Clinicopathological Changes Research Articles

In vitro Infectivity of Strains Isolated From Dogs Naturally Infected With Leishmania infantum Present a Distinct Pathogenic Profile in Hamsters.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the parasite's main reservoir, favoring its transmission in the urban environment. The analysis of L. infantum from infected dogs contributes to the identification of more virulent parasites, thereby supporting basic and applied studies such as vaccinal and therapeutic strategies. We proposed the in vitro and in vivo characterization of L. infantum strains from naturally infected dogs from a VL endemic area based on an infectivity and pathogenicity analysis. DH82 canine macrophages were infected in vitro with different strains for infectivity analysis, showing distinct infectivity profiles. The strains that showed greater and lesser infectivity using in vitro analyses (616 and 614, respectively) were used to infect hamsters for pathogenicity analysis. The group infected with strain 616 showed 100% survival while the group infected with strain 614 showed 50% after seven months of follow up. Furthermore, the 614 strain induced more noticeable clinicopathological changes and biochemical abnormalities in liver function, along with high inflammation and parasite load in the liver and spleen. We confirmed high variability of infectivity and pathogenicity in L. infantum strains from infected dogs. The results support the belief that screening for L. infantum infectivity using in vitro experiments is inadequate when it comes to selecting the most pathogenic strain.

Effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor doramapimod on the systemic inflammatory response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide in horses.

BackgroundDoramapimod, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, is a potent anti‐inflammatory drug that decreases inflammatory cytokine production in equine whole blood in vitro. It may have benefits for treating systemic inflammation in horses.ObjectiveTo determine whether doramapimod is well tolerated when administered IV to horses, and whether it has anti‐inflammatory effects in horses in a low‐dose endotoxemia model.AnimalsSix Standardbred horses.MethodsTolerability study, followed by a blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study. Horses were given doramapimod, and clinical and clinicopathological variables were monitored for 24 hours. Horses then were treated with doramapimod or placebo, followed by a low dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical variables (heart rate, rectal temperature, noninvasive blood pressure), leukocyte count and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) concentrations were measured at multiple time points until 6 hours post‐LPS infusion.ResultsNo adverse effects or clinicopathological changes were seen in the safety study. When treated with doramapimod as compared to placebo, horses had significantly lower heart rates (P = .03), rectal temperatures (P = .03), and cytokine concentrations (P = .03 for TNF‐α and IL‐1β), and a significantly higher white blood cell count (P = .03) after LPS infusion.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDoramapimod has clinically relevant anti‐inflammatory effects in horses, likely mediated by a decrease in leukocyte activation and decrease in the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. To evaluate its potential as a novel treatment for systemic inflammatory response syndrome in horses, clinical trials will be necessary to determine its efficacy in naturally occurring disease.

Clinicopathological and Hematological Changes in Consequence to Experimental Infection of Rabbits with Pasteurella Multocida Type A

The current research aimed to study clinical, hematological and pathological changes occurred due to experimentally challenged rabbits with Pasteurella multocida type A. Twelve healthy Pasteurella multocida free rabbits were divided into control and challenged groups. Rabbits of the challenged group were intra-nasally inoculated with 0.5 ml of 1x105 CFU of Pasteurella multocida type A, while rabbits of the control group were inoculated with 0.5 ml of brain heart infusion broth (BHI). Clinical signs, hematological parameters and histopathological lesions were recoded for 14 days. Rabbits of challenged group showed nasal rubbing with minimal mucus discharge, conjunctivitis and reduction in spontaneous activity, but no mortality occurred. Hematologically, there was highly significant low RBCs count with concomitant significantly reduction of PCV in challenged rabbits, but hemoglobin concentration was insignificantly low in challenged animals as compared to control. Although, there was insignificant increase of WBCs count in challenged group, neutrophils and monocytes recorded significant and highly significant high value in challenged rabbits than control, respectively. Challenged rabbits, however demonstrated highly significant lymphopenia, but other blood parameters did not show any significant differences between challenged and control rabbits. Histopathologically, challenged animals showed meningitis, congestion and degenerative changes in respiratory epithelium, bronchopneumonia, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and vascular changes in heart and spleen. Conclusively, the current study verified that challenging rabbits with Pasteurella multocida serotype A was not lethal and although it was essentially pneumotropic in nature, it caused lesions in other visceral organs, which in absence of bacteremia, could be caused by bacterial endotoxin liberated during disease pathogenesis.

