Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Research Articles

A Case Study: Documentation Method with Close Range Photogrammetry of Muqarnas Which is to be an Ornamentation Type Specific to the Islamic Architecture

The preservation of historical and cultural heritage for future generations have has become one of the most important issue in terms of for human history. Muqarnas is one of the most important, detailed elements that Islamic art contributed to architecture. In this study, the survey of the muqarnas and crown door, which are to be a type of ornamentation specific to Islamic Architecture located in Konya city center belongs to the Anatolian Seljuk period, were obtained using close-range photogrammetry technique. The crown door and muqarnas of Alaaddin Mosque, Taş Mosque, and Karatay Medresseh were selected as the field study. This study is intended to contribute to the conservation and documentation of these valuable artefacts belonging to the Anatolian Seljuk period.

Designing building façades for the urban rebuilt environment with integration of digital close-range photogrammetry and geographical information systems

Abstract Ankara, the capital of Turkey is situated in the middle of Anatolia. The center of Ankara is an important commercial area and a pedestrian shopping center. A main road, Ataturk Boulevard, bisects the central area of the city and this street contains a variety of building types which reflect the identity of the city. However in recent years, the urban environment of this street has been affected by the urban sprawl and visual pollution. This paper presents an innovative approach to a project that aims to re-design and renovate the existing building facades in the Boulevard in harmony with the existing environment. The project uses high resolution digital camera images from a calibrated digital camera and uses a digital close-range photogrammetry technique with integrated geographical information systems.

Mapping of a river using close range photogrammetry technique and unmanned aerial vehicle system

Photogrammetry is a technique that can be used to record the information of any feature without direct contact. Nowadays, a combination of photogrammetry and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems is widely used for various applications, especially for large scale mapping. UAV systems offer several advantages in terms of cost and image resolution compared to terrestrial photogrammetry and remote sensing system. Therefore, a combination of photogrammetry and UAV created a new term which is UAV photogrammetry. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of a UAV system to map a river at very close distance. A digital camera is attached to the Hexacopter UAV and it is flown at 2 m above the ground surface to produce aerial photos. Then, the aerial photos are processed to create two photogrammetric products as output. These are mosaicked orthophoto and digital image. Both products are assessed (RSME). The RSME of X and Y coordinates are ±0.009 m and ±0.033 m respectively. As a conclusion, photogrammetry and the UAV system offer a reliable accuracy for mapping a river model and advantages in term of cost-efficient, high ground resolution and rapid data acquisition.

A Study of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry for Environment Mapping: Preliminary Observation

This paper presents the preliminary work is a part of a research focusing on close range photogrammetry for landslide monitoring.The main objective of this paper is to present the Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) technique, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) will provide a platform to monitor the surface area This method was applied using the capabilities and power of Gatewing, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for data capturing with respect to UAV tracking conducted in UTP, Tronoh, Perak, on 15th March 2012 at 150m height. The Gatewing is designed for rapid terrain mapping with fully automated image processing. The result proves that data processing were conducted by Srecthout Software. Flight planning was carried out on site, where the areas to be observed are situated inside the UTP campus. The paper focus on final production of an orthomosaic. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that Gatewing, UAV is the best, fast and powerful mapping vehicle for close range photogrammetry application in future works. It shows highly excellent performance compared to other UAVs already established in the market today. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP); Gatewing; orthomosaic; terrain.

DEM ASSESSMENT DERIVED FROM CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY: A CASE STUDY FROM KADAVUR AREA, KARUR DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Abstract. Close-Range Photogrammetry is an accurate, cost effective technique of collecting measurements of real world objects and conditions, directly from photographs. Photogrammetry utilizes digital images to obtain accurate measurements and geometric data of the object or area of interest, in order to provide spatial information for Engineering design, spatial surveys or 3D modeling. The benefits of close-range Photogrammetry over other field procedures are purported to be: Increased accuracy; complete as-built information; reduced costs; reduced on-site time; and effective for small and large projects. The same basic principle of traditional Aerial Photogrammetry can be applied to stereoscopic pictures taken from lower altitudes or from the ground. Terrestrial, ground-based, and close-range are all descriptive terms that refer to photos taken with an object-to-camera distance less than 300m (1000 feet). (Matthews, N.A, 2008). Close range Photogrammetry is a technique for obtaining the geometric information (e.g. position, distance, size and shape) of any object in 3D space that was imaged on the two dimensional (2D) photos, (Wolf, P.R, et.al, 2000) DEM Generation requires many processing and computation, such as camera calibration, stereo matching, editing, and interpolation. All the mentioned steps contribute to the quality of DEM. Image on close range Photogrammetry can be captured using three kind of camera: metric camera, semi-metric camera, and non-metric camera (Hanke, K., et.al, 2002). In this paper DEM quality assessed at Kadavur area, Karur district, Tamil Naudu, India using Close Range Photogrammetry technique, Commercial Digital Camera and Leica Photogrammetry Suite.

