Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome Research Articles

Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Hematological Malignancies

BACKGROUND: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a common complication of hematological malignancies and consists of either hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, or hypocalcemia. These metabolic derangements may result in clinical tumor lysis syndrome in the form of acute kidney injury (AKI), arrhythmias, seizures, and sudden death. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the incidence and outcome of TLS and to identify local risk factors in children with hematological malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of children ≤18 years diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia, or non-Hodgkin lymphoma between 2014 and 2018. TLS was diagnosed and stratified according to the risk of developing tumor lysis using the Cairo and Bishop definition and Cairo stratification. RESULTS: Among 180 patients, only 11 patients (6%) developed TLS. Four patients had laboratory TLS (LTLS) (36.3%) and six had CLTS (54.5%). The male-to-female ratio was high (2.4:1 in the TLS group). Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia were the most frequently occurring criteria for LTLS (81.8%). The strongest predictors for TLS were hyperuricemia and hypocalcemia at presentation (P < 0.001) followed by diagnosis of T-cell ALL, preceding AKI splenomegaly, high initial white blood cell, and lactate dehydrogenase, with P < 0.05. AKI secondary to tumor lysis occurred in six patients (54.5%), of which five needed dialysis. One patient had seizures secondary to tumor lysis (9.1%) and no patient died from TLS. CONCLUSION: There is a wide variation in reported incidence of TLS from 6% to 45%, likely due to different TLS definitions applied, diverse cohorts and duration. A universal definition and risk-stratified approach to prevent tumor lysis in patients with hematologic malignancies is needed to help in proper comparison between studies.

P640: PIRTOBRUTINIB, A HIGHLY SELECTIVE, NON-COVALENT (REVERSIBLE) BTK INHIBITOR IN COMBINATION WITH VENETOCLAX±RITUXIMAB IN RELAPSED/REFRACTORY CLL: RESULTS FROM THE BRUIN PHASE 1B STUDY

Background: Covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) have transformed the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but patients (pts) discontinue these agents due to resistance or intolerance. Pirtobrutinib is an oral, highly selective, non-covalent (reversible) BTKi with promising efficacy and safety in heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL pts, regardless of BTK C481 mutation status. Recent clinical studies reported on the safety and efficacy of time-limited venetoclax and covalent BTKi combination regimens. Aims: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pirtobrutinib combined with venetoclax ± rituximab in pts with R/R CLL. Methods: BRUIN is a phase 1/2 global, multicenter study (NCT03740529) of pirtobrutinib in pts with advanced B-cell malignancies. The phase 1b portion evaluated the safety of pirtobrutinib at a continuous dose of 200 mg QD from Cycle 1, Day 1 plus venetoclax starting on Cycle 2, Day 1 with a standard 5-week dose ramp to 400 mg QD (PV) and PV plus rituximab at 375 mg/m2 on Cycle 1, Day 1, then 500 mg/m2 on Day 1 of Cycles 2-6 (PVR). Prior BTKi was allowed; prior venetoclax was not permitted. Objectives included safety and overall response rate (ORR) of each combination. Results: As of 27 SEP 2021, 15 pts received PV and 10 pts received PVR. Median age was 66 years (range, 39-78). Median prior lines of therapy was 2 (range, 1-4). The majority of pts in both cohorts had received prior chemotherapy (56%, n=14), CD20 monoclonal antibody (72%, n=18), and/or covalent BTKi (68%, n=17). No dose-limiting toxicities were reported. Safety profiles were generally similar across both cohorts. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) of any grade, regardless of attribution, were neutrophil count decrease (36%), nausea (32%), fatigue (32%), diarrhea (28%), and constipation (24%). The only Grade ≥3 TEAE to occur in more than 2 pts was neutrophil count decrease (36%, n=9). One pt experienced Grade 4 clinical tumor lysis syndrome with resultant acute kidney injury during venetoclax dose escalation, which resolved with supportive measures. No pts discontinued treatment due to AEs. For the 22 pts with efficacy data available as of 03 NOV 2021, median duration of follow-up was 9 months (range, 3.9-15) and the ORR was 95.5% (95% CI, 77-100). All responding pts except 1 remain on therapy (PVR responder discontinued due to death unrelated to study treatment). As all responses were ongoing and early, and MRD analysis was not yet performed. Summary/Conclusion: Pirtobrutinib combined with venetoclax ± rituximab was well tolerated and had a safety profile consistent with known drug class findings and no clear additive toxicities in pts with R/R CLL. Early results demonstrate promising efficacy with combination therapy.

P684: PHASE 1 STUDY OF LP-108, A SELECTIVE BCL-2 INHIBITOR, IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED OR REFRACTORY B-CELL NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