Ameliorative Effect of Zeolite Packaging on Shelf Life of Milk

Recently, many trials to perform new films are used as food packaging to better quality and/or higher safety products. Zeolite-X [Faujasite-NaX (ZX)] and ZX modified by ionic exchange with silver nanoparticles (ZX-AgNPs) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and were then employed in the starch composite films at 0, 0.5, and 1% concentrations. The prepared films were investigated for its effect on the shelf life of laboratory pasteurized milk by detection of pH and using clot on boiling test, the antimicrobial activity, and the migration of silver to milk during refrigeration storage detected using Inductively Coupled Emission Spectrometer (ICAP). Then, we explored the impact of experimental feeding of packaged milk to laboratory rats on the hematological, biochemical parameters, and pathological effects. The results revealed that the ZX-AgNPs films showed significant reduction in the count of aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophes, coliforms, yeast, and mold, and nearly complete inhibition to Staphylococcal count at 5th day at 4 °C of storage period (2 weeks). The highest migration amount of silver recorded at 15th day was 0.497 ± 0.005 mg/l for 1% ZX-AgNPs films. Also, there are non-significant pathological lesions in the liver and kidney or clinicopathological changes of their functions as well as total protein, albumen, globulin, and blood picture at this migration amount. Therefore, the study was recommended to use ZX-AgNPs films at 0.5% as food packaging due to the existence of AgNPs which reinforcement for ZX also, nearly no silver migration occurred and by extension no hazards plus its antimicrobial characteristics which mainly ameliorate the food safety and the expiry duration of food products.

Direkt ELISA ile Tanısı Konmuş, Enterotoksijenik E. coli (ETEC) K99+ ile Enfekte Manda Yavrularındaki (Malak) Bazı Klinikopatolojik Değişiklikler

The objective of recurrent study was to determine the some clinicopathological (hematological and biochemical) changes in native buffalo calves (aged between 1-15 day) infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) K99+ detected by direct ELISA, during the period between September 2018- April 2019. A total of 40 fecal samples (30 samples from infected animal and 10 samples from clinically healthy Buffalo calves) was examined by direct ELISA. Six samples form diarrheic animals (20%) were positive for E. coli (K99). The blood gas analysis of blood samples revealed significant decrease in the means of the blood pH, Partial pressure of oxygen concentration (PO2 ), Partial pressure of carbon dioxide concentration (PCO2), base excess (BE), as well as electrolytes: sodium (Na+), chloride (CL-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), calcium (Ca++) and nonionized calcium (nCa++) ions concentrations, while a significant increase in the mean of hemoglobin concentration (tHB), packed cell volume (PCV) and anion gap (AG) in the buffalo calfs infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) K99+comparison with the control animals. The main clinicopathological changes in native buffalo calves infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) K99+ were significantly decrease in electrolytes, blood gases, Calcium (Ca++) and nonionized Calcium (nCa++) ions concentrations

SUN-383 Different clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimens contributed to the different prognosis of adult-onset Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis and IgA nephropathy with presentation of crescent lesions

SUN-383 Different clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimens contributed to the different prognosis of adult-onset Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis and IgA nephropathy with presentation of crescent lesions

Neurocognitive investigation of Morinda tinctoria against amyloid beta-induced oxidative insult and cognitive impairment in albino mice: A phytotherapeutic approach

