Close Cooperation Research Articles

Ten-year experience of whole lung lavage in pediatric Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is extremely rare and can be caused by hereditary dysfunction of the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSF) receptor, autoantibodies against GM-CSF, or other diseases leading to alveolar macrophage (AM) dysfunction. This leads to protein accumulation in the lung and severe dyspnea and hypoxemia. Whole lung lavage (WLL) is the first line treatment strategy. Here, we present data from more than ten years of WLL practice in pediatric PAP. WLL performed by the use of a single lumen or double lumen tube (SLT vs. DLT) were compared for technical features, procedure time, and adverse events. A total of n=57 procedures in six PAP patients between 3.5 and 14.3 years of age were performed. SLT based WLL in smaller children was associated with comparable rates of adverse events but with longer intervention times and postprocedural intensive care treatment when compared to DLT based procedures. Our data shows that WLL is feasible even in small children. DLT based WLL seems to be more effective, and our data supports the notion that it should be considered as early as possible in pediatric PAP. WLL lavage is possible in small PAP patients but should performed in close interdisciplinary cooperation and with age appropriate protocols.

DNA-based diagnostics of hereditary diseases of the respiratory tract

The diagnosis of orphan lung diseases often requires specific tests, and treatment is difficult due to problems in understanding the mechanisms of disease development and low incidence. When a therapy is developed, it is very expensive.The aim of the article was to present modern approaches for the genetic diagnosis of hereditary respiratory diseases.Conclusion. A physician of any specialty can encounter an orphan disease in clinical practice. The emergence of new methods for the maintenance and targeted therapy of orphan lung diseases necessitates allertness of both pediatric and adult pulmonologists. Competent management of such patients requires knowledge of the basics of genetics and the modern possibilities of DNA diagnostics, as well as close interdisciplinary cooperation between physicians of different specialties and laboratories.

The role of leadership in organizational learning in multinational companies

PurposeThis paper aims to conceptualize the role of leadership in organizational learning processes in multinational companies (MNCs). The authors present a model describing how managers in an MNC facilitated transitions between sub-processes of organizational learning at several organizational levels.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from the plants of a global process company in Norway, Brazil and China. Observation, in-depth interviews and archival material enabled one to reconstruct the organizational learning process over a period of 30 years as the company developed its own tailor-made improvement programme.FindingsBased on the data, the authors describe the role of leadership in linking the sub-processes of organizational learning as orchestration, sponsoring and persistence. Orchestration included creating faith and optimism and designing the organization to allow close cooperation between operators and managers in the sub-process of experimenting. This eased transferring and institutionalizing in the global organization. Sponsoring included structural changes to support transferring and the demonstration of dedication to improvement programme values. These factors were important for institutionalizing. Persistence involved the continuous focus on adjustment of the improvement programme, which then facilitated further experimenting.Originality/valueFirstly, this study suggests that activities and decisions in one sub-process have important implications for the following sub-processes. Secondly, this study indicates that leaders’ role in facilitating the transitions between sub-processes extend beyond their individual traits and behaviour, which previous research had focused on, and includes decisions concerning organizational structure and culture that help link social and organizational learning.

Breast Cancer: Mitochondria-Centered Metabolic Alterations in Tumor and Associated Adipose Tissue.

The close cooperation between breast cancer and cancer-associated adipose tissue (CAAT) shapes the malignant phenotype, but the role of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and obesity in breast cancer remains undecided, especially in premenopausal women. Here, we examined mitochondrial metabolic dynamics in paired biopsies of malignant versus benign breast tumor tissue and CAAT in normal-weight and overweight/obese premenopausal women. Lower protein level of pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase in malignant tumor tissue indicated decreased carbon flux from glucose into the Krebs cycle, whereas the trend was just the opposite in malignant CAAT. Simultaneously, stimulated lipolysis in CAAT of obese women was followed by upregulated β-oxidation, as well as fatty acid synthesis enzymes in both tumor tissue and CAAT of women with malignant tumors, corroborating their physical association. Further, protein level of electron transport chain complexes was generally increased in tumor tissue and CAAT from women with malignant tumors, respective to obesity. Preserved mitochondrial structure in malignant tumor tissue was also observed. However, mitochondrial DNA copy number and protein levels of PGC-1α were dependent on both malignancy and obesity in tumor tissue and CAAT. In conclusion, metabolic cooperation between breast cancer and CAAT in premenopausal women involves obesity-related, synchronized changes in mitochondrial metabolism.