Background: Targeting BCL-2 family proteins is a well-recognized therapeutic approach. Globally approved BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax has shown efficacies in certain hematologic malignancies (HMs) but requires weekly ramp-up to the target dose to mitigate the risk of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). LP-108 is a novel, highly potent, orally bioavailable, and selective BCL-2 inhibitor that has shown promising preclinical antitumor activity in various HMs. Aims: To present preliminary results from an ongoing phase 1 study of LP-108 under daily dose ramp-up in patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (NCT04356846). Methods: This is an open-label, multicenter, phase I study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary efficacy of LP-108 in Chinese patients with r/r B-cell NHL, consisting of a dose-escalation phase and a dose-expansion phase. Adult r/r B-cell NHL patients requiring therapy are eligible if they had received at least one prior line of treatment (except BCL-2i). LP-108 is orally administered once daily in 28-day cycles until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or per investigator discretion. All patients provided and signed informed consent. Results: As of February 18, 2022, 19 patients have been enrolled and were evaluable for safety, with disease types of MCL (n = 7), CLL/SLL (n = 7), DLBCL (n = 2), FL, WM, and MALT (n = 1 each), and median age of 61 years (range, 39 to 83). Patients had received a median of 3 prior lines of therapy (range, 1~6), of which 13 (68%) patients were previously BTKi exposed. No dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) has been observed in patients who were treated with LP-108 up to 600 mg, thus the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not identified. With median duration of treatment of 55 days (range, 4~472), treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were reported in 17 patients (89.4%), most of which were grade 1 to 2 in severity. TRAEs of any grade occurred ≥20% of patients were neutropenia (36.8%), leukopenia (31.5%), ALT elevation (31.5%), AST elevation (26.3%), hyperphosphatemia (21%), hyperuricemia (21%), and diarrhea (21%). Grade 3 or 4 TRAEs were reported in 7 patients (36.8%), including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, laboratory TLS, and rash. Serious TRAEs included rash, thrombocytopenia, and laboratory TLS, each occurring in 1 patient. No patient discontinued treatment due to toxicity, and no clinical TLS was observed. No deaths occurred during treatment or within 28 days of the end of treatment. At doses ≥200 mg, 3 of 10 efficacy evaluable patients achieved an objective response (1 CR and 2 PR), 4 patients had stable disease (2 with substantially reduced lymphomegaly), and 3 patients had progressive disease. Rapid reduction in ALC was observed in CLL patients (pending imaging assessment) during ramp-up and the first cycle of treatment at doses as low as 20mg. At data cutoff, 11 patients remain on treatment and 8 patients discontinued treatment due to disease progression or patient decision. The PK profile showed that plasma exposure proportionally increased with doses ranging from 20 to 600 mg (mean AUC24h range, 1.26~46.5 h*μg/ml, mean Cmax range, 0.087~2.67 μg/ml). Plasma concentrations peaked approximately 4 to 10 hours after dosing, and the average terminal half-life of LP-108 was approximately 11.8 hours (range, 6.9~16.6). Image:Summary/Conclusion: LP-108 showed favorable safety profile up to 600 mg with daily dose ramp-up schedule, and antitumor activity in patients with r/r B-cell NHL. Dose escalation beyond 600 mg and further dose expansion are ongoing.

S145: THE COMBINATION OF IBRUTINIB PLUS VENETOCLAX RESULTS IN A HIGH RATE OF MRD NEGATIVITY IN PREVIOUSLY UNTREATED CLL: THE RESULTS OF THE PLANNED INTERIM ANALYSIS OF THE PHASE III NCRI FLAIR TRIAL

Background: Ibrutinib (I) and venetoclax (V) improve outcome in CLL. I rarely eradicates measurable residual disease (MRD), whereas V (alone or with anti-CD20) can eradicate MRD permitting time limited therapy. Small studies suggest synergy between I and V, as I+V results in MRD negativity in many patients (pts). Aims: The primary aim was to compare the MRD eradication rate between I and I+V. Key secondary aims were IWCLL overall (ORR), complete response (CR) and safety. Methods: FLAIR (ISRCTN01844152), a phase III, randomised, controlled trial for previously untreated CLL requiring therapy by IWCLL criteria. Pts >75 yrs or with >20% 17p del were excluded. FLAIR was adapted in July 2017 to add two arms, I monotherapy and I+V. I was given at 420mg/day. For I+V, V was added after two months of I with dose escalation to 400mg/day over 5 weeks. The duration of therapy (DOT) was defined by MRD with treatment for up to 6 years. MRD was assessed centrally by flow cytometry, MRD negativity was defined as <1 CLL cell in 10,000 leucocytes (IWCLL criteria), was assessed in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) at 9 months post-randomisation, in PB at 12 months and then 6 monthly. When PB was MRD negative, this was repeated after 3 months and then in both PB & BM 3 months later. If PB & BM were negative the time to MRD negativity was calculated (treatment start to first MRD negative PB) and DOT was twice this. The earliest therapy could stop was 2 years post-randomisation. A formal interim analysis was performed when 50% pts in I and I+V arms had reached 2 yrs post-randomisation and a p-value of <0.005 was statistically significant. Results: 523 pts were randomised to I or I+V. We report the interim analysis in the first 274 pts (I [n=138] and I+V [n=136]) reaching 2 yrs post-randomisation from 83 UK Centres from 13/07/17 to 15/03/19. 72.3% male, median age 63 yrs (34.3% >65yo) and 40.9% Binet C. IGHV were available for 256 (93.4%) pts - 48.2% IGHV unmutated (≥98% homology to germline), 45.3% IGHV mutated and 9.1% Subset 2. Hierarchical FISH testing revealed 16.1% 11q del, 19% trisomy 12, 21.9% normal and 36.9% 13q del with 6.2% failed. The arms were well-balanced for all variables. For I+V arm, MRD negativity was achieved within 24 months in BM in 89/136 (65.4%) and PB in 97/136 (71.3%) compared to no pts for I (p<0.0001). MRD negativity for I+V in BM within 24 months was 51/64 (79.7%) for IGHV unmutated and 31/55 (56.4%) for IGHV mutated. At 9 months post-randomisation 49/136 (36%) I+V pts were MRD negative in BM and 56/136 (41.2%) negative in PB compared to 0/138 with I (p<0.0001). ORR at 9 months in 120/136 (88.2%) I+V pts and 119/138 (86.2%) I pts (p=0.6157). At 9 months CR in 81/136 (59.6%) for I+V and 11/138 (8%) for I (p<0.0001). For I+V CR at any time was 93.4%. At 24 months, 54/136 (39.7%) stopped I+V due to meeting MRD stopping criteria. SAEs were reported in 41.5% I+V and 38.2% I pts. Infectious SAEs 14.8% vs 19.9% and cardiac SAEs 11.9% vs 8.1% of pts for I+V & I respectively. Laboratory TLS was reported in 6/136 (4.4%) of I+V pts and none with I. There were no cases of clinical TLS. Most frequent any grade AEs within 12 months of randomisation differing between I+V & I were diarrhoea (52.6% I+V pts, 29.4% I), anaemia (28.9% vs 16.9%), leucopenia (36.3% vs 8.8%), thrombocytopenia (23.7% vs 14%). Leucopenia was the only grade ≥3 SAE reported in >10% of pts (27.4% I+V and 5.1% I). Image:Summary/Conclusion: Ibrutinib plus venetoclax is an effective and well tolerated combination resulting in a high rate of MRD negativity in blood (71.9%) and marrow (65.4%) in the first 2 years of treatment.

