Clinical Evidence Of Cardiovascular Disease Research Articles

Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Association with Age, Gender, Duration and Glycosylated Haemoglobin: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycaemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Hyperglycaemia when present for a long period of time leads to a host of metabolic abnormalities and also results in end organ damage. Diastolic dysfunction is an early sign of diabetic heart muscle disease preceding systolic and diastolic damage. Only a few studies have been conducted in central India to establish this prevalence and association in diabetic patients. Aim: To assess Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (LVDD) in diabetic patients and its association with age, gender, duration, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 150 normotensive patients with type 2 DM and no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease were enrolled by simple random selection in the Department of General Medicine, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. The sample size was calculated by standard formula with a confidence interval of 95% and an error margin of less than 5%. A semi-structured proforma was used to record the demographic profiles with full medication history, as well as, anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and waist circumference. Blood pressure was measured and blood was drawn for complete blood count, liver function test, renal function test, fasting and postprandial blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile. Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic studies were performed to assess LVDD. Data obtained by various methods was analysed statistically using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0 and Chi-square test. Results: The present study showed that 85 out of 150 types 2 diabetic patients had diastolic dysfunction, out of which 80 had grade I diastolic dysfunction and, five of them had grade II diastolic dysfunction. The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction was increased with age, duration, and HbA1c (≥7%) and was not affected by gender. Conclusion: The study concluded that asymptomatic normotensive patients of type 2 DM have Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). LVDD were associated with age, gender, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c.

Associations between bone mass, hormone levels, and body composition in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to explore body composition parameters and hormone levels as risk factors for low bone mass (osteopenia/osteoporosis) in postmenopausal women. We analyzed biorepository samples from 139 postmenopausal women with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Inclusion criteria were menopause occurring after 40 years of age and no use of hormone therapy in the past 3 months. Bone mineral density and body composition were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured in all participants. Serum estradiol was measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in a subset of 57 participants. Free estrogen index was calculated by dividing estradiol by SHBG × 100. Body mass index (25.0 [22.5-26.5] vs 27.7 [26.6-31.9] kg/m 2 , P < 0.001), estradiol (3.0 [2.7-4.5] vs 6.0 [2.7-15.0] pg/mL, P = 0.006), waist circumference (84 ± 9 vs 93 ± 12 cm, P < 0.001), appendicular lean mass (ALM) (15.739 ± 2.129 vs 17.184 ± 2.104 kg, P = 0.001), and fat mass index (9.36 [7.29-11.43] vs 11.38 [9.95-15.33] kg/m 2 , P < 0.001) were lower in women with low bone mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Univariate analysis showed that free estrogen index, time since menopause, SHBG, and fat mass were significant predictors of low bone mass, and ALM was a significant predictor against low bone mass. Appendicular lean mass persisted as an independent predictor against low bone mass in multivariate models with fat mass and SHBG. In turn, fat mass was no longer significant in this multivariate model after inclusion of SHBG. No association of FSH with low bone mass was observed. Appendicular lean mass was a significant independent predictor against low bone mass in postmenopausal women. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate whether lean mass, fat mass, and FSH have a direct effect on bone mass in postmenopausal women, adding to the consequences of hypoestrogenism in this group.

The relationship between bioelectrical impedance parameters and pulmonary artery stiffness in obese subjects.

