Climate Zones In China Research Articles

A study on the thermal performance of Pleurotus Ostreatus/Straw mycelium composites and its application in building envelopes

Most conventional construction materials are non-degradable, putting huge burden on our environment at disposal. Mycelium-based composites are formed by aggregating some forestry and agricultural residues with networks of filamentous hyphae, and they are degradable and environmentally friendly. The paper examines the thermal property of Pleurotus Ostreatus/Straw (PO/S) mycelium composites and explores the possibility of using it for building insulation application. Samples of PO/S mycelium composites of different composition and density were prepared. The thermal conductivity was measured by a steady-state thermal measurement approach. It was found that incubation time, preparation method, and composition are important factors for the thermal performance of the material. The lowest thermal conductivity was 0.12 W/m‧K, with the sample (FMC 04) consisting of 75 % Pleurotus Ostreatus primary spawn and 25 % straw substrate and prepared without pressure. With this composition, a series of mycelium-based façade and roof sandwich insulation panels were designed in details. The U-values of the panels were calculated using THERM software, and required panel thickness was investigated. It was found that when the panel thickness reaches 240 mm, two types of wall panels (W1 and W2) and two types of roof panels (R1 and R2) satisfy the energy efficiency requirements of Class A public building in the “hot summer and cold winter” climate zone in China. A cost-benefit analysis shows that implementation of this novel insulation panel is financially sustainable for at least 10 years from now on, if it is sold at a price 5 % more than normal panels.

A thermal comfort assessment on semi-outdoor sports stadiums located in 3 different climate zones in China

The thermal environment of sports stadiums, one of the biggest public facilities in the city, can easily impact the health of tens of thousands of people. Semi-outdoor stadiums are susceptible to summer heat waves due to global warming. Overall, this paper provides insights into the thermal comfort conditions in semi-outdoor sports stadiums in three different climate zones in China. Through field research, a method is provided to monitor the thermal environment in the stands of a big stadium using eight sensors. Stadium occupants' thermal comfort is assessed using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and the effects of various climatic conditions are examined. The results of the study show that the north side of the stadium stands is the point with the highest thermal risk, even if the climatic zones are different. The distribution of thermal comfort in the stands will be directly impacted by the stadium's roof prototype. The UTCI has modest sensitivity to wind speed and great sensitivity to the three climatic parameters of air temperature, mean radiant temperature, and relative humidity. This implies that in the stadium grandstand, the shading strategies will enhance the thermal environment more effectively than the natural ventilation strategies. The findings suggest that a combination of passive and active strategies can be used to improve thermal comfort, such as asymmetrical seating design, full wrap-around roofs, and scheduling events to avoid peak heat stress.

Diversity of Cellular Slime Molds (Dictyostelids) in the Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve and Geographical Distribution Comparisons with Other Representative Nature Reserves in Different Climate Zones of China.

Protected areas are widely considered an essential strategy for biodiversity conservation. Dictyostelids are unique protists known to have important ecological functions in promoting soil and plant health through their top-down regulation of ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, that involve bacterial populations. But the relationship between dictyostelid diversity within protected areas remains poorly understood, especially on a large scale. Herein, we report data on the distribution of dictyostelids, identified with ITS + SSU rRNA molecular and morphology-based taxonomy, from soil samples collected in the Fanjing Mountain protected area of Guizhou Province, Southwest China. We compared the biodiversity data of dictyostelids in Fanjing Mountain with similar data from previously sampled sites in four other protected areas, including Changbai Mountain (CB), Gushan Mountain (GS), Baiyun Mountain (BY), and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QT) in China. We identified four species of dictyostelids belonging to three genera (Dictyostelium, Heterostelium, and Polysphondylium) and herein provide information on the taxonomy of these species. Two species (Heterostelium pallidum and Dictyostelium purpureum) are common and widely distributed throughout the world, but one species (Polysphondylium fuscans) was new to China. Our data indicate that there is no distinguishable significant correlation between the dictyostelid species studied and environmental factors. Overall, the similarity index between Baiyun Mountain in Henan Province and Fanjing Mountain in Guizhou Province, located at approximately the same longitude, is the highest, and the Jaccard similarity coefficients (Jaccard index) of family, genus, and species are 100%, 100%, and 12.5%, respectively. From a species perspective, species in the same climate zone are not closely related, but obvious geographical distributions are evident in different climate zones. This preliminary study provided evidence of the ecological adaptation of dictyostelids to different biological niches.