Abstract CT138: Pirtobrutinib, a highly selective, non-covalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor in combination with venetoclax ± rituximab in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the BRUIN phase 1b study

Abstract Background: Covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) have transformed the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but patients (pts) discontinue these agents due to resistance or intolerance. Pirtobrutinib is an oral, highly selective, non-covalent (reversible) BTKi with promising efficacy and safety in heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL pts, regardless of BTK C481 mutation status. Recent clinical studies reported on the safety and efficacy of time-limited venetoclax and covalent BTKi combination regimens. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pirtobrutinib combined with venetoclax ± rituximab in pts with R/R CLL. Methods: BRUIN is a phase 1/2 global, multicenter study (NCT03740529) of pirtobrutinib in pts with advanced B-cell malignancies. The phase 1b portion evaluated the safety of pirtobrutinib at a continuous dose of 200 mg QD from Cycle 1, Day 1 plus venetoclax starting on Cycle 2, Day 1 with a standard 5-week dose ramp to 400 mg QD (PV) and PV plus rituximab at 375 mg/m2 on Cycle 1, Day 1, then 500 mg/m2 on Day 1 of Cycles 2-6 (PVR). Prior BTKi was allowed; prior venetoclax was not permitted. Objectives included safety and overall response rate (ORR) of each combination. Results: As of 27 SEP 2021, 15 pts received PV and 10 pts received PVR. Median age was 66 years (range, 39-78). Median prior lines of therapy was 2 (range, 1-4). The majority of pts in both cohorts had received prior chemotherapy (56%, n=14), CD20 monoclonal antibody (72%, n=18), and/or covalent BTKi (68%, n=17). No dose-limiting toxicities were reported. Safety profiles were generally similar across both cohorts. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) of any grade, regardless of attribution, were neutrophil count decrease (36%), nausea (32%), fatigue (32%), diarrhea (28%), and constipation (24%). The only Grade ≥3 TEAE to occur in more than 2 pts was neutrophil count decrease (36%, n=9). One pt experienced Grade 4 clinical tumor lysis syndrome with resultant acute kidney injury during venetoclax dose escalation, which resolved with supportive measures. No pts discontinued treatment due to AEs. For the 22 pts with efficacy data available as of 03 NOV 2021, median duration of follow-up was 9 months (range, 3.9-15) and the ORR was 95.5% (95% CI, 77-100). All responding pts except 1 remain on therapy (PVR responder discontinued due to death unrelated to study treatment). As all responses were ongoing and early, and MRD analysis was not yet performed. Conclusions: Pirtobrutinib combined with venetoclax ± rituximab was well tolerated and had a safety profile consistent with known drug class findings and no clear additive toxicities in pts with R/R CLL. Early results demonstrate promising efficacy with combination therapy. Citation Format: Lindsey E. Roeker, Anthony R. Mato, Jennifer R. Brown, Catherine C. Coombs, Nirav N. Shah, William G. Wierda, Manish R. Patel, Katharine L. Lewis, Minna Balbas, Junjie Zhao, Nora C. Ku, Jennifer F. Kherani, Donald E. Tsai, Binoj Nair, Chan Y. Cheah. Pirtobrutinib, a highly selective, non-covalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor in combination with venetoclax ± rituximab in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the BRUIN phase 1b study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT138.

Subcutaneous epcoritamab + R-DHAX/C in patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) eligible for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT): Preliminary phase 1/2 results.

