Close Personal Friend Research Articles

Judex! Blasphemy! and Posthumous Conversion: Schiller and (No) Religion

Judex! Blasphemy! and Posthumous Conversion: Schiller and (No) Religion Jeffrey L. High In Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der Spanischen Regierung (1788), Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) wrote: “Das gemeinschaftliche Ziel des Despotismus und des Priestertums ist Einförmigkeit, und Einförmigkeit ist ein notwendiges Hülfsmittel der menschlichen Armut und Beschränkung.”1 Like Schiller, many of the foremost canonical thinkers and doers of the Late Enlightenment rose to prominence as political, philosophical, and literary enemies of coerced uniformity—despotism and priestcraft— be it in the form of feudal tyranny, foreign occupation, violation of freedom of political thought and expression; or church-state violation of freedom of, to, and from religion. Revolutions in deed are preceded and accompanied by revolutions in thought, and just as every revolution in thought needs a Locke, a Jefferson, a Rousseau; every revolution in deed needs a William of Orange, a Washington, a Danton. As an enemy of tyranny, the German dramatist, theorist, historian, and poet Schiller belongs in a political-rhetorical class with these thinkers,2 and, by association, in a class with his own dramatic creations—the doers Karl Moor, Marquis Posa, Joan of Arc, and William Tell. Such liberation heroes, the legendary and the fictional as well as the historical, are fairly destined to become mythologized objects of tribal fetish worship. But what is a tribal-law-abiding idol-worshipper to make of such complicated requisite liberal rebels, once the reformed—and subsequently static-conservative—tribal state has been established, only (hopefully) to plod along through the anti-constitutional trials of relentlessly retarded constitutional progress? Most all groups, groups being tribal-Darwinian enterprises,3 are wont to reform, tame, and co-opt the difficult defining geniuses of their cultures to adhere to evolving forms of what the US Supreme Court has termed “compulsory unification of opinion.”4 Indeed, subordination to one tribal tradition, coerced hero worship, necessitates the repression of a complementary tribal taboo, the criticism of meanwhile hypocritically inappropriate heroes. Thus, the most conservative and puritanical political movements can cling to liberal, secular, founding rebels—long after the schism between ancient liberal thesis (autonomy) and revised conservative antithesis (uniformity) has become embarrassingly self-evident.5 The mere acknowledgement of a contradiction can result in a patriotic identity crisis, such as the one that accompanied renewed assaults on the “wall of separation between church and state” and the Texas [End Page 143] School Board’s attempted curricular exile of the ideologically suspect author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, in 2010. As is the case with Jefferson (and many revolutionary icons worldwide), confusing and shifting ideological turf-wars mark the reception history of the secularist Schiller and his works, from the earliest Christian critics of his poem “Die Götter Griechenlandes” (“The Gods of Ancient Greece,” 1788) to his many later literary, political, and philosophical worshippers and critics, who represent the most contradictory beliefs. Schiller’s “religion” (Sell 1904),6 “essentially religious” mind (Bulwer-Lytton, 1844),7 or “religiosity” (von Wiese 1959);8 his active “unbelief” (Gostwick 1882)9 and “utter indifference” toward religion (Meinhold 1956);10 his “undogmatic Protestantism” (Fricke 1927),11 “closet Catholicism” (Rehm 1951),12 “anti-Catholic prejudice” (Robertson 2006),13 or “Pietism” (McCradle 1986);14 and his posthumously limited choice between either “organized religion” or “a direct relationship to God” (Jansa 1998)15—broadly, “Schiller and Religion”—has been the hotly contested object of an ideological struggle for Schiller’s Geist (the appropriately ambiguous German term for soul, spirit, mind, and intellect). Although Schiller himself had mostly only negative things to say about religion, this has not stopped critics, admirers, and even close personal friends from attempts at posthumously converting Schiller to a “religion”—by implication or explication, some form of Christianity. Though any religious conversion efforts would logically need to establish evidence of Schiller’s belief in a personal supernatural God, and specifically Christian conversion efforts would have to demonstrate Schiller’s belief in Yaweh and the prophets Moses and Jesus Christ, none of them do so. Where cold scholarship and reason prevail, as is the case in a number of recent efforts by prominent Schiller scholars,16 the arguments raised by historical conversion...

Prince Adam Czartoryski as a liminal figure in the development of modern nationalism in Eastern Europe at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

In Polish history, Prince Adam Czartoryski is almost universally regarded as one of the most important Polish statesmen and patriots of the first half of the nineteenth century. In Russian history, on the other hand, he is remembered chiefly as the Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire, and a close personal friend of Tsar Alexander I. How did Czartoryski reconcile his commitment to the Polish nation with his service to the Russian Empire (a state which occupied most of Poland)? This paper will attempt to place Prince Adam's friendship with Alexander, and his service to Imperial Russia, in the broader context of national identity formation in early nineteenth-century eastern Europe. It will be argued that the idea of finding a workable relationship between Poland and Russia, even within the framework of a single state for a “Slavic nation,” was an important and forgotten feature of Polish political thought at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By answering the question of precisely how Czartoryski was able to negotiate between the identities of a “Polish patriot” and “Russian statesman,” the paper will shed light on the broader development of national identity in early nineteenth-century Poland and Russia.