Formation and use of audiovisual documents: Directions and forms

The purpose of the article is to investigate the directions and forms of the use of audiovisual documents in the archives of Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article was the following methods: abstract-logical, analysis, source research, classification, cognitive, synthesis, generalisation. Such approaches of scientific knowledge as dialectical objectivity and structural-functional are applied. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the presentation of the peculiarities of the functioning of audiovisual documents in Ukrainian archives. The following areas of use of audiovisual documents are distinguished: informative, educational, cultural and educational, scientific. The following forms of engagement of archival audiovisual documents are presented: organisation of online exhibitions, preparation of radio and television broadcasts, creation of an audiovisual product for presentation on the Internet. Exhibition work as a form of using archival audiovisual documents has its own characteristics – exhibiting, for example, photo documents in originals or copies. The proposed material enriches the theory of modern archival science about the changing role of the archives of Ukraine, which have accumulated a significant fund of film, audio, photo, and video recordings. Conclusions. Audiovisual documents as carriers of film, photophone, and video information characterise the image and sound that determine the specifics of living in the actual environment of use or potentially such a possible one prolonged in time, that is, their preservation in collections, archive funds, libraries, museums, and other institutions. Two important directions in the activity of audiovisual archives of Ukraine were identified – preservation of documents and providing access to them to a wide range of users. Work on media projects involves the close cooperation of archives and intermediaries (project developers) in the use of information resources of audiovisual documents: choosing a topic, developing a script, preparing textual support, selecting and copying documents, but the main analytical and synthetic work remains with archivists

18th Prof. Vladas Gronskas International Scientific Conference: Abstract Book

The conference “18th Prof. Vladas Gronskas International Scientific Conference” is an arena for cooperation and scholarly fellowship, with young researchers, bachelor, master and doctoral students from Lithuania and foreign countries. It is an arena for open discussion where young researches have the opportunity to present and share their scientific insights.
 This conference encourages internationalization and a closer cooperation between science and business. The conference keynote speakers – business representatives – provide participants with new insights and inspiration for further research.
 The main goal of this scientific gathering is to contribute to the reliable, safe, effective and sustainable economy and business development. Encouraging entrepreneurship is a crucial condition for economic growth and this puts forward a new approach to business, creativity, value creation, and the implementation of innovations. It is precisely in this context where business and science should interact.

Global trends in research of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5: a bibliometric analysis from 2002 to 2022.

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), as a cytoplasmic sensor for viral double-stranded RNAs, has received increasing attention in recent years. Although considerable headway has been made on the functional role of MDA5 in antiviral immunity and autoimmune disease, the available literature is insufficient to assess the vast field. This study performed a bibliometric analysis to investigate current hotspots in the global scientific output of MDA5 over the past two decades. Related publications and recorded information from 2002 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database were retrieved. VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used for quantitative evaluation and visualization. A total of 2267 original articles and reviews were obtained, and the annual number of publications related to MDA5 was increasing rapidly. China has published the most papers, while the USA was the most influential country with the most citations and the highest H-index. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and the Journal of Virology were the most prolific research affiliation, funding source, and journal, respectively. Fujita T (Kyoto University) was the most productive author with the highest H-index and had close cooperation with Kato H and Yoneyama M. The keywords "RIG-I," "MDA5," "innate immunity," "double-stranded-RNA," and "recognition" had the highest frequency, while "dermatomyositis" as well as "autoantibody" seemed to be the emerging hotspots. This study comprehensively demonstrated the research frontiers of MDA5 and will provide a useful resource for scholars to conduct future decisions. We conducted the first in-depth survey of the research frontiers on melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) over the past two decades via bibliometric analysis. We found that many early breakthroughs have been made in the mechanism of MDA5-mediated antiviral immune responses, and the role of MDA5 in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases has raised the recent concern. We identified that the virus infection-associated pathogenesis and effective therapeutic strategy of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis will remain the hotspots in the future.

