Time In Clinical Work Research Articles

Contouring Crown Aesthetics of a Traumatized Ankylosed Tooth Using Preformed Transparent Polypropylene Thermoplastic Template

Tooth ankylosis is a disastrous sequela of dental trauma that often leads to unaesthetic tooth appearance, especially in the anterior region. The altered dental aesthetic can significantly impact young adolescents’ quality of life and general well-being. This case describes a clinical method to address the aesthetic concern of a 14-year-old young adolescent with a displaced traumatized ankylosed tooth using a preformed transparent polypropylene thermoplastic template. This template allowed recontouring of the tooth in terms of shape and alignment. This method provides an inexpensive option to correct the contour and alignment of a tooth with minimal material wastage, shortening the clinical working time and pleasing aesthetic outcome. As clinicians, one should explore all options and possibilities to work out a solution for a problem. The preformed transparent polypropylene thermoplastic template is one such option that can be used to address dental aesthetics.

A double-blind randomized within-subject study to evaluate clinical applicability of four digital workflows for the fabrication of posterior single implant crown.

To compare efficiency and clinical efficacy of posterior single implant crowns (PSIC) fabricated using four digital workflows. Twenty-two patients with one missing first molar were included. Each patient received four screw-retained implant crowns fabricated through four different workflows including a fully digital workflow with immediate digital impression (Group i-IOS), a fully digital workflow with digital impression after implant osseointegration (Group d-IOS), a model-based hybrid workflow using immediate analogue impression (Group i-AI), and a model-based hybrid workflow with conventional analogue impression after implant osseointegration (Group d-AI). The crown delivery sequence was randomized and blinded. The efficiency for each workflow and clinical outcome of each crown were recorded. The average clinical working time in fully digital workflows (i-IOS 46.90 min, d-IOS 45.66 min) was significantly lower than that in the hybrid workflows (i-AI 54.59 min, d-AI 55.96 min; p < .001). Significantly more laboratory time was spent in hybrid workflows (i-AI 839.60 min, d-AI 811.73 min) as compared to fully digital workflows (i-IOS 606.25 min, d-IOS 607.83 min, p < .01). No significant differences in the chairside time at delivery were found. More crowns in Group i-AI (15%) needed additional laboratory interventions than in the other groups (p = .029). Digital impression and model-free fully digital workflow improved prosthetic efficiency in the fabrication of PSIC. With the limitation that the results were only applicable to the implant system used and the digital technologies applied, findings suggested that workflows integrating immediate impression with implant surgery procedure was clinically applicable for restoration of PSIC.

U.S. health professionals’ perspectives on orthorexia nervosa: clinical utility, measurement and diagnosis, and perceived influence of sociocultural factors

PurposeThis study examined U.S. health professionals’ perspectives on the clinical utility, measurement, and etiology of orthorexia nervosa (ON).MethodsParticipants (n = 100) were U.S. health professionals with experience working clinically with eating disorders, including trainees, Ph.D. psychologists, social workers/mental health counselors, and medical health professionals. After reviewing the proposed ON criteria, participants responded to questions regarding the clinical utility, diagnosis, and measurement of ON, and sociocultural influence on the emergence of ON. Views of ON as a useful diagnostic category were examined as a function of participants’ current involvement in clinical versus research activities.ResultsParticipants mostly (71.9%) agreed that ON should be a distinct clinical diagnosis. Participants who endorsed ON as a valid diagnosis spent more time on clinical work and less time engaged in research compared to participants who disagreed (both ps < 0.05). Approximately 27% of participants believed additional components should be added to the proposed ON diagnostic criteria. Participants indicated that sociocultural factors have considerable influence on the development of ON, namely the diet and weight loss industry, and the perceptions that biological/organic/vegan and low fat/low carb/gluten free food are the healthiest.ConclusionProfessionals who spent more time working clinically with eating disorders were more likely to endorse ON as a unique disorder, and professionals who spent more time on research were more likely to disagree. To the extent that professionals who spend more time on research may shape the narrative around ON more visibly, this study underscores the importance of listening to practitioners' experiences in applied settings.Level of evidence: Level V: Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