Versions of ‘wild’ and the importance of fences in Swedish wildlife tourism involving moose

There seems to be a trend for humans to interact with free-ranging wildlife in addition to interact with animals in parks and zoos. In Sweden, there is also an opposing spatial trend. One example is the establishment of themed moose parks where visitors can interact closely with the animals. This raises questions about the role of spatial context for how encounters between moose and humans take place, which influences the meanings of ‘wild’ moose. In this article, the meaning of ‘wild’ in Swedish wildlife tourism involving moose (Alces alces, ‘elk’ in English) is explored by a performative approach to wildlife tourism in three spatial settings of zoo, moose safari and moose park. It is argued that the meaning of ‘wild’ becomes practised as ‘exotic stranger’, ‘admired acquaintance’ or ‘close personal friend’ depending on the kind of bodily encounter that takes place within the three spatial settings. These encounters give rise to opportunities to learn and to be entertained by the moose in different ways due to variation in spatial context.

Idiosyncratic deals: Coworkers as interested third parties.

Idiosyncratic deals (i-deals for short) are personalized employment arrangements negotiated between individual workers and employers and intended to benefit them both (D. M. Rousseau, 2005). Coworkers' acceptance of another's i-deal can ultimately impact its overall effectiveness for the organization. By using a network approach to the study of work group dynamics, this research addresses the contributions coworker relationships with both the i-dealer and their employer make to coworker's willingness to accept a peer's i-deal. In a study of 65 employees in 20 research and development groups, coworker acceptance of i-deals is greater for group members who are their close personal friends than for members who are not. The coworkers' social exchange relationship with their employers is positively related to acceptance, while economic exchange is negatively related. Coworkers' belief in the likelihood of obtaining comparable future opportunity is positively related to their acceptance of another's i-deal. Results suggest that the relationship of both economic and social exchange with acceptance is likely to be mediated by beliefs regarding comparable future opportunity. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.

Introduction to Special Theme Issue on Health Insurance in the United States

Health insurance matters. It affects the experiences, behaviors, and outcomes of patients, clinicians, family members and health care institutions. For economists, employers, and governmental policy makers, health insurance also has broad and far reaching impacts, extending into such far-flung arenas as immigration policy, bankruptcy law, and even domestic partner/gay marriage issues.14 Perhaps it shouldn't. That is the haunting question that weaves together the collection of articles in this special theme issue of Medical Care, sponsored by the Medical Care Section of the American Public Health Association (APHA) as a collaborative effort of the journal and the professional association that it represents. Consider this recent true story of a close personal friend, for whom insurance mattered. She is a 50-year-old physician working in a public clinic for the uninsured in Chicago, Illinois. She discovered a breast lump, and immediately went to her own physician. Her physician referred her for an ultrasound-guided biopsy. However because her health insurance was in transition, she delayed getting the biopsy for 5 foil months, a biopsy that ultimately returned as positive for adenocarcinoma. In transition? Waited 5 months? Why would a physician not have known better than to delay her biopsy nearly half a year? Although the story is complex (I will spare the reader the foil details), such complexities and delays are not unusual in the complex and frustrating world of health insurance in the United States. My friend with breast cancer was originally working part-time for a clinic where she did not receive health insurance. For many years she was covered under her husband's plan. When a new practice opportunity opened at the hospital where her husband worked, she changed jobs, joining him in working there. One of the benefits of the new job was that part-time workers (she was 55% time) received health insurance. So far so good. But this also meant she could no longer remain on her husband's plan (at that workplace, such family coverage was forbidden if both spouses work there); and because her insurance costs would be pro-rated, requiring her to pay 45% of the premiums out of pocket, she realized that this benefit was actually a financial detriment. She decided she would be better off reducing her time in her new job to less than 50% so she would no longer have benefits, and did so. It was at that moment when she discovered the lump in her breast. Untangling the disenrollement-re-enrollment paperwork dragged on for the next 5 months. Each time she thought the matter resolved, another bureaucratic hurdle had to be surmounted. Looming large over the whole process was the question of whether, in the unlikely event a cancer was found, it would be a considered a pre-existing condition. When finally straightened out and she went for biopsy, her worse fears were realized. While each of us has a personal experience that we could also relate about ourselves, family members, or friends, the purpose of this special theme issue is to take a look at the bigger picture of how health insurance is and is not working. In my own case, written as a personal essay several years back, I concluded by confessing that while I considered myself something of an expert on health policy, I was clueless about the fact that I would

