Clinico-bacteriological Profile Research Articles

Clinico-bacteriological profile of lower respiratory tract infections in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata – A cross-sectional and observational study

Clinico-bacteriological profile of lower respiratory tract infections in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata – A cross-sectional and observational study

Current Trends in Clinico-Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Active Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (Safe and Unsafe) at a Tertiary Care Center in Uttarakhand: An Observational Study.

Otitis media is defined as inflammation of the middle ear due to any cause that may also involve any contiguous pneumatized portion of the temporal bone. It is also one of the most common diseases of childhood after viral upper respiratory tract infection. As a result of the widespread availability of over-the-counter topical antibiotics and the irrational use of these agents, there is a development of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the current bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in clinically diagnosed cases of active chronic otitis media (COM) at a tertiary care center in Uttarakhand. The proposed observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Microbiology of Government Doon Medical College Hospital, Dehradun, over a period of 18 months from August 2022 to January 2024. One hundred and thirty-seven cases of active COM fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study. Under strict aseptic conditions, pus samples were collected from the middle ear using two sterile cotton swabs under microscopic examination and sent to the microbiology lab for pathogen identification and isolation. The isolated organisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using VITEK-2 as per the latest Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: In the present study, the most common age group affected by COM was between 18 and 30 years with female predominance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.6%) was the predominantly isolated organism followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.8%). Considering the antibiotic susceptibility, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem while least sensitive to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin. The maximum resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was observed to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The study of changing clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in cases of COM due to variations in the geography and environment of the study population can help to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment and thus prevent the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Clinico-Bacteriological Study of Sepsis in VLBW Neonates in Tertiary Care NICU in Central India: A Descriptive Observational Study

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the most serious challenges in maternal and child health in developing countries. Neonatal sepsis is responsible for about 30-50% of the total neonatal deaths in developing countries. Given the high prevalence of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) neonates and the increasing incidence of sepsis in this population, there is a need to study the clinical and bacteriological profile of sepsis. Aim: To study the clinico-bacteriological profile of neonatal sepsis in VLBW neonates (Birth weight <1500 gm) in a tertiary care NICU in central India. Materials and Methods: The descriptive observational study was conducted among VLBW neonates with clinically suspected sepsis admitted to the NICU of Indira Gandhi Government Medical College and Mayo Hospital in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, from November 2019 to October 2021. All 160 VLBW neonates with clinically suspected sepsis and positive sepsis screen consisting of four parameters {Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Immature/Total Neutrophil Ratio (I/T Ratio), C-Reactive Protein (CRP)+} and whose mothers provided informed consent were included in the study within 24 hours of admission. Details such as demographic data, maternal risk factors and type of delivery, clinical signs of sepsis presentation, any Central Nervous System (CNS) signs, day of onset of sepsis, sepsis screen parameters (CRP, TLC, ANC, I/T Ratio), blood culture, and Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) examination findings were studied. Continuous variables were evaluated using the student t-test, and categorical variables were evaluated using the chi-square test. Results: There were 96 (60%) males and 64 (40%) females. In the sepsis screen parameters, the majority of the neonates were CRP positive 148 (92.3%) followed by TLC positive among 119 (74.38%) neonates. Lethargy was the most common clinical presentation among 147 (91.88%) neonates followed by difficulty in feeding among 121 (75.63%) neonates. Blood culture was positive among 61 (38.13%) neonates, and Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated among 21 (34.43%) neonates. Conclusion: The most common clinical presentation of neonatal sepsis was lethargy followed by difficulty in feeding. In the present study, the most common organism isolated was E.coli.