Risk maturity model for the maritime authorities: a Delphi study to design the R-Mare matrix model

AbstractMaritime authorities have the administrative responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution caused by ships. This responsibility involves various tasks that can be supported through effective risk management, but currently, there are no models available to evaluate its level of maturity in maritime administrations. To fill this gap and respond to the needs identified by maritime authorities, this article introduces a new risk maturity model called the R-Mare matrix. This model is built on recent scientific knowledge in the field of risk management, and it has been designed in close cooperation with end-users and maritime risk management experts using the Delphi methodology. As a result of this process, the article provides a qualitative risk maturity matrix specifically tailored to support the self-evaluation of maritime authorities. The matrix consists of 17 state-of-the-art risk management attributes, a five-step risk maturity scale, and associated risk maturity grid descriptions. These elements can be used to evaluate the current risk management performance of maritime authorities, identify areas for improvement, and develop a plan to achieve a higher level of maturity. Overall, the R-Mare matrix model represents an important step forward in this field while laying the foundation for further development.

Cholesterol and oxysterols in retinal neuron-glia interactions: relevance for glaucoma

Cholesterol is an essential component of cellular membranes, crucial for maintaining their structural and functional integrity. It is especially important for nervous tissues, including the retina, which rely on high amounts of plasma membranes for the transmission of the nervous signal. While cholesterol is by far the most abundant sterol, the retina also contains cholesterol precursors and metabolites, especially oxysterols, which are bioactive molecules. Cholesterol lack or excess is deleterious and some oxysterols are known for their effect on neuron survival. Cholesterol homeostasis must therefore be maintained. Retinal glial cells, especially Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the vertebrate retina, provide mechanical, nutritional, and metabolic support for the neighboring neurons. Several pieces of evidence indicate that Müller cells are major actors of cholesterol homeostasis in the retina, as it is known for other glial cells in the brain. This process is based on a close cooperation with neurons, and sterols can be signaling molecules participating in glia-neuron interactions. While some implication of cholesterol in age-related macular degeneration is now recognized, based on epidemiological and laboratory data, evidence for its role in glaucoma is still scarce. The association between cholesterolemia and glaucoma is controversial, but experimental data suggest that sterols could take part in the pathological processes. It has been demonstrated that Müller glial cells are implicated in the development of glaucoma through an ambivalent reactive retinal gliosis process. The early steps contribute to maintaining retinal homeostasis and favor the survival of ganglion cells, which are targeted during glaucoma. If gliosis persists, dysregulation of the neuroprotective functions, cytotoxic effects of gliotic Müller cells and disruption of glia-neuron interactions lead to an acceleration of ganglion cell death. Sterols could play a role in the glial cell response to glaucomatous injury. This represents an understudied but attractive topic to better understand glaucoma and conceive novel preventive or curative strategies. The present review describes the current knowledge on i) sterol metabolism in retinal glial cells, ii) the potential role of cholesterol in glaucoma, and iii) the possible relationships between cholesterol and oxysterols, glial cells and glaucoma. Focus is put on glia-neuron interactions.

China's position on the South China Sea issue: from maintaining stability to protecting rights

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the position of the Chinese leadership on the issue of ownership of the water area and marine facilities in the South China Sea. The purpose of the proposed study is to determine the specifics of China's position on the key issue of regional security in Southeast Asia. The objectives of this work are to consider the historical and economic prerequisites affecting the policy of the People's Republic of China in the South China Sea; to study the dynamics of China's diplomatic conflict with regional countries over sovereignty over the waters in the South China Sea, as well as to interpret China's approaches to solving this issue. The author considers the approach of Chinese diplomacy as a derivative of increasing China's role in global governance, which entails changes in both the regional subsystem and the global system of international relations. The study uses historical-comparative, historical-typological and problem-chronological methods, which allowed the author to study the PRC's approach to protecting its national interests in the South China Sea with a special focus on innovations introduced into China's approach due to the increasing complexity of systemic challenges for China. The relevance of this study is related to a change in the tactics of Chinese diplomacy towards more focused and tougher rhetoric, emphasizing intransigence with baseless attacks by Western countries and manipulations with the vulnerability of indigenous Chinese interests. The researcher concludes that the main task of the PRC today is to assert its influence in the South China Sea through close cooperation with ASEAN countries and strengthening regional cooperation in the South China Sea region. In view of the US desire to curb China's growth and prevent it from gaining a foothold in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Beijing adheres to the tactics of negotiating a comprehensive Code of Conduct in the South China Sea with simultaneous unilateral economic development of the islands and waters of the South China Sea. This approach will lead to the creation of a stable and mutually beneficial regional order in East Asia.