A Catholic Eton? Newman’s Oratory School : Paul Shrimpton’s Book and Catholic Education Then and Now

A Catholic Eton? Newman’s Oratory SchoolPaul Shrimpton’s Book and Catholic Education Then and Now Leo Chamberlain OSB (bio) Father Ambrose St. John, John Henry Newman’s closest friend, who was brought in to head the new Oratory School that was in a crisis brought about by the resignation of the first headmaster and much of the tiny staff, wrote in his diary for Saturday, February 1, 1862, “Opened school. Disorder before school in Schoolroom. Very bad attendance in Chapel. Not more than 28 boys.”1 If founding a new school is never an easy thing to do, the ambition to found a Catholic public school that would be “Eton minus its wickedness, and plus the inculcation of the Catholic faith” in the mid-nineteenth century, was awe-inspiring.2 The ambition was as great as the resources available to meet it were scant. Paul Shrimpton’s book unravels the story with scholarly care and much insight into both the realities of the world of nineteenth-century Catholics and the educational practice and ideals. It thus raises historical questions of abiding interest to those concerned with Catholic education today; but equally, because of the concern with the relationship of the secular and religious in education, the book has importance for anyone who wants to think about education beyond the utilitarian acquisition of what are now called skills. The author is himself a teacher, [End Page 68] and his own experience shows in the judgments he makes, notably of John Henry Newman himself. Newman was the natural contact for fellow converts. Two of them, Serjeant Edward Bellasis3 and James Hope-Scott, were his close supporters on the school project and close personal friends as well as shrewd and wise advisers. They were adamant over the need for a school that would do what, in their view, the Catholic colleges could not do: compete academically with the best Protestant schools. Even so, after all the difficulties he had met in the project to found a university in Dublin, and on top of all kinds of troubles in England, one might wonder why he took it on. The answer surely is that, as one of the most learned of Newman scholars pointed out long ago, he was not a theoretician who became a man of action on occasion, but temperamentally always a man of action whose written work stemmed from the urgency of all he tried to do— whether as a founder of the Oxford Movement or the setting up first of his informal community at Littlemore and then of the Oratory. This was so above all in his educational and pastoral activity in Dublin, in Birmingham, and, so sadly and meanly to be prevented, in his proposed return to Oxford with the Oratory. He had, as Paul Shrimpton writes, “a remarkably hard-nosed practical judgement,”4 or as Ian Ker writes, referring to the way Newman coped as an old man in 1875 with the death at fifty-nine of his follower and friend Ambrose St. John, “a sheer masculine toughness.”5 The story is easily summarized. After the Catholic Relief Act of 1791 and the French Revolutionary War of 1792, Catholic institutions that had been on the Continent since the persecution had started in the sixteenth century returned or were refounded in England, and a number established or reestablished schools or colleges. The colleges of the secular clergy were both seminaries and schools, and included Oscott and Ushaw; the colleges of the Benedictines and Jesuits included Stonyhurst (the most successful for many years), Downside, and Ampleforth. But the need for an alternative had been moot for some time: the converts and some [End Page 69] others had criticisms of the colleges. After he returned from Dublin in 1858, Newman responded to his friends’ wishes and after a year’s intense activity, the first seven young boys arrived at the Oratory in Birmingham to begin their schooling. The school grew but entered a crisis in 1862 because its first headmaster, the Oratorian Father Nicholas Darnell, fell into disagreement with the dame, Mrs. Wootten. She was a key figure in Newman’s plans. Darnell demanded complete overall control of the...

Ecrits sur Tocqueville (review)