Background: Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive declination associated with several clinicopathological changes. Due to consistent drawback in the conventional therapy, now the attentions toward herbal therapeutics have been increased in recent times. Morinda tinctoria Roxb (MT) is a novel medicinal herb reported with versatile therapeutic activity. Still now, there is no proper scientific data available to confirm its efficacy against neurodegeneration. Objectives: The objective of the present research is to investigate the neurocognitive enhancing potential of MT against amyloid beta (Aβ) (25–35)-induced memory dysfunction in mice. Materials and Methods: Animals were pretreated with ethanol extract of MT (EEMT) and standard donepezil followed by single intracerebro ventricular injection of Aβ25–35. Estimation of antioxidant enzymes, metabolic enzymes, and neurotransmitters was performed along with quantification of inflammatory cytokines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The outcome of the study clearly indicates that treatment with EEMT (200 and 400 mg/kg) and donepezil (5 mg/kg) had significantly ameliorated the cognitive stress induced by Aβ25–35, which was evident from the data obtained from memory and learning task. There was a sequential decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, and nuclear factor-κ level in EEMT and donepezil treated groups. Histological finding of the samples belonging to EEMT and donepezil treated groups reveals the presence of dense network of pyramidal cell in CA layers with increased number of granular cells aligned on the dentate gyrus zone of the hippocampi. Conclusion: Neurotherapeutics from the herbal origin advocates the potential therapeutic efficacy against Alzheimer's and may become novel entity in the clinical management of neurodegenerative diseases.

Antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis mossambicus) in Malaysia.

Background and Aim:Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia.Materials and Methods:A. hydrophila was biochemically identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests. The isolate was then intraperitoneally injected into red hybrid tilapia, and the mortality, clinicopathological changes, and LD50 were determined up to 240 h post-infection (hpi).Results:The isolate demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) toward amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and streptomycin, with a MAR index of 0.5. The experimental infection of A. hydrophila at 105 CFU/mL in the red hybrid tilapia resulted in 100% mortality at 240 hpi. The LD50 was determined at 1.1×104 CFU/mL. Infected fish demonstrated occasional erratic swimming patterns, localized hemorrhages and depigmentation on the body and operculum areas, fin erosion, enlargement of the gall bladder, and hemorrhage in internal organs. Microscopic observation of infected fish revealed brain congestion, tubular necrosis, and glomerular shrinkage in the kidneys, necrosis of hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels in the liver.Conclusion:The high virulence of A. hydrophila to the red hybrid tilapia emphasizes the importance of active, on-going monitoring of its prevalence in Malaysian tilapia farming.

Right ventricular dysfunction in rheumatic heart valve disease: A clinicopathological evaluation.

. Dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a poor prognostic factor. We planned to observe the clinicopathological changes in the RV of patients with RHD. . We defined RV dysfunction by a myocardial performance index value of >0.4 on transthoracic echo-cardiography and included patients with isolated severe mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm with normal left ventricular (LV) function from April 2014 to April 2016. The patients were divided into two groups based on the absence (group I, n=21) and presence (group II, n=22) of RV dysfunction. RV muscle biopsy was evaluated for the presence of apoptosis, fibrosis and fat deposition apart from other clinical and echocardiography parameters. . Patients in both the groups had a similar demographic profile and LV dimensions and function. The age of the patients in the two groups was the only clinical parameter that was significantly different; older patients were in group II. A higher value for RV systolic pressure (RVSP) and the grade of tricuspid regurgitation was seen in group II. Though there was no significant difference in the presence of fibrosis and intensity of apoptosis in the RV biopsy samples, the deposition of fat in the interstitial spaces was decreased in group II. Age at presentation had no significant difference or correlation with the deposition of fibrosis or fat in the RV myocardial biopsy. . Patients with RV dysfunction were older in age and their RVSP was raised at operation, suggesting that earlier intervention may help in preserving RV function.

13-Week repeated oral dose toxicity study on mixture of Korean red ginseng and deer antler extract in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Owing to an increase in the consumption of herbal products as supplementary diets or functional foods, their safety has become an important issue. Repeated oral administration to rats for 13-week was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of a mixture of Korean red ginseng and deer antler extract, the most popular traditional herbal ingredients. Three test groups for the mixture of Korean red ginseng and deer antler extract were administered at 500, 1000, and 2000mg/kg/day in addition to a control group (water for injection). 10 male and 10 female rats were included in each group, and we evaluated the clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological changes in the rats. One male rat in the test group at 1000mg/kg/day died; however, it was considered a spontaneous death unrelated to the administration of the test substance. No test substance-related toxic effects were noted in rats in terms of body weight, food consumption, ophthalmological findings, urinalysis, hematological parameters, blood biochemical parameters, organ weights, gross postmortem findings, and histopathological findings. The present results suggest that the no observed adverse effect level of the mixture of Korean red ginseng and deer antler extract was greater than 2000mg/kg/day in all rats after repeated oral administration for 13-week under the present study conditions.