7528 Background: Current standard of care for pts with R/R DLBCL eligible for ASCT includes salvage immunochemotherapy, such as rituximab, dexamethasone, cytarabine, and oxaliplatin or carboplatin (R-DHAX/C), followed by consolidation with high-dose therapy (HDT) and ASCT. However, salvage therapy fails in many pts, and novel treatment (Tx) options are needed to improve response and long-term outcomes. Epcoritamab, a bispecific antibody targeting CD3 on T cells and CD20 on B cells, had a manageable safety profile and meaningful single-agent antitumor activity in pts with heavily pretreated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the dose-escalation part of the EPCORE NHL-1 trial. Here we present initial results from arm 4 (epcoritamab + R-DHAX/C) of the EPCORE NHL-2 phase 1/2 trial (NCT04663347). Methods: Adults with R/R CD20+ DLBCL who were eligible for HDT-ASCT were enrolled. Pts received standard R-DHAX/C with subcutaneous epcoritamab (QW, 21-d cycle [C] 1–3). If HDT-ASCT was postponed, pts could continue epcoritamab monotherapy (28-d C: QW, C4; Q2W, C5–9; Q4W, C≥10) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Step-up epcoritamab dosing and corticosteroids were required to mitigate CRS in C1. Response was determined by PET-CT per Lugano criteria. Results: As of Jan 26, 2022, 27 pts (median age, 59 y; range, 30–75) had received epcoritamab + R-DHAX/C. Of these, 74% had received 1 prior line of therapy, the remainder (26%) 2–3 prior therapies; 3 pts had prior CAR T. The majority of pts (70%) had primary refractory disease. The most common Tx-emergent adverse events (any grade [G]) were thrombocytopenia (67%), neutropenia (48%; febrile neutropenia, 19% in all pts), infections (37%), nausea (37%), and anemia (33%). Adverse events of special interest were CRS in 8 pts (30%; all G1/2) and ICANS in 1 pt (G2; discontinued epcoritamab, pt with prior CAR T). No clinical tumor lysis syndrome was observed. CRS events occurred early in Tx; median time to resolution was 2 d. Of the 23 evaluable pts, 11 pts underwent ASCT; among these, overall response rate (ORR) was 100% prior to ASCT (82% [9/11] complete metabolic response [CMR]; 18% [2/11] partial metabolic response [PMR]). In 12 pts, HDT-ASCT was postponed/canceled and epcoritamab monotherapy continued; of these, 5 (42%, including 2 with prior CAR T) had CMR and 3 (25%) had PMR. The CMR and PMR rates for the entire evaluable population were 61% (14/23) and 22% (5/23), respectively. Conclusions: Subcutaneous epcoritamab in combination with R-DHAX/C in pts with R/R DLBCL had a manageable safety profile. CRS events were of low grade and resolved with standard management. ORR and CMR rate were high. At the time of data cutoff, 70% of pts had either received ASCT or continued epcoritamab Tx in CMR. Clinical trial information: NCT04663347.

A phase Ib/II study of lisaftoclax (APG-2575), a novel BCL-2 inhibitor (BCL-2i), in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (R/R CLL/SLL).

7543 Background: B-cell malignancies evade apoptosis by overexpressing BCL-2 proteins. Approved BCL-2i venetoclax requires a slow dose ramp-up to limit risk of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and has been associated with severe neutropenia. Investigational single-agent lisaftoclax is a novel, oral BCL-2i active against hematologic malignancies (HMs), with potentially synergistic antitumor effects when combined with other agents in B-cell malignancies. Methods: The aim of this multicenter open-label study was to evaluate dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of lisaftoclax in pts with R/R CLL/SLL (per 2008 iwCLL NCI-WG guidelines). Lisaftoclax was administered orally once daily at 3 dose cohorts (400, 600, or 800 mg) every 28 days, with 15 pts in each cohort. Results: As of the data cutoff date of January 25, 2022, 45 pts had been enrolled, with a median (range) age of 58 (38-80) years. DLT and MTD were not observed. The preliminary PK profile showed that exposures increased with lisaftoclax doses from 400 to 800 mg (average half-life: 4.2-6.6 hours). A total of 42 pts experienced any-grade treatment-related adverse events (AEs), including neutropenia (55.6%); anemia (42.2%); decreased leukocyte count (40%); thrombocytopenia (37.8%); lowered lymphocyte count (17.8%); hyperuricemia (31.1%); hypokalemia (24.4%); increased blood bilirubin (22.2%); hypertriglyceridemia (20%); diarrhea (20%); hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and decreased weight (15.6% each); increased AST (15.6%) and blood LDH (13.3%); pyrexia; and increased ALT and blood creatinine (11.1% each). A total of 28 (62.2%) pts experienced grade ≥ 3 AEs and 13 (28.9%) serious AEs. Of these, 25 (55.6% of total) and 9 (20%) were related to lisaftoclax, and 14 (31.1%) led to treatment discontinuation. One clinical TLS was reported. With a median (range) treatment of 7 (1-17) cycles and median (range) time to response of 1 (1-13) cycles, 1 of 41 evaluable pts with CLL experienced complete response (CR) and 27 with CLL/SLL achieved partial response (PR), for an objective response rate (ORR) of 68.29%. The RP2D of lisaftoclax as monotherapy was determined as 600 mg. Conclusions: BCL-2i lisaftoclax was well tolerated up to 800 mg/day. There were no significant new or unmanageable safety findings, and the ORR was 68.29%. Lisaftoclax may offer a treatment alternative for pts with R/R HMs, with a daily ramp-up schedule that may be more convenient and “user friendly.” Clinical trial information: NCT04494503.