Surgical site infection: Clinico- bacteriological Profile and antibiogram in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major health care associated infections and possess a great challenge to clinicians. It increases duration of hospital stay, associated morbidity and mortality and treatment cost. For prompt and appropriate management, it is necessary to understand the appropriate microbial etiology and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. To determine the prevalence of SSI along with its clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiogram and to correlate with the risk factors.A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata for a period of one year (2020-2021). Post-operative surgical site infections within 30 days after surgery were included in the study. All samples were collected from clinically suspected SSI cases and processed in the lab as per standard laboratory protocol. Vitek®2 compact system (BIOMERIEUX) was used for further identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All Gram negative pathogens resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins were screened for ESBL and AmpC. Carbapenem resistant isolates were subjected to Carba NP test for carbapenemase production. Out of 6582 surgeries, clinically suspected SSIs were detected in 220 cases. Among these 220 patients, 186 patients were confirmed as SSI in the laboratory, SSI rate being 2.83%. In 62.27% cases, growth was mono-microbial. Growth of gram negative organisms were noted in 58.72% cases and gram positive growth was 38.53%. (57.14%) was the predominant isolates followed by (35.94%). Diabetes mellitus, obesity and using prophylactic antibiotic >2 hours prior to surgery were found to be significantly associated. For gram positive organism, Vancomycin and Linezolid were found to be most susceptible antimicrobials and for gram negative organisms, it was Polymyxin B and Meropenem. Most of the gram negative organisms were ESBL producer (67.97%). Rapidly emerging multi drug resistant organisms are complicating the management of surgical site infection day by day and possessing significant burden to health care system. For implementation of appropriate antimicrobial policy, it is important to identify bacteriological profile and antibiogram in every hospital.

Peritonsillar Abscess: Clinico-bacteriological Profile and its Management

Peritonsillar Abscess: Clinico-bacteriological Profile and its Management

Clinicobacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of chronic dacryocystitis in adults

Abstract Background: Chronic dacryocystitis is a constant menace to delicate ocular structures. If left untreated, it can lead to sight as well as life-threatening complications. However, such complications may be prevented by timely intervention along with appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. The objectives are to investigate the current bacterial community profile in adult patients with chronic dacryocystitis attending a referral eye care center in Odisha and to determine their drug susceptibility pattern to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted on 70 adult patients with chronic dacryocystitis. The discharge from the punctum was collected by doing a regurgitation test or lacrimal passage irrigation and sent for microbiological analysis. Results: Out of 70 samples collected, 54 (77.1%) samples showed bacterial growth after 24–48 h of incubation. Among various isolates recovered, 68.5% were gram-positive and 27.8% were gram-negative organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most common isolate among gram-positive, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most common among gram-negative organisms. Among all drugs used in the susceptibility test; amikacin, piperacilin + tazobactam, and netilmycin were found to be most sensitive and cefixime, and amoxycilin + clavulinic acid was found to be most resistant to gram-positive as well as for gram-negative organisms. Conclusion: Knowledge about the microbiological profile and the drug susceptibility pattern responsible for chronic dacryocystitis in a geographical area is important and should be kept in mind while treating these patients.

Prevalence, Clinico-Bacteriological Profile, and Antibiotic Resistance of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication in pregnancy. The prevalence varies between countries. This research aims at estimating the prevalence, clinico-bacteriological profile, antibiotic resistance, and risk factor analysis of symptomatic UTI in pregnancy. Method: This is a prospective observational study conducted at the Abdullah Bin Omran Hospital, RAK, UAE, from March 2019 to February 2020. All pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic during this period were given a pre-validated questionnaire for the symptoms of UTI. In symptomatic patients, urine was sent for microscopy, culture, and sensitivity. Women were treated for UTI and were followed up for the rest of the pregnancy. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 24 using descriptive statistics and comparisons with significance at a p-value of <0.05. Results: The prevalence of symptomatic UTI was 17.9%. E.coli was the commonest isolate followed by Group B streptococcus. The commonest symptom reported was loin pain and the most common risk factor was diabetes. Women with risk factors are significantly more likely to have culture-positive UTIs. Most of the pathogens were sensitive to cefuroxime and benzyl penicillin. Risk of preterm labor was higher. Conclusions: Regular antenatal care and routine urine testing in all visits are recommended for early detection and treatment of UTI.