Chronological changes and trend of breast cancer clinics and pathology among Iranian women during 22\u2009years from the largest breast cancer registry in Iran

Background and objectiveWe evaluated clinicopathological changes of breast cancer (BC) during a 22-year time period among the Iranian population.MethodsThis study is part of the largest BC registry in Iran. Patients were categorized as those diagnosed with BC during 1993–2005, 2006–2011, and 2012–2017 and compared regarding baseline characteristics and socioeconomical determinants, and obstetrical/gynecological and BC characteristics.ResultsOverall, 688, 1871, and 3020 patients entered the 1993–2005, 2006–2012, and 2012–2017 year groups, respectively. Mean (SD) age at first presentation of BC increased throughout the year groups (47.40 ± 10.34, 49.12 ± 11.70, and 49.43 ± 12.07 years, respectively; p < 0.001). Mean (SD) tumor size increased from 1993–2005 to 2006–2011 and decreased onto 2012–2017 (2.82 ± 1.69, 2.91 ± 1.49, and 2.66 ± 1.52 cm, respectively; p < 0.001). Number of individuals with stage 4 and grade 3 BC also showed an increasing pattern (p < 0.001). Tumor necrosis rates showed an increase onto 2011–2017 (43%, 47.3%, and 56%, respectively; p < 0.001). ER positive (62.4%, 73.4%, and 77.1%, respectively; p < 0.001) and PR positive individuals (59.5%, 64.3%, 72.6%, respectively; p < 0.001) showed an increasing trend. HER2 positive expression rates increased from 1993–2005 to 2005–2011 (24.5% and 31.5%, respectively) and decreased onto 2012–2017 (31.5% and 26.8%, respectively, p < 0.001). Number of involved lymph nodes increased (5.70 ± 6.56, 5.65 ± 6.00, and 5.95 ± 6.99, respectively; p < 0.001). Pattern of BC invasion and recurrence showed significant change (p < 0.001).ConclusionClinical and pathological characteristics may be showing a changing pattern among the Iranian population.

Fumaratehydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological and molecular study of 13 cases

AimsHereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is a newly recognised entity in the WHO 2016 classification defined as the germline mutation of FH gene. Fumaratehydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-deficient...

Optical coherence tomography findings in unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome: a case report

IntroductionTo report a case of unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome and evaluate the associated clinicopathological changes using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).Case presentationA 39-year-old Japanese woman reported a visual field defect of 2-years duration in the right eye. The patient underwent visual field testing, full-field electroretinography (ff-ERG), SS-OCT, and a routine ophthalmologic examination. The best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 bilaterally. The funduscopy examination was normal bilaterally. Visual field testing showed a relative paracentral scotoma in the right eye. SS-OCT scans showed an unclear interdigitation zone (IZ) throughout the posterior pole except for the foveal zone in the right eye. SS-OCT macular analysis showed thinning of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) corresponding to the region of the IZ defect. ff-ERG showed almost normal flash ERGs and normal rod responses bilaterally. The cone response and flicker ERG response were decreased markedly only in the right eye.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome in which SS-OCT showed pathological changes in the GCL and IPL. The OCT findings corresponded well to the ERG changes and visual field abnormality. Because foveolar cone photoreceptor cells are connected in a one-to-one correspondence to retinal ganglion cells without connection to the horizontal cells or amacrine cells, the GCL and IPL were not present in the fovea. Based on this analysis, we speculated that the primary lesion of peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome is not in the cone photoreceptor cells but in the horizontal cells and/or amacrine cells. The clinicopathological changes in the ganglion cells and cone photoreceptor cells might be the subsequent pathologies in the horizontal cells in peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome.