Obesity is a public health problem that needs to be treated and it occurs as a result of excessive fat accumulation in the body. The relationship between obesity and pulmonary hypertension is well known. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between pulmonary artery stiffness, right ventricular functions and bioelectrical impedance parameters in obese, overweight, and healthy individuals. In this study, 41 obese (17 female and 24 male, mean age 43.5±10.3), 39 overweight (20 female and 19 male, mean age 38.6±10.4), 34 healthy control group (19 female and 15 male, mean age 40.5±8.6) were included. Anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance parameters of all participants were performed. Right ventricular functions and pulmonary artery stiffness were evaluated by using conventional echocardiography. Right ventricle myocardial performance index, pulmonary artery stiffness values were statistically different between groups. Positive correlation was observed between pulmonary artery stiffness and Body Mass Index, Waist and Hip circumferences. Significant negative correlation was observed between muscle to fat ratio and pulmonary artery stiffness. In the linear regression analysis, it was observed that the muscle to fat ratio was independent predictor of pulmonary artery stiffness (β=-1.835; 95%CI(-2.434 - - .784); p<0.001). This study showed that right ventricular function was impaired and pulmonary artery stiffness increased in obese individuals. These findings could be considered as early markers of pulmonary hypertension in obese patients who do not yet have clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease.

Nattokinase atherothrombotic prevention study: A randomized controlled trial.

Described to be antithrombotic and antihypertensive, nattokinase is consumed for putative cardiovascular benefit. However, no large-scale, long-term cardiovascular study has been conducted with nattokinase supplementation. To determine the effect of nattokinase on subclinical atherosclerosis progression and atherothrombotic biomarkers. In this double-blinded trial, 265 individuals of median age 65.3 years, without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were randomized to oral nattokinase 2,000 fibrinolytic units or matching placebo. Primary outcome was rate of change in subclinical atherosclerosis measured by serial carotid ultrasound every 6 months as carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid arterial stiffness (CAS). Additional outcomes determined at least every 6 months were clinical parameters including blood pressure and laboratory measures including metabolic factors, blood rheology parameters, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis factors, inflammatory markers and monocyte/macrophage cellular activation markers. After median 3 years of randomized treatment, annualized rate of change in CIMT and CAS did not significantly differ between nattokinase supplementation and placebo. Additionally, there was no significant effect of nattokinase supplementation on blood pressure or any laboratory determination. Results of this trial show that nattokinase supplementation has a null effect on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in healthy individuals at low risk for CVD.

Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

It is unclear whether the increased risk associated with diabetes in patients on dialysis is due to diabetes or a consequence of associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this work was to answer the question: do diabetes and CVD have a similar impact on the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis? A prespecified protocol was used to prospectively evaluate and follow up 310 diabetic patients on hemodialysis without clinical evidence of CVD and 395 nondiabetic patients with CVD. Endpoint was the incidence of composite CV events and coronary events. The incidence of composite CV events (log-rank=0.540) and coronary events (log-rank=0.400) did not differ between groups. Because of the potential influence of occult CVD in patients with diabetes, we repeated the analysis excluding subjects with altered ejection fraction, a myocardial perfusion scan defect, and coronary artery disease in the group of patients with diabetes. Again we found no difference between groups (log-rank=0.657). In patients on hemodialysis, diabetes and CVD carry similar risks for CV events. These results are congruent with the diabetes mellitus-CVD equivalence risk concept reported in the general population.

Disease severity affects myocardial functions in patients with treatment-naive early rheumatoid arthritis.

The cross-sectional study aimed to assess myocardial functions using global longitudinal strain (GLS) echocardiography and arrhythmia parameters with treatment naive newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Seventy seven newly diagnosed treatment-naive RA patients were enrolled. Disease severity was evaluated according to rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) positivity, and Disease Activity Score 28 C-reactive protein (DAS28 CRP). Myocardial functions were assessed using conventional echocardiography and GLS technique and electrocardiogram parameters cQT and Tp-e/cQT. Twenty three patients had severe disease while 54 patients were non-severe. The Left Ventricle GLS (17.98±1.24 vs 21.29±1.03, P<.001), cQT (428.71±9.05 vs 394.61±17.83, P<.001), Tp-e/cQT (0.19±0.02 vs 0.16±0.01, P<.001) for severe RA patients was reduced compared to RA non-severe patients. Penalized maximum likelihood estimation logistic regression analysis revealed LVGLS as the only significantly independent predictor of severe RA disease (OR 0.70, CI 95% 0.52-0.92, P=.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the LVGLS was revealed 19.9 as GLS discriminative value with 88.8% positive predictive value for predicting severity. Severe RA risk increases when log-odds value was over 0, corresponds to LVGLS value less than 18 by partial effect plots. RA severity was associated with lower LV systolic myocardial function and increased arrhythmia parameters. Only LVGLS was significantly independent predictor of RA disease severity.

