclusions Overall, the results indicate that GDT systems may not generate racial disparities in arrests and stops above and beyond what results from the standard police response to gunfire. Racial disparities resulting from police responses to reported gunfire likely relate to aspects of the reporting and dispatch processes generally rather than as they relate specifically to GDT.

Diagnostic performance of Cu64-dotatate-PET/CT or Ga68-dotatate-PET/CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT for neuroendocrine tumor evaluation.

e16285 Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) may be imaged for theranostics with somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-PET/CT like Cu64- or Ga68-dotatate-PET/CT. NETs may also be imaged with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT based on disease state and insurance coverage. FDG+ and SSTR- disease predicts poor response to Lu177-dotatate therapy, making both scans of possible value. The diagnostic performance of performing both PET/CT studies in close temporal proximity in NET patients is assessed. Methods: This NIH-funded and IRB-approved imaging trial provided FDG- and SSTR-PET/CT in NET patients with RECIST 1.1 measurable disease. A board-certified nuclear radiologist documented detection of the primary NET (if not resected), local, and distant metastatic disease. Each PET/CT pair was assessed for FDG- and SSTR-PET/CT discordant lesions, with location of discordant uptake tabulated. Results: 30 individuals completed FDG-PET/CT and SSTR-PET/CT with either Cu64-dotatate (n = 15) or Ga68-dotatate (n = 15). Studies were performed within 2.4 days average (range 1-10 days). Primary NET site was bowel (n = 15), pancreas (n = 7), lung (n = 7) and unknown (n = 1), with tumor grade 1 (n = 11), grade 1-2 (n = 1), grade 2 (n = 17) and grade 3 (n = 1). Primary NET was detected on FDG-PET/CT in 7/12 cases (58.3%) and on SSTR-PET/CT in 12/12 cases (100%), significantly higher ( p= 0.017). Primary NET was surgically resected in the remaining 18 cases. Local metastases were detected on FDG-PET/CT in 12/30 cases (40%) and on SSTR-PET/CT in 19/30 cases (63.3%), significantly higher ( p= 0.006). Distant metastases were detected on FDG-PET/CT in 19/30 cases (63.3%) and on SSTR-PET/CT in 24/30 cases (80%), trending significantly higher ( p= 0.057). Discordant detection (yes/no for any disease) of primary, local, and/or distant disease was seen in 13/30 cases (43.3%). An equal number of lesions were detected between FDG- and SSTR-PET/CT in 4/30 cases (13.3%), more lesions on FDG-PET/CT in 1/30 (3.4%), and more lesions on SSTR-PET/CT in 25/30 (83.3%). For SSTR-PET/CT, more lesions were detected in the liver (n = 16), lymph nodes (n = 15), bone (n = 6) and bowel (n = 5) than on paired FDG-PET/CT. Disease was exclusively detected on SSTR-PET/CT in 5/30 (16.7%), and in no case on FDG-PET/CT. FDG-PET/CT showed 2/30 (6.7%) cases with exclusively FDG+ liver disease, both in patients with primary lung NETs (2/7, 28.9%). Conclusions: SSTR-PET/CT showed superior detection of primary and locoregional disease, and detected more distant disease sites than FDG-PET/CT. Discordant uptake between PET/CT studies was identified in nearly half of cases, with highest discordance noted in liver and lymph nodes. Discordant FDG+ and SSTR- disease was only seen in patients with primary lung NET, which is a negative prognostic factor for Lu177-dotatate therapy, and may justify the need for having both scans in this group.