Reviewed by: Ecrits sur Tocqueville Jonathan Beecher Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin . Ecrits sur Tocqueville. Edition établie par Michel Brix . Jaignes: La Chasse aux Snark, 2004. Pp. 192. ISBN 2-914015-35-6. Michel Brix, who is well known for his authoritative studies and editions of Nerval, has had the good idea of bringing together in a single small volume, the three articles on Alexis de Tocqueville published by Sainte-Beuve over a period of thirty years. The earliest of these articles is a review of the first two volumes of De la Démocratie en Amérique, which appeared in April 1835 just a few weeks after their publication. The second and third articles, which are more substantial, appeared in 1861 and 1865 and were reviews of several of the volumes of Tocqueville's work and correspondence published following the great liberal's death in 1859. Although Tocqueville and Sainte-Beuve were not close personal friends, they understood and appreciated each other. In acknowledging the 1835 review, Tocqueville wrote Sainte-Beuve of the "intellectual and moral intimacy" that would "reign between you and me if we had the opportunity to know each other better." They never had that opportunity. But thirty years later Tocqueville's friend and executor, Gustave de Beaumont, could tell Sainte-Beuve, speaking of his 1861 review, that "even though here and there you criticized a book that others could only praise, you were the only person who really understood Tocqueville as a writer and a stylist." One of the obvious interests of this volume is the opportunity it gives us to see how well Sainte-Beuve understood Tocqueville and to reconsider our own views concerning some of the issues raised by Sainte-Beuve. Not surprisingly, Sainte-Beuve's reviews mix biographical detail with literary analysis and criticism. Although Sainte-Beuve has little to say about the fine points of Tocqueville's analysis of Old Regime France and Jacksonian America, there is much on Tocqueville as a stylist and on the psychological and moral foundations of his thought. Taken together, the reviews add up to a richly textured intellectual portrait of Tocqueville as a man of complexity and nuance and a political thinker divided in his loyalties. "Although belonging to the Old Regime by birth and by his refined and delicate tastes," writes Sainte-Beuve, Tocqueville "fully accepted '89." And Sainte-Beuve sees very well the fundamental tension in Tocqueville's thinking between liberty and equality: "A man of '89, he is nevertheless so jealously devoted to liberty that he is watchful and wary with regard to equality, for which he is such a sullen adviser that he might at times be called an enemy." Elsewhere Sainte-Beuve writes of Tocqueville's "éloquence douloureuse" concerning the rise of democratic societies and compares him to Aeneas weeping for Dido as he founds Rome. Sainte-Beuve's main argument with Tocqueville focuses on the claim, presented most [End Page 686] forcefully at the outset of De la Démocratie en Amérique, that human history is unfolding according to an irresistible and "providential" plan, according to which traditional distinctions and hierarchies are giving way to an increasingly egalitarian and uniform society. Here Sainte-Beuve argues, in terms that seem to ignore Tocqueville's nuances and oft-stated qualifications, that history rarely displays such long-term trends and patterns, that history is the realm of the contingent, and that individual choices can never be reduced to clear patterns of cause and effect. Sainte-Beuve has little sympathy for what he describes as Tocqueville's excessive fondness for abstract categories, a fondness that leaves him in his first work much less concerned with grasping the specific features of American democracy than with understanding "the effects and dangers of equality in the modern world." In the case of L'Ancien Régime et la révolution, where Tocqueville's main concern is with the negative effects of monarchical centralization, Sainte-Beuve criticizes the narrowness of Tocqueville's perspective – his imposition of "a fixed and exclusive viewpoint" on the complex history of the Old Regime. Sainte-Beuve also argues, writing under the Second Empire, that centralization itself is not such a bad thing...

Reflecting on Progress in PH and Appreciating the Contributions of Our Physicians

The theme of this year-end issue is “emergence” as we survey the ever-expanding role of new therapies, from emerging combinations to new orally administered agents to advances in prostanoid treatment. As the acronyms of new trials have worked their way into our lexicon, we have grown accustomed to refer to new studies such as VISION, TRIUMPH, COMPASS, FREEDOM, and PHIRST, and await the latest results that will help guide patient management choices in the future. Emergence is the theme of the contents, but it also applies to the role of physicians on our Editorial Boards as we welcome physicians who have stepped forward to help guide the journal in the years ahead and express appreciation to those who have contributed their time and energy.Medical journals thrive on an infusion of new ideas reflected in the transition to new editors-in-chief and editorial advisory boards. By passing the torch to a new group of editors we promote an even greater exchange of ideas and keep the level of enthusiasm as high as it can be for producing the most comprehensive source of information on pulmonary hypertension available to practicing physicians. Somewhat like members of Congress but, thankfully, in a completely different arena, we also must observe term limits. In our case we have a self-imposed 2-year limit on the verge of expiring, and I wish to welcome physicians who will help guide this journal through the end of 2008.I am pleased to welcome a new Editor-in-Chief, Ronald J. Oudiz, MD, beginning with the next issue of Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension. Dr Oudiz is an exemplary physician, a distinguished colleague, and a close personal friend who has demonstrated a tremendously strong commitment to the pulmonary hypertension community for many years. In turning over the job of leading the journal, I am confident that he will strive for the same editorial independence, unbiased perspective, and excellence that we have established over the first 5 years of the journal’s existence and that characterize our approach to developing scientific content.Dr Oudiz has already contributed in many ways to the selection of relevant and timely topics and to development of our content. His pivotal role in programs offered by the Pulmonary Hypertension Association (PHA) speaks volumes for the dedication he has shown to medical research, patient advocacy, and quality of care. I wish him well in this new endeavor during 2007 and 2008.No journal can succeed without a supporting cast of physicians whose experience at the bench and bedside helps to create reference points from which we can select appropriate topics and a context for chronicling the evolution in care. During the last 2 years we have been graced with the contribution of three outstanding clinicians who served as Associate Editors: Ramona Doyle, MD, Karen Fagan, MD, and Olivier Sitbon, MD. We thank them for their service to the journal and helping us in the kind of peer review essential to the journal’s integrity.We are also pleased to welcome back to our Editorial Advisory Board Richard Channick, MD, as an Associate Editor and Editor-in-Chief Elect. His enthusiastic participation in Roundtable discussions over the years has given readers a clear and thoughtful perspective on important clinical issues. Similarly, we welcome Erika Berman Rosenzweig, MD, to the team of Associate Editors. Her focus and enthusiasm for the journal are refreshing and will help guide content in 2007.We will benefit also from new input by physicians who are joining our Editorial Board, including Kristin Highland, MD, Ioana Preston, MD, Zeenat Safdar, MD, Rajan Saggar, MD, and Francisco Soto, MD. They will be taking over from physicians whose contribution as Editorial Board members is also much appreciated: Gregory Ahearn, MD, Jacques Benisty, MD, Raymond Benza, MD, and Jeffrey Edelman, MD.We have seen significant progress in our effort to provide more hope to patients with pulmonary hypertension and I am honored to have been able to work with my colleagues and serve as Editor-in-Chief during the last 2 years. I also look forward to continued involvement with the journal and its outstanding educational program for more than 30,000 physicians engaged in pulmonary hypertension care.I am sure I speak for all of our physicians and PHA staff in extending our best wishes for a joyous holiday season and a healthy and happy new year.