Comparative evaluation of four actual evapotranspiration models over different ecosystems and climate zones in China

ABSTRACT To better understand the discrepancies in evapotranspiration (ET) simulations between ET models, we intercompared four models in China: Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL), Penman–Montieth–Leuning Version 2 (PML-V2), Sigmoid Generalized Complementary Function (SGCF), Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC). Data from 18 flux sites were used to evaluate the model performance at daytime (when incident shortwave radiation is greater than 20 W/m2) scales. To compare more fairly, we took the intersection of the outputs from four models for the analyses in the main text. All models yielded acceptable results, with PML-V2 or SGCF performing best at most sites. The average coefficient of determination and root mean square error among all sites of LE (latent heat of ET) were 0.72 and 51.71 W/m2 for PT-JPL, 0.80 and 46.65 W/m2 for PML-V2, 0.79 and 41.13 W/m2 for SGCF, 0.70 and 51.09 W/m2 for METRIC. PT-JPL and PML-V2 underestimated ET at most sites, whereas SGCF overestimated, potentially due to uncertainties in the vegetation indices and ET constraint parameters. Compared to measurements, PT-JPL underestimated the proportion of transpiration to evapotranspiration (0.81 versus 0.59), while PML-V2 overestimated (0.81 versus 0.90). Furthermore, all models performed best in the semi-arid zone dominated by grassland sites.

Source tracing the bedroom bacteria across different climate zones in China during the heating season

Approximately 1/3 of people's time is spent in bedrooms. Regulating the health implications arising from the bedroom bacterial community demands an in-depth understanding of both the bacterial composition and the influential factors. This study employed high-throughput 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the bacterial community in 23 residential bedrooms across five climate zones in China. Our findings reveal that the bacterial richness and diversity were highest in the Hot-Summer-Cold-Winter (HSCW) zone, possibly due to its lowest indoor temperature during the heating season. Employing an advanced source tracing algorithm, we identified ventilation rate as the dominant factor affecting outdoor bacterial presence, with each additional air change per hour (ACH) increasing the outdoor bacterial abundance by 13.7 %. The integumentary system was the largest contributor to the occupant-associated bacteria, particularly in the residences located in the Severe Cold and Cold zones. Our study provides valuable insights into the diverse bacterial communities in residential bedrooms across various climate zones in China, elucidating the key factors and sources that contribute to shaping these complex microbial ecosystems.

Spatial-temporal variation of water vapor scale height and its impact factors in different climate zones of China

Water vapor scale height reflects the vertical distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere, which is a vital parameter in tropospheric zenith wet delay (ZWD) modeling and GNSS meteorology. This study accurately calculated the long-term water vapor scale height using 89 radiosonde stations in China, analyzed the characteristics in temporal and spatial variations and explored the impact factors of the water vapor scale height from the perspective of the climate zones. The numerical results indicate that the water vapor scale height in China exhibits annual and semiannual variations with a rising-then-decreasing trend across the four seasons. A relatively larger value for the water vapor scale height were observed in the subtropical monsoon climate and the temperate continental climate zone, in which the values are greater than 2.35 km, while the values in temperate monsoon climate and the alpine plateau climate zone are relatively small. In addition, the water vapor scale height in different climate zones shows different trends, with a downward trend appeared in the subtropical monsoon climate and the alpine plateau climate zone, while an upward trend was observed in the temperate monsoon climate and the temperate continental climate zone. Furthermore, a positive correlation between water vapor scale height and temperature, pressure, and atmospheric precipitable water was found in China, with a varied degree of correlation in different climate zones.