Tumor lysis syndrome and infectious complications during treatment with venetoclax combined with azacitidine or decitabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Venetoclax (Ven) in combination with azacitidine or decitabine (hypomethylating agent; HMA) is the standard-of-care treatment for older (≥75 years) or intensive chemotherapy ineligible adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and infectious complications are two of the most concerning associated adverse events. We studied the real-world incidence and outcomes of these adverse events with HMA/Ven in AML patients. Our retrospective analysis included 106 patients (median age 70 years). Of these, 61 (58%) received HMA/Ven in frontline setting while 45 (42%) received in salvage setting. 19 (18%) met laboratory criteria for TLS, five (5%) developed clinical TLS (acute kidney injury). The median time to develop TLS was 2 days (range −2 to 4). During cycle 1, 29 patients (27%) were diagnosed with febrile neutropenia while 26 (25%) developed new infections. Median time to development of new infection was 10 days (1−25). Pneumonia was the most common infection (8%). Febrile neutropenia and/or new infection during cycle 1 was associated with poorer median overall survival compared to those without these complications (4.9 months vs 11.6 months; p = 0.03). In conclusion, incidence of TLS and infections was high in our cohort during initiation of HMA/Ven therapy. This data emphasizes the need for closer monitoring in these patients, especially during the first 7–10 days of treatment, which is often achieved in the inpatient setting.

Pattern of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background: Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) depends on immediate recognition of patients at risk. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the frequency and risk factors of TLS in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Objective: The aim of the study was to observe the frequency of Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.Material &amp; Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of Haematology in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), over a period of 12 months following approval of this protocol. Total 50 patients admitted with ALL were included in this study after careful history taking, examination and appropriate investigations fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria, irrespective of their gender, race, ethnic group and age. Ethical issues were ensured properly. After briefing the aims and objectives and potential risk and benefits, written informed consent was taken from each subject. Interviews were done by investigator herself using separate case record form. After editing and encoding, data was analyzed by computer with the help of SPSS 24.Results:The mean age of patients was 21.24±13.83 (SD) years with majority aged less than 20 years (54%) and male gender (62%). Prevalence of TLS was found to be 26% (n=13), wherein spontaneous onset (n=8, 61.54%) and lab TLS (n=9, 69.23%) was more frequent than therapy induced TLS (n=5, 38.46%) and clinical TLS (n=4, 30.77%). The most common biochemical changes occurred within 3 days before chemotherapy and 7 days after initiation of chemotherapy among TLS patients was hyperuricemia (69.23 and 76.92% respectively) and hyperkalaemia (61.54 and 69.23% respectively) with significant differences compared to non-TLS patients (p value &lt;0.05). Initial WBC count and serum LDH of all patients was 52.51±78.70 x109/L and 1591.53±2195.47 U/L respectively, wherein majority patients with TLS had significantly higher WBC count ≥50 x109/L (61.54%) and serum LDH ≥1000 U/L (92.31%) compared to non-TLS patients (16.22 and 21.62% respectively, p value &lt;0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that serum LDH ≥1000 U/L was the significant independent predictors of developing TLS (OR=13.07, 95% CI: 1.93-101.23).Conclusions:TLS was commonly found in patients with ALL, wherein spontaneous onset and lab TLS was more common than therapy induced TLS and clinical TLS. However, a large multicenter study is needed to corroborate these findings.

Real-world incidence of venetoclax toxicities in British Columbia.

Venetoclax is used to treat relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (r/r CLL). Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a serious toxicity associated with venetoclax, and real-world studies suggest that the incidence may be higher than in clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of venetoclax toxicities in British Columbia (BC). Retrospective review of electronic medical charts for patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients treated with venetoclax for r/r CLL in BC. Patients were classified according to their risk for developing TLS. The incidence of TLS was categorized based on laboratory metrics or clinical diagnosis. Other non-TLS toxicities were also collected. Of 33 patients identified, 40%, 33%, and 27% were at low, intermediate, and high risk for TLS, respectively. Laboratory TLS occurred in 1/33 patients (3%), and no clinical TLS was reported. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities occurred in 19/33 patients (58%). Of these, neutropenia was the most common, occurring in 16 patients (84%) followed by thrombocytopenia, which occurred in 8 patients (42%). The incidence of TLS in patients treated with venetoclax for r/r CLL in BC was lower than in other real-world studies. Findings may warrant further investigation to determine if the higher incidence of TLS in real-world reports may be mitigated through modifying TLS risk categorization and associated prophylactic measures. Neutropenia was the most common grade 3 or 4 venetoclax toxicity reported, and the incidence in BC is comparable to other centres.

Tumor lysis syndrome, acute kidney injury and disease-free survival in critically ill patients requiring urgent chemotherapy

BackgroundTumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening complication during the treatment of malignant neoplasia. We sought to describe characteristics and predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI), remission and mortality in high-risk TLS patients. In this retrospective monocentric study, we included all patients with the diagnosis of biological and/or clinical TLS from 2012 to 2018. The primary outcome was the prevalence of AKI during the acute phase of TLS. Secondary outcomes were overall mortality and remission of the underlying malignancy at 1 year.ResultsAmong 153 patients with TLS, 123 (80.4%) patients experienced AKI and 83 (54.2%) required renal replacement therapy. mSOFA score (OR = 1.15, IC 95% [1.02–1.34]), age (OR = 1.05, IC 95% [1.02–1.08]) and male gender (OR = 6.79, IC 95% [2.59–19.44]) were associated with AKI. Rasburicase use (HR = 2.45, IC 95% [1.17–5.15]) was associated with remission of the underlying malignancy at 1 year. Parameters associated with mortality at 1 year were mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.96, IC 95% [1.02–3.78]), vasopressors (HR = 3.13, IC 95% [1.59–6.15]), age (HR = 1.02, IC 95% [1–1.03]), spontaneous TLS (HR = 1.65, IC 95% [1.01–2.69]) and delay of chemotherapy administration (HR = 1.01, IC 95% [1–1.03]).ConclusionsAKI is highly prevalent in TLS patients. Rasburicase is associated with better outcomes regarding remission of the underlying malignancy. As rasburicase may be an indirect marker of a high degree of tumor lysis and chemosensitivity, more studies are warranted to confirm the protective role of urate oxidase. Delaying chemotherapy may be deleterious in terms of long-term outcomes.