Status of work alienation among nurses in China: A systematic review

Work alienation is a common feeling of estrangement from the work and its context. Nurses are prone to feel alienated due to the high risk of infection, heavy workload, and the persistence of stress at high levels. Work alienation has serious negative outcomes, organizationally as well as personally. In recent years, the issue of work alienation among nurses has received considerable attention in China, but no systematic reviews have yet been published and its epidemiological status among Chinese nurses remains unclear. To systematically evaluate the status and distribution characteristics of work alienation among nurses in China. CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, CENTRAL, Wanfang, SinoMed, CNKI, and VIP were searched for cross-sectional studies before 10 January 2022 on the current status of work alienation among nurses. Two investigators independently screened the articles, extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of literature bias. Stata16.0 software was used for analysis. A total of 12 studies were included, with 7,265 nurses involved. Meta-analysis results showed that the score of work alienation was 35.43 [95%CI (31.82, 39.04)]. Subgroup analysis showed that the scores of male and female nurses were 37.62 and 35.79 respectively; the scores of junior, undergraduate, and graduate nurses were 34.90, 37.15, and 40.02 respectively; the scores of primary, intermediate, and senior nurses were 36.95, 35.38, and 33.11 respectively; the scores of unmarried and married nurses were 38.59 and 36.70 respectively; the scores of nurses who had worked for 1~ <6 years, 6~10 years, and more than 10 years were 37.46, 36.69, and 32.89 respectively; the scores of nurses with salary <5,000 yuan, 5,000~10,000 yuan, and more than 10,000 yuan were 40.25, 37.19 and 34.52 respectively; and the scores of nurses in emergency department and intensive care units, internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics were 37.25, 38.73, 36.28, and 31.98 respectively. Chinese nurses had a moderate level of work alienation. The scores of nurses in the following categories were quite high: male, higher education levels, low-professional titles, unmarried, shorter clinical working time, lower income, working in internal medicine, and working in the emergency department and intensive care units. Managers should take effective measures as soon as possible to reduce the occurrence of nurses' sense of work alienation. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022298746.

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Progressive Protocol: Third Generation of Blood Concentrates

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been used in several fields of dentistry to improve tissue healing. However, PRF from glass tubes results in a limited number of small membranes, increasing clinical difficulty and work time. The aim of this study was to evaluate cell and platelet amounts and biomechanical strength of PRF-giant membranes produced from plastic tubes without additives. The investigators designed an exvivo study, to compare 3 different centrifugation protocols for obtaining PRF: 700×g/12minutes (leukocyte and PRF [L-PRF]), 350×g/14minutes (GM350), and 60-700×g more than 15minutes total (progressive PRF [PRO-PRF]). We collected blood samples from 5 volunteers aged 25-54years, over 3 different time periods (triplicate and paired study). From each venipuncture, 4mL of blood was collected in vacutainers with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and approximately 104mL in 12 plastic tubes without additives, which were separated into 3 groups, as per the centrifugation protocols (n=5): L-PRF, GM350, and PRO-PRF. The PRF from the tubes of the same protocol was aspirated and 9mL were placed in polylactic acid (PLA) forms and 3mL were placed in a glass receptacle. The membranes from PLA forms were tested for tensile strength and the membranes from glass receptacles were evaluated by histomorphometry, while platelets and leukocytes were counted for those in tubes with EDTA. Statistical analyses were performed using Shapiro-Wilk normality test and then a one-way repeated measures analysis followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test (α<0.05). In tensile analyses, PRO-PRF (0.85±0.23N) showed a significantly higher maximum breaking strength than L-PRF (0.61±0.26N, P=.01) and GM350 (0.58±0.23N, P<.01). The histomorphometry revealed no significant statistical difference in cell counts between the groups (P=.52). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the leukocyte (P=.25) and platelet counts (P=.59) in whole blood between the groups. The progressive protocol (PRO-PRF) enabled the production of PRF giant membranes with greater tensile strength and adequate cell distribution. Moreover, it allows biomaterial incorporation during production and enables clinical control of membrane thickness and size as per the surgical procedure.

A quality improvement project assessing a new mode of lecture delivery to improve postgraduate clinical exposure time in the Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, Uganda.