Modelling lower-limb peripheral arterial disease using clinically available datasets: impact of inflow boundary conditions on hemodynamic indices for restenosis prediction

Background and ObjectivesThe integration of hemodynamic markers as risk factors in restenosis prediction models for lower-limb peripheral arteries is hindered by fragmented clinical datasets. Computed tomography (CT) scans enable vessel geometry reconstruction and can be obtained at different times than the Doppler ultrasound (DUS) images, which provide information on blood flow velocity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations allow the computation of near-wall hemodynamic indices, whose accuracy depends on the prescribed inlet boundary condition (BC), derived from the DUS images. This study aims to: (i) investigate the impact of different DUS-derived velocity waveforms on CFD results; (ii) test whether the same vessel areas, subjected to altered hemodynamics, can be detected independently of the applied inlet BC; (iii) suggest suitable DUS images to obtain reliable CFD results. MethodsCFD simulations were conducted on three patients treated with bypass surgery, using patient-specific DUS-derived inlet BCs recorded at either the same or different time points than the CT scan. The impact of the chosen inflow condition on bypass hemodynamics was assessed in terms of wall shear stress (WSS)-derived quantities. Patient-specific critical thresholds for the hemodynamic indices were applied to identify critical luminal areas and compare the results with a reference obtained with a DUS image acquired in close temporal proximity to the CT scan. ResultsThe main findings indicate that: (i) DUS-derived inlet velocity waveforms acquired at different time points than the CT scan led to statistically significantly different CFD results (p<0.001); (ii) the same luminal surface areas, exposed to low time-averaged WSS, could be identified independently of the applied inlet BCs; (iii) similar outcomes were observed for the other hemodynamic indices if the prescribed inlet velocity waveform had the same shape and comparable systolic acceleration time to the one recorded in close temporal proximity to the CT scan. ConclusionsDespite a lack of standardised data collection for diseased lower-limb peripheral arteries, an accurate estimation of luminal areas subjected to altered near-wall hemodynamics is possible independently of the applied inlet BC. This holds if the applied inlet waveform shares some characteristics – derivable from the DUS report – as one matching the acquisition time of the CT scan.

Content bias in deep learning image age approximation: A new approach towards better explainability

In the context of temporal image forensics, it is not evident that a neural network, trained on images from different time-slots (classes), exploits solely image age related features. Usually, images taken in close temporal proximity (e.g., belonging to the same age class) share some common content properties. Such content bias can be exploited by a neural network. In this work, a novel approach is proposed that evaluates the influence of image content. This approach is verified using synthetic images (where content bias can be ruled out) with an age signal embedded. Based on the proposed approach, it is shown that a deep learning approach proposed in the context of age classification is most likely highly dependent on the image content. As a possible countermeasure, two different models from the field of image steganalysis, along with three different preprocessing techniques to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (age signal to image content), are evaluated using the proposed method.

Aha! and D'oh! experiences enhance learning for incidental information-new evidence supports the insight memory advantage.

Research on creative problem-solving finds that solutions achieved via spontaneous insight (i.e., Aha! moment) are better remembered than solutions reached without this sense of epiphany, referred to as an "insight memory advantage." We hypothesized that the insight memory advantage can spread to incidental information encoded in the moments surrounding insight as well. Participants (N = 291) were first given Rebus puzzles. After they indicated that they had found a solution, but before they could submit this solution, they were presented with scholastic facts that were incidental and unrelated to the problem at hand. Participants indicated whether they reached the solution via either insight or a step-by-step analysis. Memory results showed better performance for incidental scholastic facts presented when problem solving was accompanied by a spontaneous (Aha! experience) and induced (D'oh! experience) insight compared with solutions reached with analysis. This finding suggests that the memory advantage for problems solved via insight spreads to other unrelated information encoded in close temporal proximity and has implications for novel techniques to enhance learning in educational settings.

The Impact of Monetary Incentives on Delay Discounting Within a Year-Long Physical Activity Intervention.