Tumor lysis syndrome

Introduction. Tumor lysis syndrome is an emergency condition requiring prompt recognition and treatment. It?s a consequence of spontaneous or therapy-induced cellular death leading to the release of intracellular ions and metabolic products of purine bases into the bloodstream. Pathophysiology. The characteristic metabolic derangement comprises hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and hypocalcemia. These metabolic changes can lead to kidney failure, arrhythmia, and seizures. Epidemiology, classification and risk assessment. The incidence of tumor lysis syndrome varies between different types of tumors, but it is most common in hematologic malignancies. According to Cairo - Bishop Classification, tumor lysis syndrome can be defined as laboratory tumor lysis syndrome and clinical tumor lysis syndrome. Preventive measures and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. Frequent laboratory monitoring is obligatory in patients with intermediate and high risk of tumor lysis syndrome. Preventive measures are based on vigorous hydration and administration of medication to control serum uric acid levels. When clinical tumor lysis syndrome develops, additional treatment, including renal replacement therapy, is needed for the correction of metabolic disturbances. Conclusion. Tumor lysis syndrome is a potentially fatal complication in patients with suffering from malignancies. Early recognition of patients at risk and administration of prophylactic and therapeutic measures improves outcomes for these patients.

Very Few Interventions after Tumor Lysis Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Who Are Started on Venetoclax in the Real-World Setting- Suggests Less Intensive Monitoring Maybe Safe for Low-Risk Patients

Very Few Interventions after Tumor Lysis Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Who Are Started on Venetoclax in the Real-World Setting- Suggests Less Intensive Monitoring Maybe Safe for Low-Risk Patients

An Observational Study on Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax-Based Regimens Outside Clinical Trials in Italy (GIMEMA CLL1920)

An Observational Study on Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax-Based Regimens Outside Clinical Trials in Italy (GIMEMA CLL1920)

Preliminary Results of the Filo Phase 2 Trial for Untreated Fit Patients with Intermediate Risk Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Comparing Ibrutinib Plus Venetoclax (IV) Versus FCR

Preliminary Results of the Filo Phase 2 Trial for Untreated Fit Patients with Intermediate Risk Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Comparing Ibrutinib Plus Venetoclax (IV) Versus FCR

Evaluating the Safety of Outpatient Ramp up of Venetoclax in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome

IntroductionVenetoclax, a selective b-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) inhibitor, has changed the landscape of treatment in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) elderly patients. In addition, it has shown promising efficacy in treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory (r/r) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) as well as r/r AML. Unique toxicities of venetoclax include tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) due to the rapid apoptotic effect by BCL2 inhibition. Although TLS is less frequently reported in AML, due to the fatalities from TLS reported in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, inpatient hospitalization during initial venetoclax dose ramp up is recommended. Hydroxyurea or leukapheresis can also be used to achieve a white blood cell (WBC) count of less than 25,000 prior to initiating venetoclax. At NYU Langone Health (NYULH), patients are initiated on venetoclax dose ramp up in the outpatient setting regardless of WBC count due to the low incidence of TLS. The aim of this study is to assess the safety of outpatient venetoclax dose escalation in our AML and MDS patients.Methods/ResultsThis was an institutional review board approved, descriptive, retrospective medical chart review of 60 adult patients who received venetoclax dose ramp up in the outpatient setting at NYULH and NYU Long Island from March 1, 2017 to March 01, 2021. Patients were included if they were 18 years and older, received venetoclax in combination with either hypomethylating agents (HMA) or low-dose cytarabine in the outpatient setting, and had a documented diagnosis of either de novo AML, r/r AML, newly diagnosed high-risk MDS, or r/r MDS. The primary endpoint was the number of patients demonstrating laboratory or clinical TLS as defined by Cairo-Bishop Criteria described by Howard and colleagues. Secondary endpoints included hospital admission within two weeks of initiating venetoclax therapy. If patients did not have laboratory values obtained within one week of starting venetoclax, but had continued hematology follow-up with the NYU health system, it was assumed that these patients did not experience laboratory or clinical TLS.One patient was counted as two individual patients because venetoclax was initiated as initial frontline AML treatment, followed by re-trial for relapsed disease. The median age was 74 years (IQR, 66-83). Most patients (24) had newly diagnosed AML (40%) followed by 17 patients (28.3%) with newly diagnosed MDS, 14 patients (23.3%) with r/r AML, and 5 patients (8.3%) with r/r MDS. The median total WBC count prior to initiating venetoclax was 2.25 x 10^3 cells/uL (IQR, 1.40-7) with a median blast count in the bone marrow of 25% (IQR, 11.5-53). Two patients had an initial WBC count of greater than 25. Thirty-six (60%) patients had a Carlson Comorbidity Index score of 5 or greater.Decitabine was the most common combination agent used (50%), followed by azacitidine (48.3%), and low-dose cytarabine (1.7%). The majority of patients, 39 (65%) were prescribed the standard dosing ramp up schedule, with 15 patients (25%) had venetoclax initiated during cycle two or thereafter. Thirty-seven (61.7%) patients ramped up to the full venetoclax dose (either 400mg or 600mg). The most common reasons for dose reductions included drug-drug interactions (7 patients), neutropenia or anemia (7 patients), and general tolerance (5 patients). Thirty-seven (61.7%) patients were prescribed allopurinol prophylaxis. No patients received rasburicase prior to initiating venetoclax.Only 1 patient (1.67%) experienced both laboratory and clinical tumor lysis and required intravenous hydration in outpatient clinic. Three additional patients (5%) required TLS directed treatment, but did not meet TLS definition. Of note, 8 patients (13.3%) did not have any laboratory values checked between days 1-7 of starting venetoclax. No patients were hospitalized within two weeks of venetoclax initiation due to TLS.ConclusionAdministering venetoclax dose ramp up in the outpatient setting avoids need for hospitalization and appears to be safe in patients with AML and MDS. Limitations of this study include the heterogeneous population and the retrospective nature of the study. Although 35% of our patients were not prescribed the standard venetoclax ramp up dose, this highlights the existing challenges of treating elderly AML and MDS patients. DisclosuresAbdul Hay: Jazz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Servier: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Consultancy; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Speakers Bureau. OffLabel Disclosure:To assess the safety of outpatient venetoclax ramp up in both newly diagnosed & relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia & myelodysplastic syndrome

