Clinical Sample Of Adolescents Research Articles

Oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder co-occurrence increases the risk of Internet addiction in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ObjectivesThe aims of this cross-sectional study were to assess the prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) in a clinical sample of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to detect the moderating effects of co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) on the association between ADHD and IA.MethodsThe study group comprised 119 adolescent subjects who were consecutively referred to our outpatient clinic with a diagnosis of ADHD. The Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) was completed by parents, and subjects were asked to complete the Internet Addiction Scale (IAS).ResultsThe IAS results indicated that 63.9% of the participants (n = 76) fell into the IA group. Degree of IA was correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms but not with inattention symptoms. As compared to the ADHD-only group (without comorbid ODD/CD), ADHD + ODD/CD subjects returned significantly higher scores on the IAS.ConclusionsAs adolescents with ADHD are at high risk of developing IA, early IA detection and intervention is of great importance for this group. In addition, adolescents with ADHD + ODD/CD may be more vulnerable to IA than those in the ADHD-only group and may need to be more carefully assessed for IA.

Does dental caries affect dental development in children and adolescents?

Although a link between dietary changes, caries, and dental development has been observed, the literature provides little insight about this relationship. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between dental caries and dental development in a clinical sample of Albanian children and adolescents. In total, 118 children and adolescents, born between 1995 and 2004 and aged 6-15 years, were included. Dental caries in the deciduous dentition was assessed using the Decayed, Filled Teeth (dft) index and dental caries in the permanent dentition was assessed using the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Dental development during the permanent dentition was determined using the Demirjian method. Linear and ordinal regression models were applied to analyze the associations of dental caries with dental age and developmental stages of each left mandibular tooth. Dental caries in the deciduous dentition, estimated as a median dft of 2.0 (90% range, 0.0-9.1), was significantly associated with lower dental age (β = -0.21; 90% CI: -0.29, -0.12) and with delayed development of the canine, both premolars, and the second molar. Untreated dental caries (dt) was associated with lower dental age (β = -0.19; 90% CI: -0.28, -0.10). Dental caries in the permanent dentition, estimated as a median DMFT of 1.0 (90% range, 0.0-8.0), was not significantly associated with dental age (β = 0.05; 90% CI: -0.04, 0.14). However, the DMFT was associated with the advanced stages of development of both premolars and the second molar. The untreated dental caries in the deciduous dentition delays the development of permanent teeth.

Cyberbullying among a clinical adolescent sample in Turkey: effects of problematic smartphone use, psychiatric symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties

BACKGROUND: Cyberbullying, has concerned professionals due to increased use of media over time and as predicted, this type of bullying is fairly common among adolescents. We aimed to define the prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber victimization, examine relationships between problematic smartphone (SP) use (PSU), psychiatric symptoms and emotion regulation difficulties in a clinical adolescent sample. Also, we aimed to predict risk factors of being an E-Victim and E-Bully.METHODS: One hundred and fifty adolescents have recruited the study. Demographic Information Form, Problematic Mobile Phone Usage Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, E-Victimization–E-Bullying Scale were filled out by adolescents.RESULTS: Our results indicated that the prevalence of cybervictimization and cyberbullying were 62.6% and 53.3%, respectively. BEVEB (Both E-Victim and E-Bully) group adolescents were older than NVB (Non-Victim/Bully) groups. Access internet via own SP, PSU, problems in strategies and impulse control and were significantly higher and “lack of awareness” scores were significantly lower in BEVEB group than others. In addition, when compared with OEV (only E-Victims) group, BEVEB group had also higher hostility scores. Logistic regression analysis revealed that high scores of “lack of awareness” and higher E-bullying scores increase the risk of being an E-Victim; and higher scores of hostility and E-victimization and lower scores of “lack of awareness” (in other words being more aware of feelings) increase the risk of being an E-bully.CONCLUSIONS: According to analyses, contrary to our expectations, PSU was important but not an independent predictor of being an E-Victim/E-Bully. Our results also demonstrated an interesting finding: lack of awareness is a risk factor for being an E-victim. We interpreted this result as could not be aware of feelings increase the victimization risk. On the other hand, E-Bullies have higher hostility and victimization while having lower “lack of awareness” scores. It could be speculated that, re-victimization and being aware of hostility feelings could increase the cyberbullying among adolescents. In addition being an E-Bully could be a consequence of being an E-victim and increasing hostility and awareness over time. These results should be re-examined in larger clinical samples.

A Theory-Driven Investigation of the Association Between Emotion Dysregulation and Suicide Risk in a Clinical Adolescent Sample.