AN AUTOMATIC PROCEDURE FOR COMBINING DIGITAL IMAGES AND LASER SCANNER DATA

Abstract. Besides improving both the geometry and the visual quality of the model, the integration of close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning techniques directs at filling gaps in laser scanner point clouds to avoid modeling errors, reconstructing more details in higher resolution and recovering simple structures with less geometric details. Thus, within this paper a flexible approach for the automatic combination of digital images and laser scanner data is presented. Our approach comprises two methods for data fusion. The first method starts by a marker-free registration of digital images based on a point-based environment model (PEM) of a scene which stores the 3D laser scanner point clouds associated with intensity and RGB values. The PEM allows the extraction of accurate control information for the direct computation of absolute camera orientations with redundant information by means of accurate space resection methods. In order to use the computed relations between the digital images and the laser scanner data, an extended Helmert (seven-parameter) transformation is introduced and its parameters are estimated. Precedent to that, in the second method, the local relative orientation parameters of the camera images are calculated by means of an optimized Structure and Motion (SaM) reconstruction method. Then, using the determined transformation parameters results in having absolute oriented images in relation to the laser scanner data. With the resulting absolute orientations we have employed robust dense image reconstruction algorithms to create oriented dense image point clouds, which are automatically combined with the laser scanner data to form a complete detailed representation of a scene. Examples of different data sets are shown and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented procedures.

Imaging Tools for Evaluation of Gusset Plate Connections in Steel Truss Bridges

After the collapse of the Interstate 35W Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2007, transportation agencies began evaluating and rating their inventories of gusset plate connections. Connection evaluations require accurate drawings that detail the plate, member, and fastener geometries. These structural details should also accurately reflect the as-built conditions. For some connections, as-built information may not be available, or the available drawings may not represent the actual field conditions. To fill this gap, a new methodology was developed that enables rapid and accurate collection of field measurements for connection plate geometry. The method uses close-range photogrammetry techniques to rectify images taken with consumer-grade cameras using flat-field and fish-eye lenses. The technique has been demonstrated on full-scale gusset plates in the laboratory and in the field. Dimensional measurements from the processed images provided results that are as good as or better than conventional field measurements and with tolerances below what most engineers require for calculation of gusset plate connection capacity. This technique provides a new tool for bridge engineers to quickly collect gusset plate geometry that can be used in connection evaluations and rating and can further enhance bridge-management tasks.

Tunneling beneath driven or jacked end-bearing piles in sand

This paper presents centrifuge model test data that relate to the problem of tunneling beneath driven or jacked end-bearing piles in sand. The centrifuge model consisted of a tunnel and two piles and allowed for the acquisition of subsurface digital images throughout the tests. Soil and pile displacements were measured using particle image velocimetry and close-range photogrammetry techniques. The piles were jacked into the ground in-flight prior to tunnel volume loss to obtain ground stress profiles representative of conditions around driven or jacked piles. Patterns of displacements and calculated soil strains are presented to illustrate mechanisms of displacement and soil behavior. The measured soil and pile displacements are compared against greenfield test measurements. The results indicate that driving the piles significantly alters greenfield conditions and that greenfield displacements should not be used as an input for analytical tunnel–soil–pile interaction analyses for driven or jacked piles. Large pile displacements were observed to occur suddenly in the tests, illustrating the brittle nature of the soil in the areas affected by pile installation. A relationship between relative pile–tunnel location and the volume loss at which large pile displacements occurred is presented, which provides useful guidance to tunnel design engineers.

Damage Identification of Euler–Bernoulli Beams Using Static Responses

AbstractThe paper presents two computational procedures to reconstruct the stiffness distribution and to detect damage in Euler–Bernoulli beams. A novel methodology of damage identification is developed using static deflection measurements. The first formulation is based on the principle of the equilibrium gap along with a finite-element discretization, and leads to an overdeterminate linear system. The solution is obtained by minimizing a regularized functional using a Tikhonov total variation (TTV) scheme. The second proposed formulation is a minimization of a data-discrepancy functional between measured and model-based deflections. The optimal solution is obtained using a gradient-based minimization algorithm and the adjoint method to calculate the Jacobian. Also discussed is a simple procedure to measure the deflection of beams using a close-range photogrammetry technique. An edge detection-based algorithm is devised for quasi-continuous deflection measurement. The proposed identification methodology ...

Low-cost geo-data acquisition for the urban built environment

In the urban environment there is a need for new and renovated building façades to be created in harmony with the existing environment. This paper describes a simple approach to the acquisition of geo-data. An off-the-shelf software package together with low-cost equipment was used to collect building inventory data from a combination of high-resolution digital and video camera images, digital close-range photogrammetry techniques and geographic information systems. The method consists of three stages. First the potential of geo-data acquisition is investigated by using a video camera and a digital camera. The second stage outlines the metric survey for the management of building façade inventory data for geographical information systems in making correct decisions in urban areas. The third stage explains how video camera images can be used to obtain attribute data related to different uses. The methodology developed was tested in a street in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. It is concluded that this low-cost method using off-the-shelf software offers many advantages and benefits in different expertise fields, particularly for local governments and municipalities.