A study of clinico-bacteriological profile and to determine incidence of meningitis in late onset sepsis in newborn unit of tertiary care teaching hospital in Northern India

Background: The daily risk of mortality in first 4 weeks of life is almost 30-fold higher than post-neonatal period. Late onset sepsis (LONS) and meningitis still continue to be major causes of mortality and morbidity in newborn period. Our study was done to study clinical profile of enrolled newborns with LONS along with incidence of meningitis in them. The objective of this study was to study clinico-bacteriological profile and to determine associated incidence of meningitis in neonates with late onset sepsis (LONS) in a hospital setting in Northern India.Methods: It was a hospital based prospective observational study conducted over a period of 12 months enrolling 122 newborn with &gt;72 hours of age fulfilling inclusion criterias.Results: Out of total 122 enrolled newborn, 37 (30.3%) neonates had meningitis. 71 (58.20%) were of term gestation with majority 61 (50.0%) in age group of 4-7days of life. Incidence of LONS in low birth weight and very low birth weight were 54% and 13.5%. Most commonly seen symptoms in at admission were lethargy, refusal to feed and fever. Blood culture was positive in 45 (36.88%) in neonates with Acinetobacter baumanii, klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichiae coli being most commonly seen organisms. Cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) culture was positive in 4 (10.81%) newborns. Mean duration of hospital stay was 24.75±13.96 days. Mortality in neonatal meningitis was 3 (3.2%).Conclusions: Our study proved that about one third of newborn admitted with LONS also had coexistent meningitis. Thus CSF analysis is a must and it should not be missed as untreated meningitis can be devastating for newborn. Antibiotics must be added as per antibiogram of specified institute.

Clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiogram of Staphylococcus epidermidis with special emphasis on Methicillin resistance and hospital acquired infections in a tertiary care center south India

is a normal commensal of the skin and mucous membrane of humans and animals. Despite the growing importance of its pathogenesis especially in neonatal septicemia and device associated infections, it is still considered as insignificant isolate in the clinical practice. Hence, the present study is taken up to analyze the sources and risk factors of the isolates and to know their antibiogram along with occurrence of Methicillin resistant (MRSE).150 clinically significant isolates from various clinical specimens were considered in this study. Species identification was done by phenotypic methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility test and detection of Methicillin resistance were performed by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines.Among 150 isolates, 78% were recovered from hospital acquired infections. They were commonly isolated in pediatric age group (30%) and among males (60.67%). Total of 34.67% were isolated from pus samples followed by blood (25.33%). Most of the isolates were associated with multiple risk factors like hospitalization, prior antibiotic administration, foreign body in situ and ICU admission. Majority of the isolates expressed resistance towards Penicillin (93.33%), followed by Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid (76%), Cotrimoxazole (71.33%), Fluoroquinolones (64%), Gentamicin (60%) and Erythromycin (55.33%). Resistance against Amikacin (16.67%), Tetracycline (9.3%) and Linezolid (0.67%) was low. All isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin. Inducible Clindamycin resistance was 18% and MRSE was 68%.: Clinical importance and emergence of drug resistance among infections is growing with the advent of advanced medicine. This warrants the need to implement simple laboratory methods for species identification of the and to determine the antibiotic resistant patterns on routine basis. Clinical correlation of the isolate is crucial to rule out the colonizers and contaminants.

Current Pattern and Clinico-Bacteriological Profile of Healthcare Associated Infections in an ICU Setting: A Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Delhi

Background: Global prevalence of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) ranges anywhere between 7% and 12% as per WHO estimates. This study was undertaken to understand the pattern and types of HAI at a selected healthcare facility and to determine the common causative agents and their antibiotic susceptibility profile. Methods: One hundred consecutive patients diagnosed with HAI were enrolled and monitored; the causative organisms isolated on culture were recorded and their sensitivity profiles were generated.Results: There were a total of 110 HAIs with 10 patients having two infections each. 69 patients had ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), 21 patients had catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) patients, 20 patients had central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and 10 patients had both VAP and CAUTI. All of the HAIs were device associated. 76 pathogens were isolated on culture. No organism was isolated in 40 HAI. Majority (94.7%) of the organisms were gram-negative and all were multidrug resistant. Seventy-seven of the enrolled patients expired while 23 patients were discharged from the hospital.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that HAIs occur in patients of all age groups; younger patients were not spared. Majority of the HAIs were caused by multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria and were associated with high mortality. Acinetobacter species was the most common organism associated with HAI.

Clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance pattern in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD

BackgroundRepeated attacks of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) have been attributed to bacterial infections. However, sputum microbiology for identifying the bacteriological profile is not performed usually and remains controversial. Thus, we performed a prospective, cross-sectional study to assess the clinico-bacteriological profile of the patients with AECOPD and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from sputum samples. The study involved 104 consecutive hospitalized patients, of either gender, aged 40–90 years, and diagnosed with AECOPD. Before initiating an empirical antibiotic therapy, the sputum samples of all the patients were collected and subjected to Gram staining, bacterial culture, and antibiotic sensitivity.ResultsThe most common bacterial isolates were P. aeruginosa (30.7%) followed by K. pneumoniae (20.3%) and S. pneumoniae (8.6%). Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were most sensitive to Meropenem (91%) followed by Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (83%). However, these bacteria were most resistant to Cefoperazone-sulbactam (43%) followed by Levofloxacin (41%). P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were most resistant to Cefoperazone-sulbactam (23%) followed by Fluoroquinolones (23–35%), while S. pneumoniae was most resistant to Ciprofloxacin (44%) followed by Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (33%).ConclusionsIsolation of P. aeruginosa, as the most common agent, further confirms its roles in severe attacks of AECOPD. The regularly used antibiotics were found to be resistant to most isolates, thereby suggesting that severity of AECOPD may be attributed to the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains.

Clinico-bacteriological profile of pyodermas in a tertiary care hospital

Clinico-bacteriological profile of pyodermas in a tertiary care hospital

Chronic Dacryocystitis: Clinico-Bacteriological Profile and its Antibiogram at a Tertiary care Hospital in Belagavi, Karnataka

Chronic dacryocystitis is an infection of the lacrimal sac and occurs due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. It is an important cause of ocular morbidity in India. Objective: 1) To identify various species of aerobic bacteria causing chronic dacryocystitis 2) To determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these bacterial species. At a tertiary care hospital in Belagavi, Karnataka, over two year period, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 patients suffering from chronic dacryocystitis. Samples obtained were subjected to microbiological culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing was done on identified isolates. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft office excel 2010. The Maximum (31.67%) number of patients who belonged to the age group of 45-50 years Female were predominantly affected 50 (83.3%). Majority i.e. 53 (88.34%) had unilateral eye involvement. Of 67 samples collected 42 (62.68%) were culture positive. Gram-positive cocci (65.22%) were the predominant cause of bacterial infection than Gram-negative bacilli (34.78%). Among Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus (30.43%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.73%) and among Gram-negative bacilli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes (10.86% each) were the predominant isolates. The most effective antimicrobial agents for Gram-positive cocci were Gentamicin and Vancomycin (93.33% each) and for Gram-negative bacilli were Ticarcillin/Clavulanic acid (87.25%), Ticarcillin, Imipenem, and Ceftazidime/Clavulanic acid (81.25% each). The present study highlights the need for detection of specific etiological agents and their antibiotic sensitivity which will enable the clinician in efficient patient management and avoid irrational antibiotic use.

Clinico-bacteriological and antibiotic drug resistance profile of chronic suppurative otitis media at a tertiary care hospital in Western Rajasthan.