High-Efficiency Industrial 130 kW cw Solid-State RF Amplifier for 1.3 GHz

A new 1.3 GHz solid-state high-power RF amplifier (SSA) has been built for the Lighthouse project in close cooperation between Cryoelectra and RI Research Instruments. The amplifier was developed by Cryoelectra as a scalable compact system with an RF-power density of 40kW/m2. Its industrial design is very reliable and easy to maintain. The SSA delivers a continuous RF output power of more than 130 kW with a wall-plug efficiency of 63% and with very low phase noise. The power is generated by 40 patented RF amplifier modules each containing 8 GaN transistor units. Their outputs are combined by a coaxial 8-way combiner in the center of the module. Each module is connected to the 4x9-way cable-free waveguide combiner network and can be exchanged in the event of fault within minutes thanks to quick connectors. A sophisticated control system continuously monitors the state of all components for reliable machine and personnel protection.Despite all the challenges encountered during development and production, the SSA was built and handed over to the client in the shortest possible time. It passed the acceptance test on site exceptionally well.

Construction and Practice of Collaborative Scientific Research and Education Platform for Light Industry Equipment Industry —— Taking the Advanced Manufacturing College of Shantou Polytechnic as an Example

Scientific research and education is an important part of the three-whole education system, and scientific and technological innovation is the core driving force of national development. Colleges and universities should grasp the scientific concept of scientific and technological innovation, and cultivate college students with innovation ability. Through the construction of “scientific research and education” platform and the close cooperation between enterprises and teachers and students of higher vocational colleges, it can not only improve students ‘cooperation ability, innovation ability and independent learning ability, but also bring theoretical and technical support to local enterprises, playing a positive role in promoting the formation of enterprises’ technological achievements.

РЕЦЕПТУРНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ ЯК СКЛАДОВІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ РИНКУ МАЙОНЕЗНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

Mayonnaises and mayonnaise sauces are food products for mass consumption. There is no intensive growth in the may-onnaise market, but it has a stable dynamic in terms of expanding the range of products, which differ in calorie content, composition, taste properties and functional purpose. Analysts see the main ways to the positive dynamics of mayonnaise production in Ukraine as the expansion of the assortment due to the introduction of recipe innovations, improvement of the safety and quality of mayonnaise when using components of natural origin.The market of mayonnaise products has changed significantly over the past decades. We have a significant expansion of the assortment due to dietary, vegetarian, nutrient-enriched mayonnaise sauces and products with special flavor and aroma additives and fillers. A large number of functional additives (including complex action) appeared among the prescription com-ponents, which requires their systematization, study of properties and interaction with other components, as well as research into the issues of their influence on the quality and safety of the obtained products. It is urgent to form a comprehensive ap-proach to the practical implementation of innovative recipe proposals in production, taking into account advanced global trends and transformational changes in the food market.The analysis of the publications showed that considerable attention is paid to the issue of expanding the assortment of mayonnaise products due to recipe innovations. Scientific works are carried out, which are aimed at finding new functional additives and creating products with a balanced fatty acid composition, enriched with vitamins, trace elements, dietary fibers and with improved organoleptic characteristics. The possibility of using food production waste as secondary raw materials in the production of mayonnaise sauces is being studied. At the same time, a significant number of obtained research results do not find practical implementation directly in production, which requires the search for a new approach to ensuring the full cycle of creating an innovative mayonnaise product.The information presented in the article is of an overview nature and contains an analysis of existing trends in the pro-duction of new types of mayonnaise products and the search for ways to implement recipe innovations. The creation of innova-tive mayonnaise sauces is carried out by extracting individual recipe components (for example, egg products); replacing one component with another (for example, removing sugar and introducing synthetic sweeteners, or replacing synthetic E-additives with natural analogues); additional introduction of functional additives for enrichment with vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers; use of oil mixtures with a balanced fatty acid composition, etc. The practical implementation of recipe innovations at enterprises of the industry requires close cooperation of scientists and manufacturers of mayonnaise products, the use of digital technolo-gies, artificial intelligence, taking into account changes in regulatory documents that regulate issues of product safety, waste management, etc. The production and entry into the market of innovative mayonnaise products must be accompanied by the provision of complete information about the composition and properties of the product, as well as take into account the requests of all groups of consumers, studying their reaction and the degree of acceptance of new products

PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers

Learned databases, or AI4DB techniques, have rapidly developed in the last decade. Deploying machine learning (ML) and AI4DB algorithms into actual databases is the gold standard to examine their performance in practice. However, due to the complexity of database systems, the difference between ML and DB programming paradigms, and the diversity of ML models, the tasks of developing and deploying AI4DB algorithms into databases are prohibitively difficult. Most previous works focus on specific AI4DB algorithms and ML models whose deployment requires close cooperation between ML and DB developers and heavy engineering cost. In this paper, we design and implement PilotScope, an AI4DB middleware with a programming model that largely reduces such difficulties. With a novel abstraction of AI4DB algorithms for, e.g. , knob tuning and query optimization, PilotScope consists of two classes of components, AI4DB drivers and DB interactors , with different programming paradigms and roles in AI4DB tasks. ML developers focus on designing and implementing AI4DB drivers, which are algorithmic workflows that collect statistics from databases, train ML models, make decisions and optimize databases using learned models. AI4DB drivers interact with databases via DB interactors ( e.g. , for collecting data and enforcing actions in databases). DB developers focus on implementing these interactors on one or more database engines, with the interaction details hindered from ML developers. PilotScope supports a variety of AI4DB tasks, and the implementation of an AI4DB algorithm on PilotScope can be deployed in different databases with only minimum modifications. PilotScope is effective in benchmarking these AI4DB algorithms in real-world scenarios. We hope that PilotScope could significantly accelerate iterating AI4DB research and make AI4DB techniques truly applicable in production.

Research on China Pakistan Cultural Exchange in Applied Undergraduate College under the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative

With the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and "One Belt, One Road" Initiative(BRI), China and Pakistan maintain close cooperation in politics, economy, and other aspects, but cultural exchanges and cooperation lags behind, and has become a short board in the comprehensive relationship between China and Pakistan. To promote the friendly development of China-Pakistan relations, education is a key component of culture and the educational cooperation is vital to enhance Sino-Pakistan bilateral ties. Pakistan Study Center in Inner Mongolia Honder College of Arts and Sciences strives to play a better role in building a bridge of China-Pakistan friendship by promoting the cultural exchange. This paper mainly explores what this Pakistan Study Center have done recently in cultural exchange, to be specific, the exploration of Pakistan students' Chinese language education in a University of the Punjab combined with the research related to Pakistani cultural learning of Chinese college students in Inner Mongolia Honder College of Arts and Sciences.

Інструменти грошово-кредитної політики воєнного часу

Wartime poses numerous challenges at the micro and macro levels. One of the key challenges in this context is macro-financial stability. The answer to this challenge can be provided by an effective transmission mechanism of the State’s monetary policy. The aim of the article is to analyze the features of a set of measures taken by the NBU in the period of 2022–2023 in response to the intensification of russian armed aggression in the plane of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The article analyzes the challenges of monetary policy in wartime, including financing military needs, ensuring the stability of the banking system, managing international reserves, and exchange rate flexibility. The key measures on the part of the NBU, such as the purchase of government bonds, ensuring the liquidity of the banking system and stimulating economic growth, are highlighted. A significant increase in international reserves, which has become an important factor in macro-economic stability in wartime, is indicated. The specifics of monetary policy in the conditions of wartime, its impact on investment, consumption, and inflationary pressure are considered; the need for close cooperation between the Central Bank and the Government in this area is underlined. Particular attention is paid to the financing of military expenditures and their impact on monetary policy. The measures taken by the NBU to prevent a liquidity crisis and maintain the solvency of banks are analyzed. The contradiction between the financing of the budget deficit and the stability of the national currency is considered. The need to maintain macro-financial stability through a high discount rate and exchange rate adjustment is indicated. The importance of maintaining the stability of the financial system in wartime conditions is emphasized. The proposed study can be useful for researchers and analysts of monetary policy, central banks, governments, and international financial organizations. Prospects for further research are proposed in the direction of integration of Ukraine’s monetary policy in the context of development of the national economy at the post-wartime stage of development.