Emotion dysregulation has been consistently linked to suicide ideation and attempt, but an explanatory model for this relationship has not been adequately investigated in adolescents. This study examined the concurrent relationship among emotion dysregulation, variables from the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS), and suicide risk (operationalized as a continuous variable that increases in intensity from nonspecific to active suicide ideation to suicide ideation with a plan) in a clinical adolescent sample. A total of 151 adolescents (aged 12-17) were recruited from an inpatient psychiatry unit. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted to determine whether the relationship between emotion dysregulation and suicide risk was explained by the variables of perceived burdensomeness (PB), thwarted belongingness, and capability for suicide, as proposed by the IPTS. As hypothesized, the relationship between emotion dysregulation and suicide risk was explained by PB and capability for suicide. Depressive symptoms had an independent relationship with suicide risk after controlling for IPTS variables. The results from this study suggest that effective treatment strategies that reduce negative cognition tied to PB and depressive symptoms would address the most proximal variables related to suicide risk in adolescents. Enhancing emotion management would serve to maintain low levels of proximal influences on risk.

Lifetime Victimization in Children and Adolescents With ADHD.

The objective of this study is to describe the frequency and type of victimization in a Spanish child and adolescent clinical ADHD sample and to analyze the association between the types of victimization and the severity of the symptoms. The sample is composed of 106 outpatients in treatment for ADHD, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria. Symptom severity was measured by the Conners-3 scales. ADHD and comorbid diagnostics were evaluated with the Mini-Kid interview. The victimization experiences were studied using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). Children with child maltreatment history showed a greater intensity of hyperactivity/impulsivity, aggression and behavioral disorders as well as depression and anxiety disorders. The presence of peer victimization was associated with inattention, learning disorders, executive functioning, and relationship problems. Episodes of victimization should be considered in the treatment of the ADHD. Child maltreatment history is more associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, while peer victimization is more associated with attentional symptoms.

“P” and “DP:” Examining Symptom-Level Bifactor Models of Psychopathology and Dysregulation in Clinically Referred Children and Adolescents

This study examined cross-informant evidence for a general factor of psychopathology ("P") and a narrower, clinically oriented dysregulation general factor based on the Dysregulation Profile ("DP") in a large clinical sample of children and adolescents. We also compared the magnitude of P and DP general factor associations with self-harm and suicidal ideation as an indicator of criterion validity. Itemwise data from the Child Behavior Checklist (N= 2,934; 4-18 years of age) were analyzed using confirmatory bifactor modeling and replicated in a supplementary analysis using Youth Self Report data (N= 2,395). General P and DP bifactor models fit the data better than single-factor and correlated factor models. Cross-informant criterion analyses on a subset of youth (n= 1,552) suggested that whether modeled as latent P or DP, associations with a brief composite index of self-harm and suicidal ideation are essentially of the same magnitude. Our findings provide novel, large-sample support for the existence of general factors of psychopathology and dysregulation in clinically referred children and adolescents using a standardized rating system of psychopathology symptoms. Moreover, our results provide preliminary evidence that general psychopathology and dysregulation factors are clinically meaningful constructs. In addition, our findings raise the possibility that the DP general factor may serve as an efficient proxy for the general psychopathology factor in future clinical applications. Further efforts are necessary to understand the core empirical meaning of the P factor and to determine how it can be applied to clinical assessment and intervention.

T211. BASIC SELF-DISTURBANCE AS A PREDICTOR OF DETERIORATION IN ATTENUATED PSYCHOSIS: A 1-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADOLESCENTS

BackgroundPhenomenological research indicates that disturbance of the basic sense of self may be a core phenotypic marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Basic self-disturbance (SD) refers to a disruption of the sense of first-person perspective and self-presence that is associated with a variety of anomalous subjective experiences. Recent studies including from our group provided first, preliminary support for the notion that SD is related to attenuated psychosis symptoms (APS) and depression among clinical (i.e., treatment-seeking) and non-clinical samples of non-psychotic adolescents. However, very few studies, if any at all, have looked at the ability of SD to predict change in APS and depression over time. The goal of this study was to address this lacuna in the literature by examining the unique and added contribution of SD to the prediction of change over time in APS and depression among community-dwelling adolescents.MethodsThe 1-year longitudinal relationship between SD and change in APS and depression were explored in a sample of 100 non-help-seeking adolescents (age 13–15) from the community. SD was assessed with the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE), prodromal symptoms and syndromes were assessed with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), present and lifetime diagnoses of schizophrenia-spectrum and depression disorders were assessed with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), level of distress with the Mood and Anxiety States Questionnaire (MASQ), and psychosocial functioning with the with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).ResultsSeventy-seven (77%) adolescents out of the 100 that had been assessed at baseline were available and agreed to participate in the 1-year follow-up (Mean=1.4, S.D.=0.8). Except for a diagnosis of an affective disorder, which was slightly less prevalent among those who returned for the follow-up assessment, there were no significant differences between those who were available and those who lost for the follow-up assessment on any of the major socio-demographic or clinical variables at baseline. Consistent with our first hypothesis, SD at baseline predicted a significant amount of variance in APS change over time (R-squared=0.10, F= 8.61, p=0.004). However, inconsistent with our second hypothesis, SD at baseline did not have a significant added contribution to the prediction of APS change when APS at baseline was controlled for (R-squared difference=0.02, F=1.83, p=0.18).DiscussionThese results provide preliminary support for a prospective association between SD and deterioration in prodromal symptoms among adolescents from the community. However, they fail to support an added value of SD over and above baseline APS for the prediction of APS deterioration. Because SD was assessed only at baseline, they leave unanswered the degree to which change in SD is associated with a change in APS and depression.