Background:Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a major cause of hearing disability and morbidity in poor socioeconomic developing countries with prevalence of 4%. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and poor follow up of patients has resulted in treatment failure, emergence of resistant strains, super infection, intra-cranial and extra-cranial complications in CSOM patients. Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, Proteus spp. and Klebsiella spp. are most common organisms causing infection. Knowledge of microbial profile and susceptibility pattern is essential for efficacious treatment of this disorder.Objective:To determine the clinico-bacteriological profile of CSOM, to analyze the susceptibility pattern of various antibiotics and to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of aminoglycosides over fluoroquinolones against the aerobic bacterial isolates from CSOM.Methods:We studied 153 clinically suspected CSOM cases from March 2018 to October 2018 in Microbiology and Otorhinolaryngology department. The ear swabs were aerobically cultured and identification of the isolate was done by standard bacteriological methods.Results:Safe type CSOM was a major cause of disease. Moderate (35.3%) and mild degree (32.7%) of hearing loss was seen in most of the CSOM cases. The culture positivity rate was 82.4% and the most common isolate was P. aeruginosa (55.8%) followed by S. aureus (27.5%). P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and Enterobacteriaceae spp. showed high sensitivity to colistin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime-tazobactam and good sensitivity for cefepime and amikacin; 33.3% S. aureus isolates were Methicillin-resistant which was sensitive to gentamicin, vancomycin and linezolid.Conclusion:Knowledge of the spectrum of microorganisms causing ear discharge is important for effective treatment.

Clinico-bacteriological Profile of Urinary Tract Infection in Selected Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Eastern India: An Observational Study

Background: The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) throughout the world is increasing strikingly and is becoming a serious public health problem especially in the developing countries. Infections are important cause of death in diabetes and remain a very important cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Most common type of diabetes in Indian population is type 2 DM. Most common infection associated with DM found to be urinary tract infections (UTI). Objective: The main objectives of this study were to isolate, identify and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microbiological agents of UTI in type 2 DM patients and assess prognosis of these patients with prescribed antimicrobial treatment regimen. Results and Discussions: We conducted the study from December 2013 to December 2018 in the department of microbiology from the patients attending the outpatients department of a tertiary care hospital. In this study, total 774 non-repetitive patients’ samples were included but 14 samples were contaminated and lost from follow-up. Thus, available data for analysis were 760 samples. Total 254 samples showed significant growth (32.82%). Most common isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli. In our study, 17.82% patients were asymptomatic but culture positive. The asymptomatic patients with positive urine culture turn up with symptomatic UTI, often with complications. Conclusion: UTI with multidrug-resistant organism in outpatients has emerged; limiting the treatment options in the high-risk groups. The need for an antibiotic policy based on adequate and continuous monitoring of susceptibility patterns in the institutions is recommended.

A Study of the Clinico-Bacteriological Profile of Infants Aged 29-59 Days Suffering from Very Severe Disease According to WHO IMCI Guideline

INTRODUCTION: According to the IMCI guidelines young infants below 2 months are considered a special group because these infants have special characteristics, that they can become sick and die very quickly from serious bacterial infections. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to assess clinical characteristics of very severe disease according to WHO IMCI guideline among young infants of 29-59 days age and to determine whether clinically severe infections are associated with culture-positive bacteremia as well as to find out common etiological factors including organisms involved. The rationale behind conducting such research was that, although young infants of 29-59 days were equally vulnerable to severe infections as are the neonates; similar research addressing the condition in the young infants of the mentioned age is generally lacking. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, from March 2016 to September 2016. Young infants aged between 29-59 days presenting with signs of very severe disease were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were young infants with a congenital anomaly and very sick infants. RESULTS: In this study, it was observed that the majority (43.8%) of patients belonged to age 31-40 days and the mean age was 42.2 ± 7.4 days, ranged from 30 to 57 days. Regarding the sign of severe infection, the majority (97.7%) of patients had a fever, followed by 81.6% fast breathing, 65.5% history of unable to feed, 29.9% convulsion, 27.6% movement when stimulated, 18.4% grunting, and 2.3% had low body temperature. Eleven patients were found in blood culture positive. Klebsiella spp. was the most prevalent pathogens, comprising 6(54.5%) of the isolates, followed by coliform 2(18.2%), staphylococcus aureus 2(18.2%), and coagulase -ve staphylococcus was 1 (9.1%). CONCLUSION: Fever, fast breathing, and unable to feed were more common signs of very severe disease in the patients and positive blood culture was found in 12.6% of the cases. Klebsiella was found to be the commonest pathogen.&#x0D;

Clinico-bacteriological Profile of Pneumonia, Meningitis and Sepsis in under Five Children from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