Efficacy, Toxicity and Cost of Venetoclax-Based Combinations for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Real-World Evidence from a Canadian Academic Center

Introduction: Venetoclax (ven) in combination with azacitidine (aza) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) has demonstrated efficacy for the first-line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who are deemed unfit for intensive induction chemotherapy. The efficacy of ven-based treatment for relapsed or refractory (r/r) AML has not been prospectively evaluated.We have used off-label ven-based combinations to treat r/r AML patients and de novo AML in otherwise fit patients to avoid prolonged hospitalization.The objective of this study was to review the efficacy, toxicity and medication costs associated with ven-based treatments for AML in a Canadian university hospital.Methods: After local IRB approval, we conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who received ven-based treatments, outside of a clinical trial, for AML at Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont. Supportive care included tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) prophylaxis, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial prophylaxis.Results: 40 patients received 41 ven-based treatments between November 2017 and July 2021. Most patients had r/r AML (n=25, including 17 in first relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation), while 16 patients had de novo AML (10 deemed fit for intensive chemotherapy). Median age was 62 years old.Median duration of ven-based treatment was 4 cycles and median follow-up was 140 days after ven initiation. Ven-aza was used for 33 patients. ven-LDAC was used for the first 7 patients. One patient received ven-gilteritinib. Posaconazole was the main antifungal agent used, with ven dose reduced to 70 mg daily (25 patients).The complete remission (CR) and CR with incomplete hematological recovery (CRi) rate was 46%, higher for de novo vs r/r AML (56% vs 40%). Most patients achieved blast clearance with treatment: CR+CRi+morphologic leukemia-free state (MLFS) rate 63% (75% de novo and 56% r/r). Median overall survival was 258 days (376 days for ven-aza treated patients).All 8 patients (de novo n=5, r/r n=3) with NPM1 or IDH1/2 mutations achieved blast clearance (CR+CRi 87%), while 22 patients with adverse-risk AML as defined by 2017 ELN risk stratification had a lower yet respectable response rate (CR+CRi 36%).Ven-LDAC had no activity in advanced disease, with no response for 6 r/r patients who all had adverse-risk AML, and is no longer used in our institution.The majority of patients were able to receive treatment on an outpatient basis after a brief hospital stay during ven ramp-up. Five patients remained hospitalized for the entire first cycle. Four patients died from infectious causes during the first cycle (2 unfit patients with first line ven-aza, 2 r/r patients with ven-LDAC). Two cases of suspected TLS requiring treatment delays occurred, with no clinical TLS. Venetoclax dose reductions for hematological toxicity were frequently required (51% for all patients, 73% of patients that achieved a response to ven).The average medication cost per cycle of ven-aza was 4 394 $ CAN and was 6 765 $ CAN per cycle for ven-LDAC.Conclusion: In this retrospective real-life review, ven-based treatment produced response rates in line with published prospective evidence among de novo AML patients, and a very clinically meaningful response rate for r/r AML, where therapeutic options are limited and outcomes with conventional chemotherapy dismal. The presence of NPM1 or IDH1/2 mutations was predictive of high response rates. Dose reductions were often required for cytopenias but non-hematological toxicities were limited. Although associated with significant cost, ven-aza represents a safe and effective treatment option for r/r AML which can successfully be delivered in an ambulatory setting. [Display omitted] DisclosuresBouchard: Otsuka: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Bambace: AbbVie: Consultancy; Excelthera: Research Funding; Kiadis: Research Funding. Bernard: Kiadis: Research Funding; Excelthera: Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy; Taiho: Consultancy. Hebert: BMS-Celgene: Research Funding. Bergeron: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Servier: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy. OffLabel Disclosure:Venetoclax to treat relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia

Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Incidence, Mitigation and Management in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Initiating Venetoclax in Routine Clinical Practice (DEVOTE) across Canada

Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Incidence, Mitigation and Management in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Initiating Venetoclax in Routine Clinical Practice (DEVOTE) across Canada