Duty and Justice at “Every Man’s Door”: The Grand Jury Charges of Chief Justice John Jay, 1790–1794

Duty and Justice at “Every Man’s Door”: The Grand Jury Charges of Chief Justice John Jay, 1790-1794 JOHN P. KAMINSKI AND C. JENNIFER LAWTON “It is the Fortune offew to chuse their Situation—it is the Duty & Interest ofall to accommo­ date themselves to the one which Providence chuses for them.”1 So said John Jay, ChiefJustice ofthe United States. Duty was paramount in the lives ofJay and many ofhis contemporaries of the founding generation. Jay left America in 1779 to serve as U.S. minister to Spain. In 1782, he became a peace commissioner and was primarily responsible for the hugely successful negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris ending the Revolution­ ary War. When he returned to New York in July 1784, Jay wanted to retire from public life, provide for his extended family, and live comfortably with his wife and children. Ear­ lier, he had written his close personal friend and his immediate diplomatic superior, Secre­ tary for Foreign Affairs Robert R. Livingston, that “as my country has obtained her object, my motives for entering into public life are at an end.”2 New York’s and the country’s needs, however, were still great, and Jay admonished half a dozen political leaders not to abandon government service. Jay himselfmade it clear that he was willing to continue to serve his country ifneeded. “Ifon my return, I find it my duty to devote more of my time to the public, they shall have it, though retirement is what I ardently desire.”3 Upon his return to America, Jay received Congress’s invitation to become the new Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He ac­ cepted the position when Congress agreed to provide him with a sufficient degree ofauton­ omy. For the next four years, John Jay was the single most important public official in Amer­ ica. He was, in essence, the prime minister of the United States.4 As Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Jay was keenly aware of the shortcomings ofthe Arti­ cles ofConfederation. He encouraged the idea ofa constitutional convention to drastically re­ vise the very nature ofthe Articles, not merely to provide a few additional powers for the Confederation Congress. He wholeheartedly 236 JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY As U.S. minister to Spain, John Jay (left) negotiated the Treaty of Paris, ending the Revolutionary War, under the supervision of his close friend Robert R. Livingston (right). Jay would soon replace Livingston as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, a post he accepted out of patriotism, as he would have preferred to retire and spend time with his family. endorsed the concept of separation of powers with independent legislative, executive, andju­ dicial departments. When George Washington balked at accepting Virginia’s appointment to the Federal Convention, Jay, who had been cor­ responding with Washington for months about the deficiencies of the Articles, admonished his friend to accept the appointment. Speak­ ing to Washington as no one else dared, Jay told the former Commander-in-Chief that he should not rest on his laurels at Mount Vernon. The crisis required a Washington, who, for the good of his country, according to Jay, had to risk his dearly-won fame again by “favouring] yourcountry with your counsels on such an im­ portant and signal occasion,” instead of view­ ing the monumental unfolding of events “with the eye of an unconcerned spectator.”-"’ Feel­ ing the sting of Jay’s rhetoric and the plead­ ing of other trusted advisers, Washington ac­ cepted the appointment to Philadelphia. The Convention proposed a new Constitution that the American people ratified nine months later. Jay played a pivotal role in the ratification pro­ cess, serving as the great compromiser in New York. He was the one Federalist leader whom virtually all anti-Federalists trusted, and his pamphlet addressed to the people of the State ofNew York made many more converts for the Constitution than any other Federalist writing. As the country’s first President, it would be Washington’s responsibility to fill many of the positions in the new federal government. Early in his administration. President Wash­ ington consulted with Jay about what position he would be willing to accept. Although the President offered...