Introduction: Invasive Bacterial Diseases (IBD) are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in under five children in India. There is difference in the pattern and aetiology of IBD according to the geographical variation and the antimicrobial susceptibility of causative organisms are also variable. There is lack of data on patterns of IBD from central India. Aim: To generate the data on the burden of pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis among under five children in central India and the microorganisms associated with them. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020 at the Department of Paediatrics at Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College and MY Hospital, indore, India on children of 1-59 months of age admitted with pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. A detailed history was recorded for all the participants and thorough physical examination was done along with chest X-ray , routine laboratory examination and blood cultures were performed. Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) were performed on Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) samples. All the data collected were recorded in Microsoft (MS) excel sheet and frequency (n), percentages (%) and chi-square test for significance level, were calculated to analyse the collected data. Results: Of the total 450 cases enrolled, 283 (62.8%) had confirmed IBD. Out of the confirmed cases, 183 (64.6%) had pneumonia, 52 (18.3%) had meningitis and 48 (16.9%) had sepsis. Highest case fatality rate was seen with sepsis followed by meningitis and pneumonia. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, gram negative bacilli were found to be more resistant to the conventional antibiotics than gram positive organisms. An 40 (83%) of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to methicillin whereas only 12 (45%) of Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible to amikacin. Conclusion: The present study highlights the predominance of staphylococcus aureus and adverse outcomes of IBD in children with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and incomplete immunisation. Emergence of resistant bacterial strains to conventional antibiotics warrants the need to consider the locally prevailing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for the effective management of these diseases.

Clinico-bacteriological profile of community acquired pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital (rural based)

Respiratory tract infections are the most frequent of all the infections. Pneumonia is the commonest disease with a high prevalence in the community. The knowledge and identification of organisms causing community acquired pneumonia helps in early start of empirical treatment. The study was carried out to know the bacterial etiology of community acquired pneumonia and to find out the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated bacteria. This study was a prospective cross sectional time based study of 174 patients carried out at tertiary care hospital. Sputum sample was collected and screened by gram’s staining and inoculated on Blood agar, MacConkey’s agar. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed as per CLSI guidelines by Modified Kirby Bauer method. Out of total 174 patients micro-organisms were identified in 102 patients (60%). Micro-organisms isolated in sputum were Klebsiella pneumoniae (46.22%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.69%). Organisms were found to be sensitive to ceftriaxone plus sulbactum, imipenem, piperacillin plus tazobactum, piperacillin and ceftazidime. Most of the patients showed good response to third generation cephalosporin’s, macrolides or in a combination. Bacteriological profile of CAP varies geographically. There is a need to conduct regular prevalence and antibiogram studies to develop empirical guidelines for treatment of CAP.’ Keywords: Pneumonia, Bacteriological profile, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Study of Clinicobacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis Patients Admitted In Tertiary Care Hospital in Telangana

Study of Clinicobacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis Patients Admitted In Tertiary Care Hospital in Telangana

Study of Antibiotic Susceptibility among Bacterial Isolates in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries like Nepal. Antibiotic resistance among microorganisms poses new challenges in the treatment of neonatal sepsis. The present study is conducted with the objectives of determining clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility among isolated bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference Number: 2020-064). The sample size was calculated and 77 neonates with culture-proven sepsis were included in the study. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Data entry was done in Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 20. Of the 841 specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, tracheal aspirate and pus) processed for culture, bacteria were isolated in 84 (10.0%) specimens. Among the 84, gram-negative bacilli were the predominant isolates 76 (90.5%); of which Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common 27 (32.1%). Both the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive bacteria showed high resistance to Penicillin and Cephalosporins. Gram-negative bacteria showed maximum sensitivity to Colistin, Carbapenems, Tigecycline and Fluoroquinolones. Gram-positive bacteria showed maximum susceptibility to Amikacin, Vancomycin and Carbapenems. Judicious use of antibiotics based on the updated knowledge of prevalent organisms in the local hospital setting and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern is of utmost importance for the effective treatment of neonatal sepsis.