Delay discounting is the depreciation in a reward's perceived value as a function of the time until receipt. Monetary incentive programs that provide rewards contingent on meeting daily physical activity (PA) goals may change participants' delay discounting preferences. Determine if monetary incentives provided in close temporal proximity to meeting PA goals changed delay discounting, and if such changes mediated intervention effects. Inactive adults (n = 512) wore accelerometers during a 12-month intervention where they received proximal monetary incentives for meeting daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) goals or delayed incentives for study participation. Delay discount rate and average MVPA were assessed at baseline, end of intervention, and a 24-month follow-up. Using structural equation modeling, we tested effects of proximal versus delayed rewards on delay discounting and whether any changes mediated intervention effects on MVPA. PA self-efficacy was also evaluated as a potential mediator, and both self-efficacy and delay discounting were assessed as potential moderators of intervention effects. Proximal rewards significantly increased participants' delay discounting (β = 0.238, confidence interval [CI]: -0.078, 0.380), indicating greater sensitivity to reinforcement timing. This change did not mediate incentive-associated increases in MVPA at the end of the 12-month intervention (β = -0.016, CI: -0.053, 0.019) or at a 24-month follow-up (β = -0.020, CI: -0.059, 0.018). Moderation effects were not found. Incentive-induced increases in delay discounting did not deleteriously impact MVPA. This finding may help assuage concerns about using monetary incentives for PA promotion, but further research regarding the consequences of changes in delay discounting is warranted.

States of epistemic curiosity interfere with memory for incidental scholastic facts.

Curiosity can be a powerful motivator to learn and retain new information. Evidence shows that high states of curiosity elicited by a specific source (i.e., a trivia question) can promote memory for incidental stimuli (non-target) presented close in time. The spreading effect of curiosity states on memory for other information has potential for educational applications. Specifically, it could provide techniques to improve learning for information that did not spark a sense of curiosity on its own. Here, we investigated how high states of curiosity induced through trivia questions affect memory performance for unrelated scholastic facts (e.g., scientific, English, or historical facts) presented in close temporal proximity to the trivia question. Across three task versions, participants viewed trivia questions closely followed in time by a scholastic fact unrelated to the trivia question, either just prior to or immediately following the answer to the trivia question. Participants then completed a surprise multiple-choice memory test (akin to a pop quiz) for the scholastic material. In all three task versions, memory performance was poorer for scholastic facts presented after trivia questions that had elicited high versus low levels of curiosity. These results contradict previous findings showing curiosity-enhanced memory for incidentally presented visual stimuli and suggest that target information that generates a high-curiosity state interferes with encoding complex and unrelated scholastic facts presented close in time.

Temporal Proximity Matters: The Impact of Justice Information Timing on Psychological Contract Breach Resolution

Although scholars and practitioners argue that organizations should provide justice information in the aftermath of a psychological contract breach (PC breach) to prevent or reduce violation feelings, it remains unclear whether that information should be provided within a few hours, days, or weeks following a PC breach. We estimated a 2-level time-lagged regression model on experience sampling data from 76 (226 observations), 70 (213 observations), and 70 (344 observations) employees with different intervals to test the durability of informational justice as a moderator on the PC breach-violation feelings relationship. We found that justice information should be provided in close temporal proximity (i.e., within the same day; Study 1) of PC breach to reduce violation feelings. In contrast, neither justice information provided the day (Study 2) or week (Study 3) after a PC breach successfully moderated the PC breach-violation feelings relationship. The current paper underscores the importance of being informationally just in close temporal proximity to a PC breach in line with resolution velocity as an indicator of the effectiveness of the recovery process. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Early expression of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors in a model of fragile X syndrome.

NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play a crucial role in synaptogenesis, circuit development, and synaptic plasticity, serving as fundamental components in cellular models of learning and memory. Their dysregulation has been implicated in several neurological disorders and synaptopathies. NMDARs are heterotetrameric complexes composed of two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits. The composition of GluN2 subunits determines the main biophysical properties of the channel, such as calcium permeability and gating kinetics, and influences the ability of the receptor to interact with postsynaptic proteins involved in normal synaptic physiology and plasticity, including scaffolding proteins and signaling molecules. During early development, NMDARs in the forebrain contain solely the GluN2B subunit, a necessary subunit for proper synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. As the animal matures, the expression of the GluN2A subunit increases, leading to a partial replacement of GluN2B-containing synaptic NMDARs with GluN2A-containing receptors. The switch in the synaptic GluN2A-to-GluN2B ratio has a significant impact on the kinetics of excitatory postsynaptic currents and diminishes the synaptic plasticity capacity. In this study, we present findings indicating that GluN2A expression occurs earlier in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). This altered timing of GluN2A expression affects various important parameters of NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents, including maximal current amplitude, decay time, and response to consecutive stimuli delivered in close temporal proximity. These observations suggest that the early expression of GluN2A during a critical period when synapses and circuits are developing could be an underlying factor contributing to the formation of pathological circuits in the FXS mouse model.NEW & NOTEWORTHY NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in synaptic transmission and are involved in multiple neurological disorders. During development, GluN2A in the forebrain becomes incorporated into previously GluN2B-dominated NMDARs, leading to the "GluN2A/GluN2B ratio switch." This is a crucial step for normal brain development. Here we present findings indicating that GluN2A expression occurs earlier in the fragile X mouse and this could be an underlying factor contributing to the pathology found in the fragile X model.

Revisiting and reimagining scholarly approaches: assessing the notion of intensity in complex non-international armed conflicts through aggregation

Non-international armed conflicts, where a multiplicity of organized armed groups operate in close spatial and temporal proximity, challenge those tasked with conflict classification. The ICRC 2019 Challenges Report specifically flagged the difficulty in determining whether the necessary level of intensity is met in such situations where alliances or coalitions of distinct non-state armed groups engage a common enemy. This reality demands an alternative to the traditional bilateral intensity assessment approach. This contribution explores existing scholarly aggregation models in the context of ongoing conflicts to establish how these could be reimagined to be fit for purpose. These formulations include three types of approaches: first, the approach demanding a temporal and geographic continuum; second, two different views on the approach limiting aggregate assessment to coalitions; and, finally, the approach necessitating a common enemy. It is argued that these formulations may result in over-classification of non-international armed conflicts if applied as is across the board. This contribution proposes reimagined aggregation assessment models to be applied only if matched with the suggested corresponding categories of complex conflict setting.

Environmental and Storm-Scale Controls on Close Proximity Supercells Observed by TORUS on 8 June 2019

Abstract The Targeted Observation by Radars and UAS of Supercells (TORUS) field project observed two supercells on 8 June 2019 in northwestern Kansas and far eastern Colorado. Although these storms occurred in close spatial and temporal proximity, their evolutions were markedly different. The first storm struggled to maintain itself and eventually dissipated. Meanwhile, the second supercell developed just after and slightly to the south of where the first storm dissipated, and then tracked over almost the same location before rapidly intensifying and going on to produce several tornadoes. The objective of this study is to determine why the first storm struggled to survive and failed to produce mesocyclonic tornadoes while the second storm thrived and was cyclically tornadic. Analysis relies on observations collected by the TORUS project—including unoccupied aircraft system (UAS) transects and profiles, mobile soundings, surface mobile mesonet transects, and dual-Doppler wind syntheses from the NOAA P-3 tail Doppler radars. Our results indicate that rapid changes in the low-level wind profile, the second supercell’s interaction with two mesoscale boundaries, an interaction with a rapidly intensifying new updraft just to its west, and the influence of a strong outflow surge likely account for much of the second supercell’s increased strength and tornado production. The rapid evolution of the low-level wind profile may have been most important in raising the probability of the second supercell becoming tornadic, with the new updraft and the outflow surge leading to a favorable storm-scale evolution that increased this probability further.