Preventive therapy of antioxidant vitamins against the blood choline levels in cardiovascular patients

Therapeutic role of antioxidant against lipid profile and lipoprotein (choline) was observed by the different researchers, but clinical evidences required about the use of antioxidant vitamins against the lipoproteins. Patients with clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) confirmed by standard diagnostic techniques were followed. Newly or recently, diagnosed case subjects were recruited wherever possible. At least 120 cases, subjects both male and female with CVD were selected from a local hospital. Four groups developed on the base of antioxidant therapy and blood samples were collected at zero day, 20 days, 40 days and 60 days. vitamins C and E are the major dietary cellular and lipid antioxidants, respectively; we found no evidence to support the use of vitamin or antioxidant supplements in the reduction of mortality. However, they are helpful in the management of prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The association of nadir CD4-T cell count and endothelial dysfunction in a healthy HIV cohort without major cardiovascular risk factors.

Objectives:HIV-infected population may have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals has made it difficult to assess the direct effects of HIV and immune factors on endothelial dysfunction and associated increased risk of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate indicators of endothelial dysfunction in an HIV cohort without hypertension and diabetes.Methods:We studied 19 HIV-infected patients between the ages of 25–76 years old with effectively suppressed viral load and without diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes. Endothelial function was measured by digital thermal monitoring of vascular reactivity using the VENDYS technique. Endothelial function was reported as vascular reactivity index. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at the time of VENDYS test were measured and latest lipid panels were recorded. The association between vascular reactivity index and CD4-T cells count, different antiretroviral therapy types (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors), vitamins use, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was investigated.Results:Mean vascular reactivity index was 1.87 ± 0.53. Vascular reactivity index, marker of endothelial dysfunction, showed a significant correlation with lower nadir CD4 count (p = 0.003) as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.02). No additional significant correlation between vascular reactivity index and the rest of the investigated variables was found.Conclusion:Vascular reactivity index, a clinical predictor of endothelial dysfunction, is associated with lower nadir CD4-T cell and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected men with no history of hypertension or diabetes and before clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease.

Disease activity is associated with LV dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis patients without clinical cardiovascular disease

ObjectivesThe cross-sectional study aimed to assess left ventricular systolic function using global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) and arterial stiffness using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in Thai adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsConfirmed RA patients were selected from a list of outpatient attendees if they were 18 years (y) without clinical, ECG and echocardiographic evidence of CVD, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and excess alcoholic intake. Controls were matched with age and sex to a list of healthy individuals with normal echocardiograms. All underwent STE and CAVI.Results60 RA patients (females = 55) were analysed. Mean standard deviation of patient and control ages were 50 ± 10.2 and 51 ± 9.9 y, respectively, and mean duration of RA was 9.0 ± 6.8 y. Mean DAS28-CRP and DAS28-ESR were 2.9 ± 0.9 and 3.4 ± 0.9, respectively. There was no between-group differences in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV sizes, LVMI, LV diastolic function and CAVI were within normal limits but all GLSs values was significantly lower in patients vs. controls: 17.6 ± 3.4 vs 20.4 ± 2.2 (p = 0.03). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated significant correlations between GLSs and RA duration (p = 0.02), and GLSs and DAS28-CRP (p = 0.041).ConclusionsPatients with RA and no clinical CV disease have reduced LV systolic function as shown by lower GLSs. It is common and associated with disease activity and RA disease duration. 2D speckle-tracking GLSs is robust in detecting this subclinical LV systolic dysfunction.