Stability and Persistence of the Dysregulation Profile in a Followup Study in a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents

Stability and Persistence of the Dysregulation Profile in a Followup Study in a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents

Clinical Profiles Among Greek Adolescent Suicide Attempters.

Suicide attempts are a significant public health problem among youth, resulting in a major social and economic burden for communities and a devastating impact on families. To determine whether we can identify distinct clinical profiles using latent class analysis in a clinical sample of Greek adolescents who were admitted to hospital following a suicide attempt. Data on 11 clinical parameters from 182 adolescents were analyzed, with a two-class solution selected as the best fitting among the one- through three-class solutions that were examined. We observed two distinct classes, specifically in the probability of mood disorders, substance use disorders, abandonment/neglect, and displaying traits of personality disorders. While most of the adolescents who attempted suicide showed a low probability of these parameters (71.7%), about a third of the sample (28.3%) showed a much more severe clinical profile. Analyses of pertinent contextual and risk factors indicated that those with a more severe clinical profile tend to come from overall more dysfunctional family systems, have more problems in school, and have made a previous attempt. We conclude that the adolescent suicide attempt population is a heterogeneous group in need of focused differentiated care specifically targeted to particular subgroups.

Psychometric properties of the social anxiety subscale of the Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5-I-SAD) in a clinical sample of Spanish-speaking adolescents

BackgroundThe Youth Anxiety Measure-I for DSM-5 has recently been developed to assess youth's anxiety symptomatology. As social anxiety is one of the most common disorders in adolescence, this scale includes a subscale measuring social anxiety. However, psychometric properties of the YAM-5-I social anxiety subscale (YAM-5-I-SAD) in clinical samples are lacking. This paper aims to bridge the gap. MethodsThe sample comprised 24 clinically diagnosed and 24 healthy control Spanish-speaking adolescents aged 14–17 years. ResultsData revealed that the YAM-5- I-SAD yielded excellent sensitivity, which makes it particularly useful as a screening tool to early detect socially anxious adolescents. In addition, the YAM-5-I-SAD evidenced good internal consistency and construct validity. LimitationsData are limited to the social anxiety subscale. ConclusionsThe YAM-5-I-SAD is a sensitive and specific measure to screen for adolescents with social anxiety.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nonsuicidal self-injury in a clinical sample of adolescents: the role of comorbidities and gender

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) with special focus on the role of comorbidities and gender in a clinical sample of adolescents with both a dimensional and a categorical approach to psychopathology.MethodsUsing a structured interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid and a self-rated questionnaire, the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, the authors examined 202 inpatient adolescents (aged: 13–18 years) in the Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital and Outpatient Clinic, Budapest, Hungary. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square test and mediator model were used.ResultsFifty-two adolescents met full criteria for ADHD and a further 77 showed symptoms of ADHD at the subthreshold level. From the 52 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD, 35 (67.30%) had NSSI, of whom there were significantly more girls than boys, boys: n = 10 (28.60%), girls: n = 25 (71.40%) ((χ2(1) = 10.643 p < .001 ϕ = .452). Multiple mediation analyses resulted in a moderated mediation model in which the relationship between symptoms of ADHD and the prevalence of current NSSI was fully mediated by the symptoms of comorbid conditions in both sex. Significant mediators were the symptoms of affective and psychotic disorders and suicidality in both sexes and the symptoms of alcohol abuse/dependence disorders in girls.ConclusionsADHD symptoms are associated with an increased risk of NSSI in adolescents, especially in the case of girls. Our findings suggest that clinicians should routinely screen for the symptoms of ADHD and comorbidity, with a special focus on the symptoms of affective disorders and alcohol abuse/dependence psychotic symptoms to prevent NSSI.