Acute toxicity, oxidative stress response and clinicopathological changes in Wistar rats exposed to aqueous extract of Uvaria chamae leaves

Abstract Acute toxicity, oxidative stress damage and clinicopathological changes were investigated in Wistar rats exposed to the aqueous extract of Uvaria chamae leaves because of the widespread ethnomedicinal use of the plant in many parts of the world. The acclimatized rats were administration 10 mgkg−1, 100 mgkg−1 and 1000 mgkg−1 (Phase I) and 1600 mgkg−1, 2900 mgkg−1 and 5000 mgkg−1 of the extract (Phase II). We observed rats for signs of toxicity within the first 30 min, 1-h, 2-h, 3-h, 4-h, 12-h, 24-h and thereafter daily for 14 days. Body and organ weights of rats were also monitored and used as measures of toxicity. We evaluated the haematological, biochemical, antioxidant and lipid peroxidation as well as histopathological effects of the extract in experimental rats after day 14th of the exposure. Exposed rats showed no signs of toxicity. The median lethal dose of the extract was estimated to be above 5000 mgkg−1. We observed significant (p 0.05) differences in the haematological and biochemical profiles as well as in the antioxidant and lipid peroxidative activities of the extract in exposed rats. Similarly, no obvious histopathological changes were observed in exposed rats. Although the aqueous extract of U. Chamae leaves was apparently non-toxic to the exposed rats as demonstrated, there is still a need for further investigations of its prolonged use and at sub-chronic extract concentrations.

Study on Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854) model

This study determines the median lethal dose, and describes the clinico-pathological changes and disease development following Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka model. Javanese medakas were infected with S. agalactiae via intraperitoneal (IP) from 104 to 108 CFU/mL, and immersion (IM) route from 103 to 107 CFU/mL. The LD50–240h and clinico-pathological changes of the fish was determined until 240 h post infection (hpi). Next, the disease development was determined for 96 hpi in the fish following IP and IM infection at 103 CFU/mL and 104 CFU/mL, respectively. The LD50–240h of S. agalactiae in Javanese medaka was lower following IP injection (4.5 × 102 CFU/mL), compared to IM route (3.5 × 103 CFU/mL). The clinical signs included separating from the schooling group, swimming at the surface of water column, lethargy, erratic swimming pattern, corneal opacity and exophthalmia. Histopathological examinations revealed generalized congestion in almost all internal organs, particularly in liver and brain, while the kidney displayed tubular necrosis. Both IP and IM routes showed significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the CFU/g of S. agalactiae in the fish tissue and fish deaths. Moreover, the lesions for histopathological scoring in selected organs following IP and IM challenges were also reflecting the CFU/g and fish deaths. This study indicates the capability of Javanese medaka as a model organism in study of streptococcosis development.

Early-stage serrated adenocarcinomas are divided into several molecularly distinct subtypes.

Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) is considered the end stage of the serrated neoplasia pathway. Although SAC prognosis is not widely recognized, the serrated pathway-associated subtype consistently exhibits unfavorable prognosis in genetic studies. Herein, we classified molecularly distinct subtypes of serrated adenocarcinomas and clarified their associated clinicopathological characteristics and genetic changes. We examined 38 early-stage colorectal SACs. Of these, 24 were classified into three molecularly distinct groups by colon cancer subtyping (CCS). The clinicopathological characteristics, Ki 67 labeling index (LI), and SAC epithelial serration were assessed. The DNA from carcinomas and normal tissue/adenoma was extracted by laser microdissection and sequenced by next-generation sequencing, and mutation numbers and patterns of a 15-oncogene panel were determined. The CCS groups included CCS1 (CDX2+, HTR2B-, FRMD6-, ZEB1-, and microsatellite instable-low [MSI-L]/microsatellite stable [MSS]; 14 cases), CCS2 (microsatellite instable-high [MSI-H], 5 cases), and CCS3 (CDX2-, HTR2B+, FRMD6+, ZEB1+, and MSI-L/MSS; 5 cases). Invasive cancer was significantly more frequent in CCS3 than in CCS1 (5/5 versus 3/14, respectively). Ki67 LI and epithelial serration were higher in CCS3 than in CCS1 (83.0 ± 5.8 versus 65.4 ± 4.0 and 5/5 versus 3/14, respectively; p = 0.031 and 0.0048). CCS2 showed the highest mutation number, whereas KRAS and BRAF mutation numbers were higher in CCS3 than in CCS1. Early-stage SACs were classified into three molecularly distinct subtypes with different clinicopathological and genetic characteristics.