New insights to the potential mechanisms driving coronary flow reserve impairment in Cushing's syndrome: A pilot noninvasive study by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography

BackgroundThe contribution of functional and/or structural remodeling to reduced coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), reflecting impaired coronary microcirculation in Cushing's syndrome (CS), has not been clearly elucidated. We aimed to identify the potential mechanisms of coronary microvascular impairment in CS. MethodsWe studied 15 CS patients (11 female, age 50 ± 9 years) without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Coronary flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, at rest, and during adenosine infusion. Average peak flow velocities, CFVR, and microvascular resistance in baseline (BMR) and hyperemic conditions (HMR) were assessed. CFVR ≤2.5 was considered a marker of microvascular disease (CMD). Diastolic function (E/e′), global longitudinal strain (GLS) and fractional pulse pressure (fPP), an index of arterial stiffness, were also assessed. ResultsCMD was present in 5 patients (33.3%). CMD was primarily driven by increased baseline peak flow velocity (29 ± 12 versus 19.6 ± 4.2 cm/s, p = .03) in the presence of decreased BMR (3.62 ± 0.6 versus 5.46 ± 1.4 mm Hg·s/cm, p = .03). Moreover, urinary cortisol and E/e′ were higher (p = .001 and p = .001, respectively) and GLS was lower (p = .009) in patients with CMD. fPP was higher in patients with CMD (p = .01). Urinary cortisol correlated to CFVR (p = .008), E/e′ (p < .0001) and GLS (p < .0001). fPP directly correlated to average peak flow velocities at rest (p = .01) and inversely to BMR (p = .03). ConclusionsFunctional microvascular regulatory impairment seems to be the potential mechanism of CMD in CS. CMD seems to be related to decreased myocardial contractility and diastolic dysfunction associated with cortisol excess.

Prognostic value of exercise tolerance test for predicting cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic individuals with heterozygous familiar hypercholesterolemia.

Heterozygous familiar hypercholesterolemia (hFH) is an autosomal dominant inherited dyslipidemia, associated with premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aim of the study was to define prognostic factors for cardiovascular events (CVE) in asymptomatic individuals with hFH. All participants with recent diagnosis of hFH were recruited from the outpatient lipid clinic from 1987 to 2016, without any previous clinical evidence of CVD. A detailed clinical evaluation and laboratory investigation was obtained. Exercise tolerance test (ETT) was performed until maximum exercise capacity was achieved, without evidence of ischemia. Primary endpoint of the study was the first CVE. Four hundred fifty one participants were followed up for 10 ± 8years, with 68 recorded cases of CVD (15%). Cumulative incidence of CVD was 15%, 24% and 32% for the 3 decades, respectively. In univariate analysis, male gender (p = 0.016), progression of age (p < 0.001), menopause (p = 0.030), waist-hip ratio (p = 0.043) and increased levels of Lp(α) (p = 0.014) were significantly associated with increased CVD incidence; whereas, exercise capacity (p = 0.025), low variation of heart rate (HR) during all stages of ETT compared to resting state (p = 0.020), maximum systolic (p = 0.014) and diastolic (p < 0.001) blood pressure were inversely associated with CVD. In multi-adjusted analysis, male gender (p < 0.001), duration of ETT (p = 0.023), estimated HR (p = 0.029), variation of HR during ETT compared to resting state (p < 0.05) and maximum diastolic pressure (p = 0.044) were significantly associated with CVD. Parameters of ETT in asymptomatic individuals with hFH, without any evidence of ischemia, may predict CVD in these high-risk patients after decades of observation.