Characterizing gender differences in nonsuicidal self-injury: Evidence from a large clinical sample of adolescents and adults

While nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is common in both men and women, research exploring the intersection of NSSI and gender has been limited by the use of small samples of males drawn primarily from non-clinical populations. To address these limitations, we analyzed data from a large sample of patients enrolled in an NSSI partial hospitalization program (PHP) to compare males and females across several variables, including NSSI characteristics, correlates, and pre-post treatment outcomes. Results indicated similar NSSI characteristics and treatment outcomes for males and females, with few exceptions. Males notably reported lower severity levels for most NSSI correlates (e.g., psychopathology, suicidality), highlighting the need to screen males for NSSI even when reporting comparatively less impairment. Finally, our results also suggest that PHP treatment for NSSI can be beneficial for both males and females. These findings have implications for the assessment, diagnosis, conceptualization, and treatment of NSSI in males and females.

Psychiatric problems and quality of life in a clinical sample of adolescents: The role of peer relations.

Background:The quality of peer relations is linked to mental health in childhood and adolescence, but few studies have investigated its clinical relevance. In particular, the potential mediating role of peer functioning in the associations between different dimensions of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) has not been sufficiently examined.Objective:In a clinical sample of adolescents, we examined peer relations in light of psychiatric diagnoses, as well as QoL and symptoms of mental health problems, with particular focus on symptoms of anxiety, depression, and ADHD. We also examined the potential mediating role of peer problems in the relationship between such symptoms and QoL.Methods:The sample consisted of 603 adolescents (ages 13-18) referred to clinical assessment. Psychiatric diagnoses according to the criteria of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision, were collected from participants’ clinical charts. Symptoms of disorders, QoL, and quality of peer relations were measured by self-report questionnaires.Results:Adolescents diagnosed with anxiety/depressive disorder reported more peer problems and lower QoL than adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. These findings were supported with symptom ratings. A path model with bootstrapping was used to assess the potential mediating role of peer problems in the association between symptoms and QoL, showing that peer problems partly mediated the relationship between emotional symptoms and QoL, but not the relationship between ADHD-symptoms and QoL.Conclusion:Improvement of peer relations may be a fruitful path for enhancing QoL among adolescents with symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Psychometric Properties of the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents Who Abuse Their Parents: Prevalence and Gender Differences.

The main objective of this study was to validate the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire (CPAQ) in a clinical sample of adolescents who aggress against their parents. The second aim was to analyze the child-to-parent violence (CPV) prevalence and gender and age differences among these adolescents. The third aim was to analyze the frequency of CPV against mothers and fathers. The CPAQ was completed by 169 adolescents (49 girls) with a mean age of 16.26 years (SD = 1.56) who had committed CPV. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit for four related factors (physical-aggression against mother, physical-aggression against father, psychological-aggression against mother, psychological-aggression against father). Hierarchical models indicated that these factors could be accounted for by broader dimensions of psychological versus physical aggression, and aggression against mother versus father.

Psychometric Properties of the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents Who Abuse Their Parents: Prevalence and Gender Differences

The main objective of this study was to validate the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire (CPAQ) in a clinical sample of adolescents who aggress against their parents. The second aim was to analyze the child-to-parent violence (CPV) prevalence and gender and age differences among these adolescents. The third aim was to analyze the frequency of CPV against mothers and fathers. The CPAQ was completed by 169 adolescents (49 girls) with a mean age of 16.26 years (SD = 1.56) who had committed CPV. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit for four related factors (physical-aggression against mother, physical-aggression against father, psychological-aggression against mother, psychological-aggression against father). Hierarchical models indicated that these factors could be accounted for by broader dimensions of psychological versus physical aggression, and aggression against mother versus father.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire -Dysregulation Profile, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors and the Mediating Role of Stressful Life Events.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors are self-injurious behaviors inflicted without intending death. Literature has shown the relationship between stressful life events (SLE) and NSSI behaviors. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Dysregulation Profile (SDQ-DP) is defined as an index of self-regulatory problems, related to higher risk for suicidal ideation and attempts in adolescents. In this study the relationship between SDQ-DP and NSSI behaviors, mediated by SLE in a clinical sample of children and adolescents is analyzed. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 239 subjects (aged from 11 to 17) to test the mediation model. SDQ-DP significantly correlates with NSSI behaviors (Wald = 6.5477, p = .0105); SDQ-DP significantly correlates with SLE (T = 5.7229, p < .001); SLE significantly correlates NSSI behaviors, and the relation remains significant whilst controlling for SDQ-DP (Wald = 4.1715, p = .041); the relation between SDQ-DP and NSSI behaviors stops being significant whilst controlling for the potential mediator (SLE) (Wald = 2.9951, p = .0835). Study of indirect effect supports the mediation model (.0585 CI [.0016, .1266]). Findings are compatible with the complete mediation scenario. These results point out the importance of self-regulatory problems in coping strategies with regards to SLE and the development of NSSI behaviors.