BackgroundThe Masters in Internal Medicine at the Makerere University College of Health Sciences is based on a semester system with a blend of lectures and clinical work. The programme runs for 3 years with didactic lectures set mostly for mornings and clinical care thereafter. Anecdotal reports from attending physicians in the department highlighted clinical work time interruption by didactic lectures which was thought to limit postgraduate (PG) students’ clinical work time. We set out to evaluate the clinical learning environment and explore avenues to optimise clinical exposure time.MethodsBaseline data in form of time logs documenting first-year PG activities was collected by intern doctors without the awareness of the PGs. In addition, a PG and attending physician survey on PG ward performance was carried out. These data informed a root cause analysis from which an intervention to change the mode of lecture delivery from daily lecturers across the semester to a set of block lectures was undertaken. Postimplementation time logs and survey data were compared with the pre-intervention data.ResultsPost-intervention, during a period of 50 ward round observations, PGs missed 3/50 (6%) ward rounds as compared with 10/50 (20%) pre-intervention. PGs arrived on wards before attending physicians 18/24 (75%) times post-intervention and on average had 59 min to prepare for ward rounds as compared with 5/26 (19.2%) times and 30 min, respectively, pre-intervention. Both PGs and physicians believed PGs had enough time for patient care post-intervention (17/17 (100%) vs 4/17 (23.5%) and 7/8 (87.5%) vs 2/8 (25%)), respectively.ConclusionThe baseline data collected confirmed the anecdotal reports and a change to a block week lecture system led to improvements in PGs’ clinical work time and both resident and physician approvals of PG clinical work.

The Role of Electronic Periodontal Probing in Preventing the COVID-19 Transmission in Dentistry

Aim or PurposeThe current pandemic context requires a series of preventive measures to reduce the risk of contamination during dental care procedures.One of the most effective is to reduce the clinical working time (CWT) but without influencing the quality of the treatments.Materials and MethodsThe present study was performed on a group of 27 students from the Faculty of Dental Medicine-Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi-Romania, during the 1st of February and the 31st of March 2021. All patients underwent both conventional probing (CP) and electronic probing (EP).We evaluated the CWT required to perform the periodontal probing procedure and the related periochart. The accuracy of the measurements and the tolerance of the subjects were also evaluated.ResultsThe mean values for clinical working time in order to perform periodontometry maneuvers were significantly different. (34.20 ± 6.8 min for CP and 11.30 ± 3.3 min for EP).The results of the present study highlighted the fact that the mean CWT was reduced by approximately 300% in the case of the EP compared to the CP without affecting the quality and accuracy of the dental procedure. Our results point that the CWT for EP is minimal related to the exposure time necessary for viral contamination through aerosols.ConclusionsIn a pandemic context, EP may represent not only a viable diagnostic tool but also can be successfully associated with the prevention of aerogenic viral transmission through reducing exposure and maintaining a high-quality standard.

Effect of clinical teaching behaviours on transition shock in graduate nurses.

This study aimed to explore the impact of preceptor clinical teaching behaviours on transition shock in graduate nurses using bi-directional feedback between graduate nurses and clinical preceptors and to assess preceptor clinical teaching behaviours. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. This study was conducted from January-February 2019. Participants included graduate nurses (N=117) and clinical preceptors (N=908) from a major public tertiary hospital in Western China. Overall level of transition shock of graduate nurses was moderate (mean=89 SD17.54). Transition shock level of graduate nurses rose with the increasing of time in clinical work. Intensive care unit graduate nurses suffered the strongest transition shock, whereas surgery graduate nurses sufferedthe least. Graduate nurses thought that clinical preceptors were best at evaluation and feedback, whereas clinical preceptors thought they were best at showing concern and support. The primary factors associated with transition shock in graduate nurses were the time admitted to the hospital, feedback, and evaluation, use of appropriate teaching strategies, and showing concern and support, explaining 63.5% of the total variation in transition shock in graduate nurses. In Western China, where the development of economic and medical conditions lag, transition shock is a major obstacle to the professional development of graduate nurses and clinical teaching behaviours is the key to overcoming transition obstacles. However, the serious shortage of nurses makes it difficult to not only complete heavy clinical nursing work but also to undertake the teaching of students and graduate nurses. The clinical teaching system is influenced by many factors. Focusing on clinical teaching behaviours and transition shock in graduate nurses will provide valuable data for future intervention studies. The findings of this study will be of interest to managers at all levels and will enable them to support graduate nurses by engaging in excellent clinical teaching behaviours. In the clinical teaching process, giving more feedback and evaluation, improving the ability of using appropriate teaching strategies and focusing on the physical and mental health of graduate nurses may effectively decrease transition shock of graduate nurses and reduce the turnover rate.