Endothelin-1, cardiac morphology, and heart failure: the MESA angiogenesis study

Circulating levels of endothelin-1 (ET1) are elevated in heart failure and predict poor prognosis. However, it is not clear whether ET1 elevation is an adaptive response, maladaptive response, or an epiphenomenon of heart failure. In this study, we evaluated the relationships between ET1, cardiac morphology, and incident heart failure or cardiovascular death in participants with no evidence of clinical cardiovascular disease at the time ET1 was measured. ET1 was measured in 1,361 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Angiogenesis Sub-Study. As suggested by linear regression, participants with lower circulating ET1 levels tended to be older, non-white, more likely to have smoked heavily, and less likely to report intentional exercise. Participants with higher ET1 levels had smaller left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (8.9 ml smaller per log increase in ET1, 95% confidence interval 17.1-0.7, p = 0.03) with an increased left ventricular ejection fraction (2.8% per log increase in ET1, 95% confidence interval 0.5%-5.2%, p = 0.02). As suggested by Cox Proportional Hazards estimates, participants with higher ET1 levels had a lower risk for the composite outcome of heart failure or cardiovascular death in models that were unadjusted or had limited adjustment (p = 0.03 and p = 0.05, respectively). Lower risk for heart failure with higher ET1 levels could not be clearly shown in a model including health behaviors. These results suggest, but do not confirm, that elevated levels of circulating ET1 are associated with a more favorable cardiac phenotype. The relationship between ET1 and outcomes was not fully independent of one or more covariates.

Abstract 513: Lower Nadir Cd4 T-cell Count is a Strong Predictor of Endothelial Dysfunction in HIV Infected Patients

Background: Nadir CD4 T-cell count is a predictor of negative outcomes in HIV -infected patients and strongly correlates with WHO disease staging. There is lack of data pertaining the relationship between vascular function and nadir CD4 in patients without risk factors of hypertension and diabetes. Therefore we investigated the association between low nadir CD4 T-cells and endothelial function in these otherwise cardiovascular healthy patients. Methods: We conducted a study of 19 HIV-infected men on antiretroviral therapy with undetectable plasma RNA levels without hypertension or diabetes. Vascular reactivity index (VRI), a marker for vascular endothelial function, was measured via VENDYS technique using temperature rebound in response to hyperemic blood flow and vasodilation to the forearm following a 5-minute cuff occlusion of the brachial artery. Results: VRI showed a significant correlation with low nadir CD4 count (p = 0.019) (Figure 1). Lower CD4 counts were associated with significant endothelial dysfunction. We examined the effect of potential mediators on such association. No significant correlation was found with LDL-C (p=0.60), HDL-C (p=0.59), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p=0.12 and 0.13) or history of smoking (p=0.55) with VRI in the studied HIV cohort. Conclusion: Low nadir CD4 count remained independently associated with vascular reactivity index and thus a significant clinical predictor of endothelial dysfunction in HIV infected patients with no history of hypertension or diabetes even before clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Vascular Reactivity Index vs CD4 Nadir(Figure1).

Left ventricular mass estimation by different partition values in a large population of black hypertensive subjects.

AimsOur aim is to compare the impact of the 2 most widely used methods of indexing left ventricular mass (LVM) on the distribution of abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns, in a large sample of untreated asymptomatic black hypertensive subjects.Methods and ResultsAll patients with hypertension referred to the Cardiology unit of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria from 2006 to 2013, who gave informed consent, and underwent physical examination and echocardiography. LVM indexation was classified into 4 geometric patterns after echocardiography: normal geometry, concentric hypertrophy, concentric remodeling, and eccentric hypertrophy. Concentric hypertrophy was the commonest geometric pattern and was detected in 33.6% to 39.5% of the patients. LVM/height2.7 was a better method to detect abnormal geometric pattern than LVM/BSA (P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn a large cohort of hypertensive subjects with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease, abnormal LV geometry was found in greater than four‐fifths of the population. In addition, LVM indexed for height 2.7 was found to be a better method for detecting LVH than LVM indexed for BSA, as the highest prevalence of abnormal geometry was diagnosed when LVM was indexed for height2.7.

Differences in Cardiovascular Aging in Men and Women.