Information for authors

Information for authors

IN MEMORIAM: A Tribute to Dr. Robert C. Allen, an Inspirational Teacher, Humanitarian, and Friend (Nov. 18, 1950−Mar. 24, 2005)

Dr. Robert C. Allen was a gifted educator, as well as experienced ophthalmologist, who was a close personal friend of Dr. Edlich at the University of Virginia Health System. While serving on the faculty at the University of Virginia Health System, Dr. Allen proved to be a compassionate physician, who developed close personal relationships with the residents, faculty, and his patients. Dr. Allen was invited by Dr Edlich to be a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. When Dr. Allen told Dr. Edlich that he had ocular melanoma in 2000, this news was a wake-up call to Dr. Edlich on the need to prevent skin cancer, as well as ocular melanoma. Empowered by this news, Dr. Edlich was honored to co-author four articles on skin cancer prevention, as well as the latest article focusing on prevention of ocular melanoma. The Ocular Melanoma Foundation (Richmond, VA (USA)) was founded in 2003 by Dr. Robert C. Allen to increase awareness, enhance education, and provide advocacy among both patients and health care professionals regarding this rare, but potentially lethal cancer. It has a website that provides patient information, up-to-date information and enables communication/ discourse between and among patients and practitioners (admin@ocularmelanoma.org). Dr. Allen died on March 24, 2005, at his home surrounded by family and loved ones. When surgeons are faced with challenging healthcare diseases, Dr. Edlich's mentor, Dr. Owen Wangensteen, advised Dr. Edlich that he should seek the advice and guidance of skilled basic scientists, who are familiar with the problem. Dr. Wangensteen is recognized as the greatest surgical teacher during the 20th century. Consequently, Dr. Edlich enlisted the advice and guidance from the two co-authors of the next article regarding the scientific basis for the selection of sunglasses to prevent the development of cataracts, pterygia, skin cancer, as well as ocular melanoma. Dr. Reichow is a Professor of Optometry at Pacific University College of Optometry (Forest Grove, OR (USA)). Dr. Citek is Associate Professor of Optometry at Pacific University College of Optometry (Forest Grove (USA)). In their comprehensive evaluation of sunglasses, they found some disturbing results. Despite being endorsed by The Skin Cancer Foundation, the Walgreens eyewear samples offer only partial protection to the potential hazards of sunlight exposure. Those individuals who spend considerable time outdoors should seek sun filter eyewear with impact resistant polycarbonate lenses that provide 100% ultraviolet filtration, high levels of blue light filtration, and full visual field lens/frame coverage as provided by high wrap eyewear. There are several brands that offer products with such protective characteristics. Performance sun eyewear by Nike Vision (Nike Inc., Portland OR [USA]), available in both corrective and plano (nonprescription) forms, is one such brand incorporating these protective features, as well as patented optical and tint designs. Numerous Nike styles offer interchangeable lens options to meet the changing environmental conditions encountered outdoors. These technologies are incorporated into performance-driven frame designs inspired by feedback from some of the world's best athletes. Nonprescription Nike eyewear are available on-line at http://www.nike.com/nikevision, as well as at various well-known retail outlets. Nonprescription and prescription Nike eyewear are also available at the offices of many eye care professionals. Even though our latest report did not include soft contact lens, it is important to emphasize that Dr. Reichow and Dr. Citek have played a leadership role in coordinating the development of the Nike MAXSIGHT, an innovative fully tinted soft contact lens. This contact lens provides distortion-free optics, whether or not you wear prescription contacts. They filter out more than 90% of harmful blue light and 95% of UVA and UVB. For the contact lens, you should go to the website for more information http://www.nike.com/nikevision/content.html. The website has a list of practitioners who can service the patients with the respective sunglasses. With their exciting technologic advances in sunglass products, as well as tinted soft contact lens, the authors would encourage Nike Vision to develop an expanded international marketing program that allows all individuals in the world to easily purchase its products.

Appreciated: Forty years with Paul O. Thompson.

As longtime professional associate, ASA Fellow, and close personal friend, I have pleasured in knowing Paul O. Thompson for 40 years. In 1965 he was first to join my newly established Applied Bioacoustics Branch at NEL. He authored or co-authored 30 papers and reports on the sounds and related behavior of marine mammals in the North and South Pacific and South Atlantic oceans. Educated at St. Olaf College, MN, and USC, Paul’s earliest research resulted in 36 papers and reports on psychoacoustics often in collaboration with John Webster or Bob Gales. (Along with Past President Bob Young, we all were co-workers in the Listening Division headed by Past President Gales.) Ever unassuming, Paul is noted for stubborn devotion to detail that often uncovered new findings in seemingly rote data. Unmatched were his aural memory and skills at analog sound recording and processing. Paul could ferret and dissect whale signals among the ambient like very few contemporaries. Even after ‘‘retirement,’’ his research in the Sea of Cortez markedly added to earlier findings of 20-Hz and other low frequency utterances from blue and fin whales. This presentation focuses both on Paul and his contributions that are sure to permanently mark the literature on marine mammal bioacoustics.