Speech Pathologists’ Perceptions of the Impact of Student Supervision

Qualitative studies have described clinician perspectives on student placements. These studies highlight likely contributors to placement shortages, but little is documented in speech pathology (SP). This article describes SP clinician perceptions of student impact/s on their clinical and other work tasks, stress levels and time management, and explores factors that may contribute to these perceptions of their experience. Interpretive description was selected to analyse public health sector SP clinician online survey responses. Open-ended questions explored clinician perceptions of student impact on specified components of their work as well as any other aspects clinicians identified. Thirty-four SP clinicians with varying caseloads and experience levels responded. Clinicians perceived that students can positively or negatively impact their clinical and non-clinical activities. Many also identified negative impacts on their stress levels. Some commented on differing impacts for patients and other colleagues. Collective themes of Clinician, Supervision Practices, Workplace, and Student are presented in a model of potential influences on the experience of student impact. SP clinicians perceived that experience of student impact is varied and complex. Influences are likely to be multi-factorial and further research is needed in a range of contexts to guide clinicians, managers and universities in supporting SP student clinical placements.

Anxiety and related factors in frontline clinical nurses fighting COVID-19 in Wuhan.

The aim of this study was to examine the anxiety status of the frontline clinical nurses in the designated hospitals for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan and to analyze the influencing factors, to provide data for psychologic nursing.This study used a cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling. The questionnaires were completed by 176 frontline clinical nurses. Anxiety was determined using the Hamilton anxiety scale. General data were collected using a survey. Correlation analyses were used.Among the 176 frontline nurses, 77.3% (136/176) had anxiety. The anxiety scores of the frontline clinical nurse fighting COVID-19 were 17.1 ± 8.1. Anxiety symptoms, mild to moderate anxiety symptoms, and severe anxiety symptoms were found in 27.3%, 25%, and 25% of the nurses, respectively. Sex, age, marital status, length of service, and clinical working time against COVID-19 were associated with anxiety (P < .05).The frontline nurses working in the designated hospitals for the treatment of COVID-19 in Wuhan had serious anxiety. Sex, age, length of service, and clinical working time against COVID-19 were associated with anxiety in those nurses. Psychologic care guidance, counseling, and social support should be provided to the nurses to reduce their physical and mental burden. Nursing human resources in each province should be adjusted according to each province's reality.

The Influence of the Composite Resin Material on the Clinical Working Time in Fiberglass Reinforced Periodontal Splints

This study aims to find the most effective method in terms of clinical working time when applying fibreglass splints in the lower frontal group, depending on the type of composite material used. We have selected a group of 30 patients, aged between 50 and 70, with an average age of 57, in the interval March 2016 - June2017. These patients received immobilisations as part of their periodontal treatment, using a system consisting of fibreglass and three different types of composites. The shortest work time was obtained when using the Grandioso heavy flow composite, the next closest time being obtained with Gaenial flow universal. Our study indicated that the highly viscous flow composite resins offers the shortest clinical working time out of all tested materials.

CAREER PERCEPTIONS AND IDEALS FOR CLINICALLY FOCUSED AND ACADEMIC PSYCHOLOGY CAREERS: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY

More psychologists who have specialty training in geriatrics are needed to meet the growing demand. However, there is a shortage of individuals in academic geropsychology, which feeds the clinical geropsychology pipeline. Barriers to recruiting trainees into jobs in academia are not well understood. The current mixed-methods study examined trainees’ perceptions of clinically-focused and academic jobs, and discrepancies between professional psychologists actual and ideal job activities. Results found that trainees have less accurate perceptions of the activities of academic compared to clinically-focused jobs. Interviews with trainees revealed negative perceptions of the university system, including bureaucracy, salary, and perceived workload. However, professional psychologists, both clinical and academic, reported high agreement between actual and ideal activities. Academic psychologists reported desiring more time in clinical work, without reducing research or teaching time. Clinically-focused psychologists desired and increase in research and teaching time without sacrificing clinical activities. Each group discussed struggles in obtaining work-life balance.

Physicians' Well-Being Linked To In-Basket Messages Generated By Algorithms In Electronic Health Records.

Despite concerns about physicians' workload associated with electronic health records (EHRs), little attention has been paid to the relationship between physicians' well-being and the in-basket messages physicians receive-specifically, their volume and sources. Analyses of EHR work performed by physicians in a multispecialty practice found that in-basket messages generated by the EHR system accounted for almost half (114) of the 243 weekly in-basket messages received per physician, on average-far exceeding the numbers received from their colleagues (53) and patients (30). In a survey, 36percent of the physicians reported burnout symptoms, and 29percent intended to reduce their clinical work time in the upcoming year. Receiving more than the average number of system-generated in-basket messages was associated with 40percent higher probability of burnout and 38percent higher probability of intending to reduce clinical work time. Physicians' perceptions of a positive work environment were associated with lower odds of burnout and intention to reduce clinical work time and with greater satisfaction with life. Female physicians had a higher risk of burnout and lower satisfaction with life, compared to males. Meaningful redesign of EHR in-basket workflow and a wellness-enhancing work environment are necessary to effectively improve physicians' well-being.