Clinicopathological and mineral changes associated with dogs infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis

The clinicopathological features including mineral level of dogs infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis were evaluated to understand the pathogenesis of infestation in order to propose an effective treatment plan. Twenty healthy dogs were recruited for the study and were divided into two groups after environmental adjustments. Group A dogs were scabies free while group B dogs were housed with scabies infested dogs. The PCV, HB, RBC, WBC, platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, TP, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, BUN, and glucose levels were examined for 6 weeks following establishment of mites. Zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, and sulfur levels were assayed at the 6th week of infestation. Hematological values of infested dogs differed significantly (P < 0.05) from healthy dogs with exceptions to monocytes and eosinophils. The eosinophil lymphocyte ratio, monocyte lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio of 3 weeks post infestation did not significantly differ from 6 weeks post infestation while platelet lymphocyte ratio at week 3 were elevated and significantly differed from counts at week 6. TP, albumin, and globulin values were only altered significantly (P < 0.05) from the 4th week of infestation. ALP values were affected by the 6th week following infestation while creatinine values were significantly lower in infested dogs. Zinc, copper, and selenium levels significantly decreased during infestation while manganese and sulfur amounts in study dogs showed no variations. Study established decreased zinc, copper, and selenium levels in scabies; hence, supplements with these trace elements should be incorporated to the treatment plan of mange in dogs.

Clinicopathological changes during canine transmissible venereal tumor treatment with vincristine

The aim of this study was to describe the hematological, serum chemistry and cytological changes that occur before and during regression of canine transmissible venereal tumors following treatment with vincristine. Forty-four dogs with a cytological diagnosis of TVT were treated with intravenous vincristine sulphate at a dose-rate of 0.025mg/kg body weight, for 5 weeks. At diagnosis and during follow-up evaluations, fine needle aspirate (FNA) smears, and serum samples were collected. Additionally, 11 free catch urine samples were collected at the time of diagnosis and analyzed. Of the 44 dogs examined, many were hyperglob- ulinemic (25/44, 56.8%) and anemic (19/44, 40%). Thrombocytosis was present in 25% (11/44), lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were recorded in 13.6% (6/44), while elevated activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was recorded in 18% (8/44) of the dogs. Abnormalities in the urine samples included proteinuria and hematuria (8/11, 72%), and suppurative inflammation in 91% (10/11). Other than persistent leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in one of the dogs, all hematologic alterations had returned to within reference intervals 7 days after the first treatment of TVT with vincristine. However, reductions in serum proteins, globulins and LDH were observed after several weeks of treatment. On a weekly basis, the treatment with vincristine reduced the population of typical TVT cells, while it increased the numbers of inflammatory and epithelial cells as observed in the FNAC smears. In the present study, hematological, serum chemistry and cytological changes that occurred within the first week of treatment of canine TVT with vincristine seem to be an early indicator of eventual tumor regression. Urine is not a useful diagnostic sample for the diagnosis TVT even among dogs with bleeding genital tumors.

Common Laboratory Findings with Clinical Correlation and Follow Up in Patients with Genetically Proven Myeloproliferative Neoplasms at Age 50 and Younger

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders with shared gene mutations, excess blood production and wide range of clinicopathological changes. JAK2, CALR and MPL gene mutation study has become one of the major criteria in the diagnosis of MPNs.

Epstein–Barr Virus: A Biological Overview and Clinicopathological Changes of Two Epstein–Barr Virus-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders in a World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 Report

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most important viral causes for the development of tumours. The global geographical epidemiology of EBV shows prevalence differences between rich and poor countries across the world, and the impact on health suggests EBV should be an important target of research worldwide. This article will discuss the biology of the virus with an emphasis on its latency types, vital to understanding the possibilities of viral detection. The main objective is to discuss two lymphoproliferative diseases that are associated with EBV and appear in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues: EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma and EBV mucocutaneous ulcer. The name of the former was changed to support the better understanding of infection pathology, while the second was recently described and made its debut in the WHO classification. Pathologists must have knowledge on these diseases and how to investigate them, and oncologists and clinical doctors must be informed on the guidelines.