Conversation with Conan Kornetsky.

Conversation with Conan Kornetsky.

Harold Garnet Callan. 5 March 1917 — 3 November 1993 Elected FRS 1963

With the death of Harold Garnet (‘Mick’) Callan on 3 November 1993, the community of cell biologists lost one of the twentieth century's most profound and colourful students of chromosomes. During his 50-year scientific career the study of chromosomes and genes went from purely descriptive and morphological to deeply analytical and molecular. Steeped by training in the earlier tradition, Callan nevertheless contributed enormously to this revolution with his meticulous studies on the giant chromosomes of amphibians, all the while maintaining that he was a ‘mere cytologist’ on whom much of the molecular analysis was lost. Mick Callan and I were professional colleagues and close personal friends whose careers intersected at many points. We visited and worked in each other's laboratories, we published together, we generated a voluminous correspondence (much of it in the days when letters were handwritten), and our families enjoyed many good times together in Scotland and the USA. My most difficult task in writing this biography has been to extract from the vast amount of public and personal information in my possession those parts of Mick Callan's life and work that will be of chief interest to a broader audience. I have been helped in this by a 30 000-word autobiography written by him near the end of his life, covering the period from his birth in 1917 to the end of World War II in 1945. This account provides considerable insight into the factors that shaped his later professional career and is an engrossing account of the life of a boy in prewar England and a young man at Oxford and in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the worst days of the war. Callan's autobiography has been deposited in the University library, St Andrews, Scotland.

Engagement in community service among college students: is it affected by significant attachment relationships?

This study served as an exploratory analysis of how engagement in community service activities among college students is affected by significant attachment relationships. More specifically, this study investigated the difference between community service and non-service students in terms of their motivation to engage in community service activities as a function of the quality of their attachment to parents and close personal friends. A quantitative approach was used to analyse these issues. The findings revealed that students who had some community service experience evidenced more secure attachments to close personal friends while their attachments to parents were varied. Closer examination of the attachment data revealed that the community service students were more likely to have either very high or very low attachment relationships with their parents. These findings suggest that when incorporating service-learning into the college curriculum, one should examine the influence of other important contexts, (i.e. parents and peers) on community service outcomes. Copyright 2002 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stroke : 30 Years of Progress: 1992–2000

This editorial completes the 5-part history of the first 30 years of the journal Stroke from the perspective of the editors. For this segment, the task is even more intimidating, because the time covered is most recent and most of the readers have personal recollections of the events and changes that have occurred during the years from 1992 through 2000. It is comforting to know that appropriate letters to the editor will correct any inadvertent major omissions. So much has happened during this time that some certainly will be submitted. In the spring of 1991, after repeatedly refusing to accept nominations to be a candidate for editor of Stroke , I received a call from a distinguished, close personal and professional friend. It was during this conversation that the excitement of being intimately involved with Stroke during times of major change was generated. In addition, the possibility of appointing an associate editor for basic science conceptually solved one of my major concerns. This generated other ideas, I became a candidate, the new ideas were supported, and I was appointed for an initial 5-year term beginning January 1, 1992. Later, for the first time, a 3-year reappointment was made for 1997 through 1999, and an additional year extension for 2000 at the special request of the editor-designee, Vladimir Hachinski. On October 1, 1991, 3 months early, with only an academic secretary but with considerable support from the previous managing editor and editor-in-chief, Nancy Lynch and O.M. Reinmuth, respectively, my office unofficially took over the editorial duties for Stroke . On November 1, 1991, Marilyn Yurk, who had been appointed managing editor, officially joined us. She soon developed an editorial office that ultimately resulted in the addition of Norma Pahl as associate managing editor and an outstanding support staff. After discussion with …

Invitation or Sexual Harassment?

Invitation or Sexual Harassment?

Bitter and twisted.