Bulk-Fill Composite Restorations Step-by-Step Description of Clinical Restorative Techniques Case Reports

Composite resins are excellent materials for direct restorations in the posterior region, satisfactorily reestablishing esthetics and function. Recently, a new class of composites has been commercialized, the so-called Bulk-fill resins. These resins may be inserted in the dental cavity in increments of 4 to 5 mm thick, and have the advantages of reducing polymerization shrinkage and clinical working time. The aim of this case report was to describe the use of bulk-fill composite resins to restore Class I and Class II cavities by means of two different restorative techniques.

Clinical Alternatives for the Use of Compactable and Flowable Bulk-Fill Composites: A Step-by-Step Case Report

The use of Bulk-Fill composite resins to perform posterior restorations has been massified in recent years in the different clinical disciplines of Dentistry. This may be due mainly to the simplicity in the application technique of this material as it requires its insertion into the cavity preparation in 4-5mm of composite resin thickness, achieving a considerable reduction of clinical working time. Given the existence of different viscosities of this type of composite resins, certain difficulties have been identified before the selection of each Bulk-Fill material related to the possible combinations that can be made between the different brands available in the market, even when they are used with conventional composite resins. The purpose of the following case report, is to present two step-by-step clinical possibilities using initially, compactable Bulk-Fill composite resin in a single increment for the restoration of a second upper molar, and later, through the combination of Bulk-Fill flowable composite resin together with compactable Bulk-Fill composite resin and a high-refractive-index enamel-like conventional composite resin, for a first upper molar.

Configured ligature wire for quick conventional and overtie lingual archwire ligations

Ligation of archwire to lingual bracket is a tedious and time-consuming process. Any excessive clinical working time on a lingually treated patient has a direct bearing on pain and discomfort experienced due to prolonged mouth opening. An aid to quick and efficient ligation is described below.

What do General Practitioners think of written reflection? A focus group study

Background: Written reflection has become a key part of evidence for assessment for General Practitioners (GPs) and GP Specialist Trainees (GPSTs), as it is thought to enhance the reflective process and demonstrate on-going learning. However, the educational value of mandatory reflection has been questioned, and there is little evidence on the acceptability of written reflection to clinicians. Aim: To explore the views of GPs and GPSTs on the use of written reflection in the MRCGP and NHS appraisal. Design and setting: A qualitative approach with GPs and GPSTs from the South of England. Method: Three focus group discussions with 11 GPs and 14 GPSTs. Thematic analysis was used on the coded texts. Results: There were diverse views on the value of written reflection. Some participants with particular learning styles found it useful; some viewed it as a ‘tick-box’ exercise and as a game. Some questioned its value as a tool for quality improvement. Its use may have opportunity costs on clinical work, other learning and leisure time. Conclusion: Written reflection produced strong feelings among participants. Research is needed to gauge how commonly these feelings are held, to allow informed decisions on the place of written reflection in education and assessment.

Expense for Clinical Documentation of Inpatients: Extent and Hierarchal Differences for the Example of a Gynaecological Department in Switzerland.

Introduction: The majority of physicians consider administrative tasks to be a burden. The present questionnaire is intended to clarify the expense of time for documentation tasks in the treatment of inpatients in a gynaecological department of a Swiss hospital and to what extent differences occur between senior physicians and junior physicians. Materials and Methods: For three weeks physicians in the gynaecological department of a central Swiss hospital documented minute for minute predefined tasks during their duty periods. A questionnaire in tabular form served as survey instrument for this working time analysis. The minute for minute details for the individual participants were summed for each clinical task listed in the questionnaire in order to subsequently calculate the amounts of time spent for the respective task categories and to subject them to a subgroup analysis. Results: The participation rate of the physicians amounted to 87 %. 287 questionnaires were included in the evaluation. According to the responses, 25 % of the clinical working time for inpatients was used for documentation of clinical tasks. The subgroup analysis revealed a higher proportion for assistant physicians (30 %) than for senior physicians (18 %). Discussion: The present working time analysis reveals an unfavourable ratio between surgical and administrative tasks between junior and senior physicians. In addition there is a danger that the true burden for junior physicians is underestimated by their superiors due to hierarchal differences.