The role of self-esteem in the development of psychiatric problems: a three-year prospective study in a clinical sample of adolescents

BackgroundSelf-esteem is fundamentally linked to mental health, but its’ role in trajectories of psychiatric problems is unclear. In particular, few studies have addressed the role of self-esteem in the development of attention problems. Hence, we examined the role of global self-esteem in the development of symptoms of anxiety/depression and attention problems, simultaneously, in a clinical sample of adolescents while accounting for gender, therapy, and medication.MethodsLongitudinal data were obtained from a sample of 201 adolescents—aged 13–18—referred to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Trondheim, Norway. In the baseline study, self-esteem, and symptoms of anxiety/depression and attention problems were measured by means of self-report. Participants were reassessed 3 years later, with a participation rate of 77% in the clinical sample.ResultsAnalyses showed that high self-esteem at baseline predicted fewer symptoms of both anxiety/depression and attention problems 3 years later after controlling for prior symptom levels, gender, therapy (or not), and medication.ConclusionsResults highlight the relevance of global self-esteem in the clinical practice, not only with regard to emotional problems, but also to attention problems. Implications for clinicians, parents, and others are discussed.

Supplemental Material for Service Usage Typologies in a Clinical Sample of Trauma-Exposed Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis

Supplemental Material for Service Usage Typologies in a Clinical Sample of Trauma-Exposed Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis

Non suicidal self-injury in referred adolescents with mood disorders and its association with cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament

BackgroundNon suicidal self-injuries (NSSIs) are deliberate self-harm behaviors without suicidal intent, usually starting in adolescence, with increasing rates of occurrence both in epidemiological and clinical samples. Several studies associated cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament (CHT) with self-harm behaviors and suicidal risk. Aim of this study is to explore the association between NSSIs and CHT in a clinical sample of adolescents. We hypothesized that CHT may differentiate NSSI from non-NSSI adolescents with mood disorders, when other psychopathological features are controlled for. MethodsA consecutive sample of 89 adolescents with mood disorders were assessed for presence and phenomenology of NSSIs, CHT, demographics, comorbid categorical psychiatric diagnoses, dimensional psychopathology, impairment and previous suicide attempts. ResultsNSSIs were reported in 52% of the sample, with higher rates in females and in bipolar disorder. Regression analyses showed that CHT, but not age, gender, bipolar vs depression diagnosis, functional impairment, was associated with NSSIs. DiscussionCHT may be in close association with NSSIs in adolescents with mood disorders. An assessment of CHT in adolescents referred for mood disorder may help to detect specific psychological features of NSSIs, which may improve diagnostic and treatment strategies. LimitationsGiven the cross-sectional design, a developmental relation between CHT and NSSIs cannot be determined. The small sample size and the selection bias of severely impaired patients limit the generalization of the results. More sophisticated measures of CHT may consent to explore other dimensions of the cyclothymic construct (i.e., emotional intensity, emotional reactivity, emotional stability, positive vs. negative emotions, interpersonal sensitivity, impulsivity).

A novel experimental paradigm to evaluate children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Comparison with two standard neuropsychological methods

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In this study we evaluated a recently developed test, the Ball Search Field Task (BSFT) as a neuropsychological tool for measuring cognitive and behavioral performance of individuals with disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which are frequently accompanied by cognitive deficits and a lack of behavioral inhibition. The task provides a complementary method of assessment that attempts ecological validity by drawing on challenges faced in real-world situations. In this task, energetic costs and gross sensorimotor feedback are involved, as participants are required to search for targets in a large open area.Method: We compared performance on the BSFT in a clinical sample of children and adolescents with a diagnosis of ADHD with their scores on two widely used neuropsychological tools, the Tower of London (ToLo) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF).Results: We found no correlations between scores on the BRIEF and those on either the BSFT or ToLo. However, we found moderate correlations between rule violations on ToLo and several BSFT variables, suggesting the capacity of these tests to detect common aspects of executive dysfunction.Conclusions: These findings, although modest, encourage further study of tasks like the BSFT, which may help assess cognitive dysfunction found in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD in ecologically valid situations.