A case study on the historical peninsula of Istanbul based on three-dimensional modeling by using photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning

Terrestrial laser scanning is a popular methodology that is used frequently in the process of documenting historical buildings and cultural heritage. The historical peninsula region sprawls over an area of approximately 1,500 ha and is one of the main aggregate areas of the historical buildings in Istanbul. In this study, terrestrial laser scanning and close range photogrammetry techniques are integrated into each other to create a 3D city model of this part of Istanbul, including some of the buildings that represent the most brilliant areas of Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. Several terrestrial laser scanners with their different specifications were used to solve various geometric scanning problems for distinct areas of the subject city. Photogrammetric method was used for the documentation of the façades of these historical buildings for architectural purposes. This study differentiates itself from the similar ones by its application process that focuses on the geometry, the building texture, and density of the study area. Nowadays, the largest-scale studies among 3D modeling studies, in terms of the methodology of measurement, are urban modeling studies. Because of this large scale, the application of 3D urban modeling studies is executed in a gradual way. In this study, a modeling method based on the façades of the streets was used. In addition, the complimentary elements for the process of modeling were combined in several ways. A street model was presented as a sample, as being the subject of the applied study. In our application of 3D modeling, the modeling based on close range photogrammetry and the data of combined calibration with the data of terrestrial laser scanner were used in a compatible way. The final work was formed with the pedestal data for 3D visualization.

Digital photogrammetry, GPR and computational analysis of structural damages in a mediaeval bridge

Traditional architectonic heritage elements are fragile and irreplaceable resources, signs of the ancient ways of life and the history of the modern societies, and essential valuable elements of the own landscape of a region. Accurate updated documentation might be the basis for any conservation or restoration intervention over architectonic heritage in order to ensure the conservation in its original appearance and in a collapse risk-free state, with the minimum intervention. This paper shows a multidisciplinary approach to heritage documentation involving close range photogrammetry and ground penetrating radar techniques, as well as the development of finite elements based structural models. Specifically this study is focused on the documentation of a mediaeval bridge concerning the geometric shape, the building material and the current damages and its causes. The usefulness of close range photogrammetry techniques in the accurate 3D modelling, cracks detection and mapping and exterior material characterization is analyzed. Further, a non-destructive test through GPR is employed for the interior material and zones description. For both techniques, the methodology followed for data collection and data processing aimed at minimisation of time consuming and optimisation of results is described in detail. Advantages and limitations of these techniques are displayed and the accuracy of the obtained results is also estimated. Resulting information related to the whole bridge geometry is taken as basis to develop a numerical analysis using the finite elements methods (FEM). Linear finite analysis provides useful information for diagnosis although non-linear methods should be used when the properties and geometry of the internal and external elements are well known. Photogrammetry provides the exact geometry needed to perform the FEM pre-process. Radar data provide approximate information about the different internal zones of the bridge. Finally, the FEM analysis leads to obtain a stress distribution compatible with the detected damages, allowing identifying its possible causes. Close range photogrammetry, ground penetrating radar techniques and the FEM analysis are proposed to perform a complete survey of the stability of the bridge and its accurate geometry.

Low-cost documentation of traditional agro-industrial buildings by close-range photogrammetry

Traditional agro-industrial buildings are an important part of the heritage of Galicia (northwest of Spain), but these buildings are now in danger of disappearing. In order to preserve it, an exhaustive and rigorous work of documentation should be undertaken, as well as other actions. This paper is about the graphic and metric documentation put together by the authors in relation to a group of traditional farm buildings in Galicia. We used a method based on close-range photogrammetry techniques. The method is simple, cheap and accessible to the layperson. The tools we used were low-cost conventional cameras, plumb lines and monoscopic digital photogrammetric stations. The accuracy of our method compared to topographic methods proved satisfactory, although it must be borne in mind that the type of building surveyed is not particularly tall.

Documentation for the Preservation of Traditional agro-industrial buildings in N.W. Spain using simple close range photogrammetry

Traditional agro-industrial buildings are an important part of the heritage of the Autonomous Region of Galicia (Northwest of Spain). Such heritage is nowadays in danger of disappearing. In order to preserve it, an exhaustive and rigorous work of documentation should be undertaken, as well as other actions.This paper shows the works of graphic and metric documentation undertaken by the authors with regards to a group of traditional agro-industrial buildings in Galicia. We used a method within the scope of close-range photogrammetry techniques (simple methods). The method is simple, cheap and accessible to people without specialised knowledge. The material used comprises low-cost conventional cameras, plumb lines and monoscopic digital photogrammetric stations. The accuracy of this method, assessed in comparison with topographic methods, turned out to be satisfactory for this type of buildings, for the most part of low height.

A technique of digital surface model generation

It is usually a time-consuming process to real-time set up 3D digital surface model(DSM) of an object with complex surface. On the basis of the architectural survey project of “Chilin Nunnery Reconstruction”, this paper investigates an easy and feasible way, that is, on project site, applying digital close range photogrammetry and CAD technique to establish the DSM for simulating ancient architectures with complex surface. The method has been proved very effective in practice.