자가 학습을 위한 MRI Simulator 초기 검사 프로그램 개발

MRI는 1970년을 시작으로 자장 세기와 수신 채널 수, 촬영시간의 단축 등으로 많은 발전을 해 오고 있으며, 병원 또한 각종 전산 시스템과 무선 네트워크의 발전으로 인해 각종 진료 영상장비로부터 디지털 영상을 획득, 저장 및 관리하게 되었다. 하지만, 국내 대학들은 고가의 실습장비와 유지비로 인하여 자체에서는 실습을 하지 못하고 있으며 임상 실습에 의존하고 있다. 이에 윈도우즈 운영체제의 PC상에서 MR 환자의 검사 프로그램을 개발하여 학생들이 많이 다루어 봄으로써 임상에서 근무하기 전 많은 도움을 주고자 하였다. MRI Simulator의 Relational Database 설계는 각 기능과 자료의 특성에 따라 7개의 Table로 구성하였으며, 환자정보 설계는 임상에서의 환자등록 방법을 기준으로 각 단계별 기능을 분류 하였다. 또, 검사를 위한 기본 정보 설정을 가정하여 각각의 설정 값 및 그 내용을 분류 하였다. 실행 단계별 메뉴는 한 눈에 볼 수 있도록 왼편에 배열을 하였다. 환자 등록은 이름, 성별, 고유번호, 생년월일, 몸무게 등 기초정보를 입력하고, 환자의 자세와 검사 방향을 설정하였다. 또, 검사부위와 Pulse Sequence을 나열하고, 선택하도록 분류하였다. 그리고 Protocol 이름과 부가 인자들를 입력할 수 있도록 하였다. 최종 화면은 검사 영상과 환자 정보, 검사 조건 등을 확인할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 이 프로그램을 통해 환자정보의 입력과 검사조건의 변경을 학습해봄으로써 이론과 실습을 통한 용어의 이해에 많은 도움을 주어 실제 임상근무에서 배우는 시간을 단축시킬 수 있다. Since 1970, MRI has greatly been developing in terms of strength of magnetic field, the number of receipt channels, and short time of examination. With the development of digital systems and wireless network, hospitals have also acquired, saved, and managed digital images taken by various kinds of medical imaging equipment. However, domestic universities fail to provide practice training course independently thanks to expensive practice equipment and high maintenance cost, and rely on clinical training. Therefore, this study developed a MR patient diagnosis program based on Windows PC to help out students before their working in clinical filed. The designed Relational Database of MRI Simulator is made up of seven tables according to functions and data characteristics. Regarding the designed patient information, each stepwise function was classified by the patient registration method in clinical field. In addition, on the assumption of the basic information for diagnosis, each setting and content were classified. The menu by execution step was arrayed on the left side for easy view. For patient registration, a patient's name, gender, unique ID, birth date, weight, and other types of basic information were entered, and the patient's posture and diagnosis direction were set up. In addition, the body regions for diagnosis and Pulse Sequence were listed for selection. Also, Protocol name and other additional factors were allowed to be entered. The final window was designed to check diagnosis images, patient information, and diagnosis conditions. By learning how to enter patient information and change diagnosis conditions in this program, users will be able to understand more theories and terms learned in practice and thereby to shorten their learning time in actual clinical work.

Patient-centered outcomes comparing digital and conventional implant impression procedures: a randomized crossover trial.

The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare patient-centered outcomes during digital and conventional implant impressions. In a crossover study design, intraoral scanning (IOS) [test] as well as classical polyether impressions [control] were both performed on 20 patients for single-tooth replacement with implant-supported crowns. The sequential distribution of either starting with the test or the control procedure was randomly selected. Patients' perception and satisfaction on the level of convenience-related factors were assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaires. In addition, clinical work time was separately recorded for test and control procedures. Statistical analyses were performed with Wilcoxonsigned-ranktests and corrected for multiple testing by the method of Holm. On VAS ranging from 0 to 100, patients scored a mean convenience level of 78.6 (SD±14.0) in favor of IOS compared to conventional impressions with 53.6 (SD±15.4) [P=0.0001]. All included patients would prefer the digital workflow if in the future they could choose between the two techniques. Secondary, IOS was significantly faster with 14.8min (SD±2.2) compared to the conventional approach with 17.9min (SD±1.1) [P=0.0001]. Based on the findings of this investigation, both impression protocols worked successfully for all study participants capturing the 3D implant positions. However, the digital technique emerges as the most preferred one according to patient-centered outcomes and was more time-effective compared to conventional impressions.