The influence patterns of carbon flux in different climatic zones in China —Based on the complex network approach

Research on ecosystem carbon flux can provide important methodological and strategic support for climate change mitigation. The existing studies focus on the calculation of carbon flux, ignoring the intertwined effects between regions. The quantification and analysis of the interaction patterns of carbon flux is crucial for understanding the global carbon cycle process, forecasting and coping with climate change. In this study, carbon flux network model sequences are established based on complex network theory using carbon flux data spanning from December 1, 2005, to November 30, 2020. The time delay effect is introduced to accurately quantify the influence patterns of carbon flux within climate zones across China. The findings indicate that the probability distribution function of the link weights during the various seasons of each year exhibits a bimodal distribution with distinct positive and negative components. The delay probability distribution function reveals the significant impact of delay effects, which are especially pronounced and mostly significant long-term lag effects in nodes with negative weights. Further, the results of the interactions of carbon flux among climate zones demonstrate that changes in carbon flux in the plateau and southern temperate regions have either positive or negative impacts on other climate zones. Therefore, controlling carbon flux changes in these climatic zones can effectively optimize the distribution of carbon flux. The modeling framework and results presented in this paper provide useful insights for the regulation and distribution optimization of carbon flux in China.

An interpretable framework for modeling global solar radiation using tree-based ensemble machine learning and Shapley additive explanations methods

Machine learning techniques provide an effective and cost-efficient solution for estimating solar radiation for solar energy utilization. However, the reported machine learning-based solar radiation models fail to offer comprehensive explanations for their outputs. Therefore, this study aims to tackle this issue by developing machine learning models that are both accurate and interpretable. To achieve the objective, this study evaluated the performance of tree-based ensemble algorithms, using optimized combinations of model input parameters for different climate zones in China. The results showed that the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models demonstrated the highest overall accuracy, model stability, and generalization ability. At the national scale, the developed XGBoost models yielded an average R2, MAE, and RMSE of 0.939, 1.226 MJ/m2, and 1.663 MJ/m2, respectively, showing significant improvements of 2.13–27.78% in RMSE compared to recently reported models. Most importantly, the state-of-the-art SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technique was integrated with the developed XGBoost models to enhance model interpretability in terms of global and local feature importance, as well as the interaction effects between model features. The results of the SHAP value analysis demonstrated the robustness of sunshine duration in modeling global solar radiation, revealing thresholds where its values undergo a shift from negative to positive effects on model output. SHAP interaction values illustrated the interaction effects among features in the developed solar radiation model, uncovering the model's complex non-linear relationships. Additionally, this study provided explanations for individual instances based on the SHAP method. Overall, this study provided an accurate, reliable, and transparent machine learning model and an enlightening framework for modeling global solar radiation at sites without observations.

Exploring energy-saving performance of radiative cooling roofs with a transient heat transfer model

Radiative cooling coatings, serving as building roof exterior surfaces, reflect most solar energy and dissipate heat mainly through the atmospheric window. A roof transient heat transfer model was proposed considering the atmospheric transmittance and spectral properties of radiative cooling coatings within the longwave range by coupling one-dimensional transient heat transfer and a spectral-dependent method. The atmospheric radiation was calculated based on the dew point temperature. Field measurements were conducted to verify the model reliability. The simulation and experimental data matched well. The validated model was employed to analyze the energy-saving performance of radiative cooling coatings in diverse climate zones in China (Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing). The results showed that the radiative cooling coatings (solar reflectance β = 0.85 and thermal emissivity ε = 0.95) achieved excellent cooling performance, although they could cause a penalty during the heating period. Compared with conventional exterior surfaces (β = 0.2 and ε = 0.9), the radiative cooling coatings reduced the annual load (the sum of the cooling and heating loads) of roofs by 84.9%, 30.3% and 2.4% in Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing, respectively, with roof insulation thicknesses of 40, 80 and 100 mm, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the solar reflectance determined the roof annual load in Guangzhou, while the insulation thickness determined the roof annual load in Shanghai and Beijing. The numerical model developed herein could be used to analyze the energy-saving potential of radiative cooling roofs with different spectral properties and provide guidance for effectively applying radiative cooling coatings on building roofs.