‘Bitter-and-twisted’ individuals are found in all academic institutions. The people most susceptible to this syndrome are those with high intelligence and deep personal aspirations to accomplish something important. The age of onset is quite variable; serious cases may first appear during graduate school, only to worsen over time. More mild cases may only develop after the age of 50. One of the early warning signs of the bitter-and-twisted syndrome is the tendency to comment in seminars that you have already done (but not necessarily published) what the speaker is describing. Another symptom is the compulsion to spend hours with Science Citation Index looking at who is citing (and not citing) your work. In more serious cases, individuals repeatedly write angry letters to journals, editors and other scientists, threatening severe recriminations if the writer’s work is not cited.At the root of the bitter-and-twisted’ syndrome is the tendency to feel underacknowledged, unloved and underappreciated; it’s hardly surprising that such feelings are common in academia. When I was in college, I remember a professor saying that the Iliad is a tale about the scarcity of honor. We scientists also live in a world where honor, glory and recognition feel scarce. Like soldiers, we are part of a collective enterprise that depends on collaboration and cooperation, yet rewards individual achievement. We live in a world that measures the impact of our papers (reliably or not), accords status not only on the basis of the quality of a paper (however this is judged) but according to the perceived excellence of the journal that published it, and rewards acknowledged achievement with the financial resources that facilitate additional achievement. We all wish to be scientific equivalents of Achilles, or even Michael Jordan, but most of us must content ourselves with the personal satisfaction of a job well done.Our sporting heroes expect to live in a world in which the accomplishments of yesteryear do not protect against the dire consequences of a bad season. We however, delude ourselves that our accomplishments have more lasting impact than they do. Work that time finds insignificant will be soon forgotten by all but a few. Even work that is truly significant soon passes from the purview of citation, in which the accomplishment is attributed to the individual, to being ‘general knowledge’. The first demonstrations of an important or paradigm-changing finding are often forgotten. The pioneer, as often as not, must be content with only the personal satisfaction of having changed the way people think, and not expect continued peer recognition of the achievement.The bitter-and-twisted syndrome is sometimes a symptom of a related disease: the paralysis that can result from perfectionism. The individual with ‘perfectionism paralysis’ will have endless reasons why an experiment isn’t worth doing because it won’t answer all of the questions in the universe. He or she will be unable to finish and publish any study for fear that it isn’t good enough (whatever that means). The inevitable consequence of this is that when someone else publishes the same results — often many years later — and receives credit for the work, the individual displays bitter-and-twisted behaviors.My husband and I have a serious disagreement about the diagnosis of bitter-and-twisted syndrome. He maintains that this diagnosis should be limited to those with incurable cases that pervade their entire approach to science and life. I have appropriated the term for symptoms that could affect all of us unless we are vigilant. Like many academic disagreements, we leave it to you, my gentle readers, to decide which definition you find most useful. He maintains that those with the incurable form of bitter-and-twisted are so because of early life experiences, and academic life only provides the opportunities for the scars of childhood and adolescence to reveal themselves. I am far more concerned with the, hopefully, milder form that could afflict most of us as we age. I believe that we all must guard against pernicious tendencies to slip into short bouts of bitter-and-twisted; if recognized and treated in time, these can be cured.What should you do if you find yourself displaying the symptoms? The first line of defense should be a close personal friend who, after 30 minutes of listening to you feeling sorry for yourself, will tell you to “rise above it”. Being able to laugh at yourself is necessary. Remembering why you wanted to be a scientist helps. Above all, the best preventive medicine is to attempt to emulate the grace and dignity with which some of our most senior and respected scientists support and encourage their junior colleagues.

“Your Position is Thoroughly Orthodox and Entirely Wrong”: Nicholas Kaldor and Joan Robinson, 1933–1983

Nicholas Kaldor (1908-86) and Joan Robinson (1903-83) were almost exact contemporaries and enjoyed very similar careers. Both began as innovative but fundamentally orthodox microeconomists, soon turning (very early, in the case of Robinson) to the defense and development of Keynesian macroeconomics. They were both lifelong socialists and, during the Second World War, energetic propagandists for the fledgling British welfare state. In the 1950s each published a series of penetrating critiques of neoclassical distribution and growth theory, subsequently extending the attack to mainstream analyses of value, international trade, development, and the very foundations of equilibrium methodology. By 1975 Kaldor and Robinson were generally recognized as the founding parents of Post Keynesian economics in Britain, or what its U.S. progenitor Sidney Weintraub described as the “Kaldor-Kalecki-Robinson revolution in distribution theory” (Eichner and Kregel, 1975; Weintraub, 1972, p. 45). For some years they were close personal friends. They spent decades–indeed, Robinson spent her entire working life–in Cambridge, where they were belatedly appointed to chairs in 1966.

The Power of Biography

Even in our inbred academic world, one rarely has the chance to write a review of a book authored by a close personal friend. Promotion and recommendation letters are one thing, readers' reports another, blurbs yet another. But book reviews are something special. To my mind, however, this case is special. I was barely acquainted with Pnina Lahav, an Israeli law professor at Boston University, when I agreed to read her book in draft. We became friends because I flipped over the manuscript and liked what it showed me of the author so much I wanted to get to know her. How often does that happen? That is not to say I can promise objectivity in this review. In fact, I have written a blurb for Judgment in Jerusalem, which I include for the sake of full disclosure: This is the best biography I have ever read. Pnina Lahav brilliantly uses the life of Simon Agranat to illuminate the history of Zionism, the history of Israel, the history of law in Israel, and the history of justice. The result is riveting. Nor can I offer the kind of expertise one often expects of a reviewer. Because I am Jewish, I am interested in Zionism and Israel, but I am no authority on either. If you are looking for the kind of review that questions the author's presentation of facts, stop reading. I am on stronger ground in discussing biography because I have written one of Abe Fortas. Though I consider it political biography, it is technically