Cardiovascular diseases increase dramatically with age in both men and women. While it is clear that advanced age allows more time for individuals to be exposed to risk factors in general, there is strong evidence that age itself is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Indeed, there are distinct age-dependent cellular, structural, and functional changes in both the heart and blood vessels, even in individuals with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Studies in older humans and in animal models of aging indicate that this age-related remodeling is maladaptive. An emerging view is that the heart and blood vessels accumulate cellular and subcellular deficits with age and these deficits increase susceptibility to disease in older individuals. Aspects of this age-dependent remodeling of the heart and blood vessels differ between the sexes. There is also new evidence that these maladaptive changes are more prominent in older animals and humans with a high degree of frailty. These observations may help explain why men and women are susceptible to different cardiovascular diseases as they age and why frail older adults are most often affected by these diseases.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction may be related to IGF-1 in acromegalic patients and can be restored by therapy

Background and aimsAcromegaly increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Data on the cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic acromegaly are limited. In particular, data on coronary microvascular abnormalities are lacking. We assessed coronary flow reserve (CFR) as a marker of coronary microvascular function in asymptomatic acromegaly. MethodsWe studied 40 acromegalic patients (23 male, age 52 ± 11 years) without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease, and 40 control subjects matched for age and sex. Coronary flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was detected by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, at rest, and during adenosine infusion. CFR was the ratio of hyperaemic to resting diastolic flow velocity. ResultsCFR was lower in patients than in controls (2.9 ± 0.8 vs. 3.7 ± 0.6, p < 0.0001) and was abnormal (≤2.5) in 13 patients (32.5%) compared with any control subjects (0%) (p < 0.0001). CFR was inversely related to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels (r = −0.5, p < 0.004). In patients with CFR≤2.5, IGF-1 was higher (756 [381–898] μg/l versus 246 [186–484] μg/l, p < 0.007) whereas growth hormone (GH) levels were similar (6.3 [2.8–13.7] μg/l versus 5 [2.8–8.9] μg/l, p = 0.8). In multivariable linear regression analysis, IGF-1 was independently associated with CFR (p < 0.0001). In multiple logistic regression analysis, IGF-1 independently increased the probability of CFR≤2.5 (p = 0.009). In four patients with active disease (all with CFR<2.5), treatment with somatostatin analogues normalized CFR. However the other four patients with active disease were not responder. ConclusionsAcromegalic patients have coronary microvascular dysfunction that may be restored by therapy with somatostatin analogues. IGF-1 independently correlates with the coronary microvascular impairment, suggesting the pivotal role of this hormone in explaining the increased cardiovascular risk in acromegaly.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Pericardial Fat in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adipose tissue produces PAI-1, and pericardial fat is a CVD risk factor. We sought to determine the relationship between PAI-1 and pericardial fat in males and females with well-controlled T2DM. The study population consisted of 32 males and 19 females, aged 35-70 years with T2DM, without clinical evidence of CVD or other active medical problems except for hypertension. Subjects were studied under good cardiometabolic control. Study procedures included fasting blood work and cardiovascular imaging. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of the heart was used to identify and quantify pericardial fat from the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk to the last slice containing cardiac tissue. PAI-1 was positively correlated with pericardial fat (β = 0.72, r = 0.72, P < 0.001) as well as with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.31, P = 0.03) and serum triglycerides (r = 0.27, P = 0.05). In a multivariable regression model, controlling for insulin sensitivity, triglycerides, and body mass index, pericardial fat was independently associated with PAI-1 (β = 0.80, P < 0.001). PAI-1 is positively associated with pericardial fat in individuals with T2DM.

Assessment of left atrial volume and function by real time three-dimensional echocardiography in obese patients.