Effectiveness of enhanced roof ventilation unit (ERU) based on venturi cap in different wind environments and new evaluation models: A numerical study

Reasonable building ventilation design can effectively improve indoor thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption. Therefore, an enhanced roof ventilation unit (ERU) was developed for this study, and its performance and influence law under various wind speeds and directions were explored through numerical simulation. Additionally, a new evaluation method for ERU was proposed through data fitting, and applicability was verified for different climate zones in China. The results showed that: (1) With a maximum difference of 3.11 °C, the ERU performed best in the N direction and poorest in the SW direction for indoor temperature. Furthermore, the impact of wind directions was more evident than wind speeds. (2) The wind speed affected the volume flow rate significantly in the NE direction (7.77 m3/s) and insignificantly not in the SE direction (0.32 m3/s). Nevertheless, the performance was the opposite in the NE and SE directions when the wind speed increased from 0.5 m/s (3) The air age performed best in the NE and worst in the SE directions. As wind speeds surpassed 2.0 m/s, the air age variation steadily stabilized in various wind directions. (4) The fitted equation for indoor temperature has applicability in typical cities in five climate zones, and the fitted equation for volume flow rate is applicable in four climate zones except the hot summer and warm winter zone. The study results can provide references for the ERU to improve indoor thermal ventilation, contributing to sustainable building energy efficiency.

Study on the Influence of the Application of Phase Change Material on Residential Energy Consumption in Cold Regions of China

As the impact of climate change intensifies, meeting the energy demand of buildings in China’s cold regions is becoming increasingly challenging, particularly in terms of cooling energy consumption. The effectiveness of integrating phase change material (PCM) into building envelopes for energy saving in China’s cold regions is unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of PCM integration in building enclosures for energy efficiency in these regions. The research monitored and recorded indoor temperature data from typical residential cases from May to September. This measured data was then used to validate the accuracy of EnergyPlus22-1 software simulation models. Subsequently, the calibrated model was utilized to conduct a comparative analysis on the effects of PCM on indoor temperatures and cooling energy consumption across these regions. The results of these comparative analyses indicated that PCM can alleviate indoor overheating to varying degrees in severe cold regions of China. Focusing on north-facing bedrooms, applying PCMs reduced the duration of overheating in non-air-conditioned buildings in severe cold regions of China by 136 h (Yichun), 340 h (Harbin), 356 h (Shenyang), and 153 h (Dalian). In terms of cooling energy consumption, the energy saved by applying PCMs ranged from 1.48 to 13.83 kWh/m2. These results emphasize that the performance of PCM varies with climate change, with the most significant energy-saving effects observed in severe cold regions. In north-facing bedrooms in Harbin, the energy-saving rate was as high as 60.30%. Based on these results, the study offers guidance and recommendations for feasible passive energy-saving strategies for buildings in severe cold and cold regions of China in the face of climate change. Additionally, it provides practical guidance for applying PCMs in different climatic zones in China.

Impact of climate zones and seasons on indoor airborne microbial communities: Insights from a comprehensive analysis

Bacteria and fungi are ubiquitous throughout built environments and are suspended in the air, potentially affecting human health. However, the impacts of climate zones on the diversity, structure, and stochastic assembly of indoor airborne microbes remain unknown. This study comprehensively analyzed indoor airborne microbes across five climate zones in China during the summer and winter using high-throughput sequencing. The diversity and structure of indoor airborne communities vary across climatic zones. A random forest model was used to identify biomarkers in different climate zones. The results showed no relationship between the biomarkers and their rankings in mean relative abundance. The Sloan neutral model fitting results indicated that the impact of climate zones on the stochastic process in the assembly of indoor airborne microbes was considerably more important than that of seasons. Additionally, the influence of seasons on the diversity, structure, and stochastic assembly process of indoor airborne microbes differed among different climate zones. The diversity, structure, and stochastic assembly processes of bacteria present distinctive outcomes in climate zones and seasons compared with those of fungi. Overall, these findings indicate that customized strategies are necessary to manage indoor airborne microbial communities in each climate zone, season, and for specific microbial species.

An experimental case study of natural ventilation effects on the residential thermal environment and predicted thermal comfort in Kunming

The use of natural ventilation for cooling in summer in mild climate areas can positively improve the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort. In this paper, Kunming, China was chosen as a case to study experimentally the natural ventilation effects on the residential thermal environment and thermal comfort in mild climate rural areas. The effects of natural ventilation on the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort under the typical hottest sunny days in summer in Kunming were investigated with seven different combinations of ventilation methods with the opening/closing of doors/windows. The results show that natural ventilation can considerably improve the indoor thermal environment. Furthermore, the uniformity of indoor thermal environments at different heights was assessed. Additionally, the vertical temperature difference between the head and foot areas around the human body remained below 3 °C. Moreover, the adaptive predicted mean vote (APMV) model was used to evaluate the thermal comfort under natural ventilation, and values of APMV ranged from −0.84 to 0.84 under six scenarios, considering an acceptable temperature range based on occupant satisfaction rates of over 80%. This study's outcomes offer valuable insights for the design of self-built housing in the extensive rural areas within mild climate zones in China.