Real World Prospective Observational Multicenter Trial of Venetoclax-Based Therapy for Patients with AML Reveals Unique Patterns of Patient Selection and Treatment Utilization - Revive Study

Real World Prospective Observational Multicenter Trial of Venetoclax-Based Therapy for Patients with AML Reveals Unique Patterns of Patient Selection and Treatment Utilization - Revive Study

Phase 1b/2 Study of Vipor (Venetoclax, Ibrutinib, Prednisone, Obinutuzumab, and Lenalidomide) in Relapsed/Refractory and Untreated Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Safety, Efficacy, and Molecular Analysis

Background: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a biologically and clinically heterogenous B-cell lymphoma that is generally incurable with standard therapies. Novel targeted agents can disrupt key survival pathways in MCL such as regulation of apoptosis (BCL2: venetoclax), B-cell receptor signaling (BTK: ibrutinib), and NF-κB survival pathways (IRF4/SPIB: lenalidomide). As monotherapy, these agents fail to induce deep responses and doublet/triplet regimens often require continuous or maintenance therapy. ViPOR has been shown to be safe and active in non-MCL NHL pts without significant tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) (Melani et al. Blood. 2020; 136(Supplement 1):44-45). We hypothesized that combining agents that target multiple survival pathways with ViPOR will leverage efficacy and time-limited, cyclic dosing will limit toxicities in MCL.Methods: Relapsed/refractory (R/R) and untreated MCL pts with adequate organ function were eligible. In R/R MCL, a phase I “3+3” design was used to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 2 dose-levels of dose-escalated venetoclax (200mg and 400mg) PO D2-14 (starting C2) in combination with fixed-dose ibrutinib 560mg PO D1-14, prednisone 100mg PO D1-7, obinutuzumab 1000mg IV D1-2, and lenalidomide 15mg PO D1-14. A phase II expansion in untreated MCL was included at the MTD. ViPOR q21d x 6C was given without maintenance or consolidation. All pts were admitted C2 for 12d venetoclax escalation and TLS monitoring. All pts received TLS prophylaxis (ppx) with IVFs and allopurinol as well as PCP and G-CSF ppx. VTE ppx was per investigator discretion. Baseline CT, PET, BM, and tumor biopsy was performed with CT scans after cycles 1, 2, 4, and 6 and PET after cycle 6 or at time of suspected complete response (CR). Surveillance CT was performed q3m for 1y, q4m x 1y, q6m x 1y, then annually x 2y. Plasma for ctDNA was collected at baseline, prior to each treatment cycle, at each follow-up visit, and at disease progression.Results: 11 pts have been enrolled and treated; 9 (82%) R/R in dose-escalation and 2 (18%) untreated in dose-expansion. Median age was 71y (range 57-79) with 73% >65y and 64% male. Low, intermediate, and high-risk MIPI occurred in 18%, 64%, and 18% of pts, respectively. Stage IV disease was seen in 91%, with BM involvement in 73%, extranodal disease in 82%, and both in 64%. Disease bulk >5cm occurred in 45% of pts. Blastoid morphology, Ki-67 >30%, and TP53 IHC >50% occurred in 27%, 36%, and 18% of pts, respectively. Median prior therapies in R/R pts was 3 (range 1-4) with 44% receiving prior BTKi, 11% receiving prior CAR-T, and 78% refractory (i.e., <PR) to last therapy. No pts received prior venetoclax or lenalidomide.No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred in 9 evaluable pts in the dose-escalation cohort; thus, venetoclax 400mg was used in expansion. G3-4 heme AEs (% cycles) included neutropenia (13%), anemia (11%), and thrombocytopenia (9%). No cases of febrile neutropenia occurred across 46 total cycles. G3-4 non-heme AEs (% pts) included hypokalemia in 3 (33%) pts as well as fatigue, hypomagnesemia, elevated bilirubin, atrial fibrillation, lung infection, and syncope in 1 (11%) pt each. No laboratory or clinical TLS occurred. Dose reductions and delays occurred in 5% and 15% of cycles, respectively.Of 11 pts enrolled, 10 are evaluable for response (1 pt has not yet been restaged) with an overall response rate (ORR) and CR rate of 100% (10/10) and 80% (8/10), respectively (Fig 1A). Of 8 pts who have completed therapy, all 8 (100%) have achieved CR, including all 4 post-BTKi pts, 1 post-CAR-T pt, and 6 refractory pts. With a median potential f/u of 5.2m, median TTR and DOR was 0.7m and not reached, respectively, with 9 (90%) responses ongoing ranging from 0.3m to 14.5m after first response (Fig 1B). One pt with R/R blastoid MCL relapsed in the CNS 9.9m after initial response. Median PFS and OS were both not reached with 10 (91%) pts alive and progression-free and 1 relapse and death from progression at 11.9m.Conclusion: ViPOR is safe in MCL without significant TLS or DLTs using a 12d venetoclax ramp-up on C2 and venetoclax 400mg was taken forward in expansion. Most common G3-4 AEs were hematologic with no febrile neutropenia observed when given with G-CSF ppx. High preliminary activity is noted in MCL pts with fixed-duration ViPOR x 6C, including CRs in refractory, post-BTKi, and post-CAR-T pts. Molecular and ctDNA analyses are ongoing and will be presented at the meeting. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare. OffLabel Disclosure:Off-label use of ViPOR in relapsed/refractory and untreated MCL.