To evaluate left atrial (LA) volume and functions in obese subjects using real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) and also the relationship between LA mechanical functions and N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP). This study included 40 obese (26 females and 14 males, mean age 51.9years) and 40 normal weight subjects (23 females and 16 males, mean age 53.5years) with normal coronary angiograms. All the study participants underwent RT3DE to assess LA volume and mechanical function. Plasma NT-proANP was determined by ELISA method. There was no significant difference between groups in left ventricular (LV) diameters and ejection fraction, which reflect LV systolic function. However, transmitral deceleration time, isovolumetric relaxation time, and peak late diastolic tissue Doppler velocity values, which reflect LV diastolic function, were found to be significantly higher in obese subjects when compared with controls. LA maximum volume (LAVmax), LAVmax index (LAVI), LA minimal volume (LAVmin), before atrial contraction volume (LAVpreA), LA active emptying volume, LA total emptying volume, and LA active emptying fraction, which reflect LA reservoir and pump functions, were also higher in obese subjects when compared with controls. LA passive emptying fraction was significantly lower in obese subjects than in controls. NT-proANP levels were similar between groups. There were positive correlations between NT-proANP level and LAVI, LAVmax, LAVmin, LAVpreA, and LA total and active emptying volumes. Left atrial mechanical functions and volumes are impaired in obese subjects. These findings may be regarded as early markers of subclinical cardiac failure in obese subjects who have not yet exhibited any clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease.

Metabolic syndrome and 10-year cardiovascular disease incidence: The ATTICA study

AimsTo evaluate the influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as well as inflammatory and renal markers on cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence. Methods and resultsDuring 2001–2002, 1514 men and 1528 women (>18y) without any clinical evidence of CVD or any other chronic disease, at baseline, living in greater Athens area, Greece, were enrolled. In 2011–2012, the 10-year follow-up was performed in 2583 participants (15% of the participants were lost to follow-up). Incidence of fatal or non-fatal CVD was defined according to WHO-ICD-10 criteria. MetS was defined using three definitions, provided by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment panel III (revised NCEP ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) or the Harmonized definition. Furthermore, the contributory predictive role of C-reactive protein (CRP), inteleukin-6, uric acid and estimated glomerular filtration rate in the aforementioned models was evaluated. History of MetS-NCEP was positively associated with CVD, adjusting for potential confounding factors (OR:1.83, 95%CI:1.24–2.72). Not statistically significant associations with CVD incidence were observed when using the IDF or the Harmonized definition. Additionally, none of the added inflammatory and renal function markers mediated the influence of MetS on CVD incidence (all p's from Sobel test >0.40). C-statistic values for the MetS definitions used exceeded 0.789 (CI:0.751–0.827), indicating fair-to-good predictive probability of the models. ConclusionResults of the present work revealed the negative impact of MetS-NCEP, but not of the other MetS definitions, on CVD incidence, a key-point that may help in better understanding the role of IDF and Harmonized MetS definitions on CVD.

Coronary calcification in SLE: comparison with the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Accelerated atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and death in SLE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium (CAC) is higher in female SLE patients compared with a non-SLE sample from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). CAC was measured in 80 female SLE patients and 241 female MESA controls from the Baltimore Field Centre, ages 45-64 years, without evidence of clinical cardiovascular disease. Binary regression was used to estimate the ratio of CAC prevalence in SLE vs MESA controls, controlling for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. To compare the groups with respect to the quantity of CAC among those with non-zero Agatston scores, we used linear models in which the outcome was a log-transformed Agatston score. The prevalence of CAC was substantially higher in SLE. The differences were most pronounced and statistically significant in those aged 45-54 years (58% vs 20%, P < 0.0001), but were still observed among those aged 55-65 years (57% vs 36%, P = 0.069). After controlling for age, ethnicity, education, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, high-density lipoprotein levels, smoking, education and BMI, SLE patients still had a significantly higher prevalence of CAC than controls. Among those with CAC, the mean log Agatston score did not differ significantly between SLE and MESA participants. Women with SLE have a higher prevalence of CAC than comparable women without SLE, even after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, especially among those aged 45-54 years.