1452. Neuroinvasive Bacillus Cereus Infection Amongst Immunocompromised Patients: Epidemiological Investigation of 5 Cases in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Background Bacillus cereus can cause serious nosocomial infections, including neuroinvasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Three patients with AML developed hospital-onset neuroinvasive B. cereus infections in close temporal proximity at our institution in 2022, triggering an extensive epidemiological investigation. Methods We identified all patients with AML, positive microbiologic assays for Bacillus species &amp;gt;48 hours after admission, and neurological symptoms with radiologic findings admitted between January 2018 and October 2022 (Figure 1). Infection control practices were observed, environmental samples obtained, and a dietary case-control study was performed. Bacillus isolates were sequenced, including 2 case isolates, 61 environmental specimens, and 19 samples of a protein supplement common to most AML patients.Figure 1.Case Identification and Definitions Results Five AML patients with B. cereus neuroinvasive disease were identified. Four were identified via blood culture and one via metagenomic sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA. All patients were hospitalized for induction chemotherapy and were neutropenic (Table 1; Figure 2). Central nervous system findings included intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and rim-enhancing lesions. All patients were treated with ciprofloxacin and survived without neurologic sequelae. B. cereus was positively identified in 7/61 environmental and 1/19 protein samples. There was no single exposure common to all patients per the dietary case-control study, hospital construction records, or environmental samples. Sequencing confirmed all isolates were unrelated. Ciprofloxacin was added to the empiric antimicrobial regimen for AML patients with neutropenic prolonged or recurrent fevers in September 2022; no new cases have since been identified through April 2023 (Figure 3).Table 1.Clinical Characteristics of Neuroinvasive Bacillus Cereus CasesFigure 2.Timeline of Clinical Presentation of Neuroinvasive Bacillus Cereus InfectionFigure 3.Antimicrobial Protocol for Prevention of Neuroinvasive Bacillus Cereus Infection Conclusion B. cereus is ubiquitous in the hospital environment, sometimes leading to pseudoclusters with unrelated isolates. Fastidious infection control practices addressing a broad range of potential exposures are warranted to prevent nosocomial infections. Including B. cereus coverage in empiric regimens for AML patients with prolonged or recurrent neutropenic fever may prevent serious infections from this pathogen. Disclosures Nicolas C. Issa, MD, AiCuris: Grant/Research Support|Astellas: Grant/Research Support|Boehringer Ingelheim: Advisor/Consultant|Fujifilm: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Moderna: Grant/Research Support Chanu Rhee, MD, MPH, Cytovale: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|UpToDate, Inc.: Honoraria Michael Klompas, MD, MPH, UpToDate, Inc.: Royalties for chapters on pneumonia

Intercommunal violence, insurgency, and agropastoral conflict in the Lake Chad Basin region

ABSTRACT The Lake Chad Basin region has experienced a steep increase in violence and instability since 2010, associated with ethnic identity conflict, ecological degradation, and insurgency. This article explores the association between the activities of insurgency groups – focussing on the perpetration of violence against civilians and state actors – and agropastoral conflict, against a background of ecological stresses in this region. The article finds a pattern of close spatial and temporal proximity between agropastoral conflict and insurgency violence, suggesting that there is a significant intersection and overlap between socio-economic grievances, compounded by ecological stresses, and violent instability.

Co-adoption pathways toward a low-carbon energy system

Low-carbon technology adoption is an essential element of energy transitions toward net-zero emissions around the world. To exploit the full potential of low-carbon technologies, households should ideally co-adopt multiple low-carbon technologies. Whereas previous research primarily investigated predictors of single-technology adoption in isolation, here we focus on the co-adoption of multiple low-carbon technologies, including solar photovoltaics, stationary batteries, heat pumps, and electric vehicles, to examine the interconnections between adoption decisions and the potential of certain technologies to serve as "entry points" for the co-adoption of multiple low-carbon technologies. Based on a sample of 1967 homeowners, we identified unique demographic and psychological variables associated with co-adoption. We moreover observed specific co-adoption patterns across time in that the adoption of one technology increased the likelihood of adopting another technology. This effect, however, was primarily driven by co-adoption in close temporal proximity, pointing to opportunities for targeted policies that support technology bundles.