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТЬ КУРСА МАТЕМАТИКИ В ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ ВУЗЕ

One of the main tasks facing the University is the training of highly qualified specialists with established professional and universal competencies. The solution of such an important and complex task is possible only in close cooperation of individual university structures working to achieve a common goal. The article deals with the issues of teaching mathematics at a technical university, given the multidisciplinary nature of the training of future bachelors, masters, a special approach is needed to the methodology of presenting a certain course of mathematics for a particular specialty. It is the professional orientation of the discipline taught that will help to prepare good specialists who are in demand in the labor market. The above study summarizes many years of experience in this area, highlights certain components in the formation of professional competencies, including in mathematics classes. The article analyzes the organizational, substantive and methodological components of a professionally oriented mathematics course. An overview of various methods of developing interest in the subject, the motivational component of the learning process, and examples of individual tasks in different areas of student training are given.

외국인 유학생의 한국 정주 체류 장벽 고찰 연구

The purpose of this study was to examine ways for foreign students to permanently stay in Korea through examples of barriers to their permanent stay in Korea. For this purpose, the circumstances of foreign students' residential stay in Korea were classified into three categories and examined. In-depth interviews were conducted with research participants recruited through snowball sampling, and the collected data were processed according to hermeneutic analysis procedures. As a result of the analysis, 'barriers to job-seeking visa extension', 'barriers to E-7 visa issuance', 'barriers to major-related employment', 'barriers to Korean language and employment education', 'barriers to period of stay', and 'barriers to social security system and accompanying family support'. appear. Based on this, close cooperation between foreign students and the Ministry of Justice, a big data-based AI platform, and an online learning method based on Jeongju Korean were suggested.

A study on cultural adaptation of Chinese Students in Indonesia

As closer cooperation in education between Guangxi and Indonesia, the cross-cultural adaptation of foreign students in target countries has become a very important issue. In terms of society, psychology, learning and culture, the article studies the adaptation of international students who come from Guangxi University of Foreign Language in Indonesia by means of questionnaires and interviews. Their cultural adaptation is generally good, but there are many differences in gender, length of study abroad, cultural experience, etc..This thesis will analyze the factors that affect cross-cultural adaptation and the reasons for the differences, and provide relevant suggestions for further improving at training program.

Simple ways to improve nutrient content and health profile in different types of foodservice products

ABSTRACT This study shows how two foodservice products, French fries with sausage (representing vice food) and vegetable and lentil soup (representing virtue food), can be reformulated to meet the nutritional recommendations without compromising consumer acceptance. The reformulation process involved recipe development and testing, including techniques such as salt reduction, fat quality modifications, and spicing solutions to compensate the flavor changes. The reformulated products were evaluated by both consumers (N = 123) and sensory professionals (N = 9). Consumer testing revealed no significant differences in overall pleasantness between the original and the reformulated products. However, the reformulated versions received higher ratings for smell and pleasantness of appearance. This suggests that it is possible to reformulate products with conventional nutrient profiles without negatively affecting consumer acceptance. The sensory professionals also evaluated the reformulated products similarly. The nutrient content of both products significantly improved following reformulation. The study concludes by recommending the widespread implementation of reformulation techniques in the foodservice industry. Authorities are encouraged to support this by providing funding for training in recipe modification techniques. In addition, closer cooperation and knowledge sharing among stakeholders in the food supply chain are recommended to further enhance the implementation of reformulation practices.