Concussion Exposure and Suicidal Ideation, Planning, and Attempts Among US High School Students.

Interest is growing in the association between repetitive concussions and mental health. However, studies on the relationship between concussion frequency and adverse mental health outcomes among female and male youth are lacking. To examine the association between self-reported concussion frequency and nonfatal suicidal behaviors among youth and to explore the possible interaction of biological sex. Retrospective cross-sectional survey. National Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. United States secondary school students (N = 28 442). Exposure variables were the frequency of self-reported sport- or recreation-related concussion in the previous 12 months (0, 1, ≥2). Outcome variables were feelings of self-reported sadness or hopelessness and suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. Covariates were age, sex, race and ethnicity, bullying victimization, sexual orientation, and physical activity. Students who reported ≥2 concussions were at significantly greater odds of reporting suicidal attempts (adjusted odds ratio = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.43, 2.88) when compared with students reporting a single concussive event during the past 12 months. However, sex interactions revealed that this finding may have been driven by males; the strength of associations did not increase from single to multiple concussions among females. Our findings suggest that adolescents who reported concussion were at increased odds of reporting poor mental health and suicidal behaviors. Moreover, an increased number of concussive events may be associated with significantly greater odds of reporting suicidal attempts, particularly among males. Irrespective of sex, health care professionals should closely monitor mental health behaviors in adolescents with repetitive concussions, especially those that occur in close temporal proximity.

Impact of inhibition level on field-dependent and field-independent individuals in attentional blink.

The attentional blink (AB) phenomenon is a cognitive limitation that refers to the failure in identifying the second target if it follows the first one in close temporal proximity (200-500ms). However, more recent studies have demonstrated that AB task performance greatly differs among individuals. This behavioral heterogeneity in AB has promoted research on exploring the predictive value of individual differences. The present study examined how AB magnitudes were related to personal cognitive styles. The Embedded Figures Test was carried out to classify participants' cognitive styles, along with the manipulation of the physical characteristics of distractors in the rapid serial visual presentation paradigm (RSVP) as two levels of inhibition (target-distractor similarity). Results from two experiments of varying difficulty revealed that the AB effect varied between field-dependent (FD) and field-independent (FI) individuals. The AB magnitude in FD individuals was more easily influenced by different inhibition levels of distractors, compared to the FI individuals. Results are interpreted in terms of the contemporary theories of AB that highlighted the inhibitory control over attention.

A comparison of automatic and manual measures of turn-taking in monolingual and bilingual contexts.

The Language ENvironment Analysis system (LENA) records children's language environment and provides an automatic estimate of adult-child conversational turn count (CTC) by automatically identifying adult and child speech in close temporal proximity. To assess the reliability of this measure, we examine correlation and agreement between LENA's CTC estimates and manual measurement of adult-child turn-taking in two corpora collected in the USA: a bilingual corpus of Spanish-English-speaking families with infants between 4 and 22 months (n = 37), and a corpus of monolingual families with English-speaking 5-year-olds (n = 56). In each corpus for each child, 100 30-second segments were extracted from daylong recordings in two ways, yielding a total of 9300 minutes of manually annotated audio. LENA's CTC estimate for the same segments was obtained through the LENA software. The two measures of CTC had low correlations for the segments from the monolingual 5-year-olds sampled in both ways, and somewhat higher correlations for the bilingual samples. LENA substantially overestimated CTC on average, relative to manual measurement, for three out of four analysis conditions, and limits of agreement were wide in all cases. Segment-level analyses demonstrated that accidental contiguity had the largest individual impact on LENA's average CTC error, affecting 12-17% of analyzed segments. Other factors significantly contributing to CTC error were speech from other children, presence of multiple adults, and presence of electronic media. These results indicate wide discrepancies between LENA's CTC estimates and manual CTCs, and call into question the comparability of LENA's CTC measure across participants, conditions, and developmental time points.