Applicability and improvement of different potential evapotranspiration models in different climate zones of China

BackgroundAccurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the key for studying land-air interaction hydrological processes. Several models are used to estimate the PET based on standardized meteorological data. Although combination-based models have the highest level performance estimation of PET, they require more meteorological data and may therefore be difficult to apply in areas lacking meteorological observation data.ResultsThe results showed significant differences in the spatial trends of PET calculated by different models in China, the Doorenbots–Pruitts model revealed the highest PET (1902.6 mm), and the Kuzmin model revealed the lowest PET (349.6 mm), with the largest difference being 5.5 times. The Romanenko and the Rohwer models were the recommended temperature-based and aerodynamic-based models. On the other hand, the Abtew model was more suitable for arid and semi-arid regions, while the Priestley–Taylor model was more suitable for humid regions. Combination-based models revealed ideal calculation accuracies, among which the Penman–Monteith model was the best option for PET calculation.ConclusionsThe accuracy range of Romanenko, Rohwer, Abten, Priestley Taylor, and Penman Monteith models improved in MPZ and TCZ is higher than that improved in TMZ and SMZ. This does not mean that the improved models have higher accuracy in MPZ and TCZ than in TMZ and SMZ. On the contrary, the original model performed poorly in MPZ and TCZ, so the improved accuracy was relatively large. The unimproved model was already more suitable in TMZ and SMZ, so the improved accuracy was relatively small. Therefore, regional calibration of the PET models can improve the accuracy and applicability of PET calculation, providing a reference for studying hydrological processes in different climatic zones.

Numerical analysis and improvement strategy of particulate matter concentration in underground subway stations

Particulate matter (PM) is an important air pollutant in subway systems. Exposure to high PM concentrations poses a threat to human health and raises concerns. Piston effect can provide the outdoor fresh air to subway stations through station exits, but it also brings PM from tunnels to platforms when the train enters the station. In this paper, a transient numerical model is developed according to an actual subway station and validated by field tests. The model is used to investigate PM10 concentration at platform induced by train movement. The cumulative PM10 concentration at platform in one day is calculated according to the train schedule. Platform screen door (PSD) with adjustable vents is studied to control the PM10 level at platform and energy saving in 27 cities of five climatic zones in China are discussed. The results show that adjustable vent height should be less than 0.70 m to ensure that PM10 concentrations at platform can be maintained at an acceptable level and the requirement of fresh air can be met. Moreover, energy consumption can be reduced by more than 70 % in different cities compared with the conventional mechanical ventilation system. The optimized adjustable vent can provide an important reference for improving indoor air quality (IAQ) and saving energy consumption of ventilation systems in underground facilities.

Energy efficiency optimization analysis for a cooling composite air conditioning system for internet data centers

In this study, a validated mathematical model for a composite air conditioning system was established based on onsite test data. The system consists of a refrigerant pump driven two-phase cooling loop (RPTCL) and vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycles. The system can be switched to refrigerant pump (RP) mode, compressor mode, or hybrid mode, according to the outdoor temperature. By analyzing, the inadequacy of the existing Internet Data center (IDC) air conditioning system operation strategy was confirmed, and subsequently, five optimization strategies were proposed. The optimization strategies took two identical composite air conditioning systems as optimization unit, and under the premise of meeting the demand for cooling capacity, maximizing the operating time of RP and hybrid mode, which with higher energy efficiency, through complementary cooling capacity, to reduce the energy consumption. Meanwhile, when the cooling supply was higher than the demand, paired with optimization unit’s ON/OFF ratio control, the unit’s energy consumption was further reduced. The most optimization strategy provided 525.6 MWh of cooling energy to meet demand while consuming a minimum of 182.5 MWh. The optimization strategy also achieved a minimum of 12.1% and a maximum of 52.5% energy savings for IDCs in other climate zones of China.

A Systematic Review on the Studies of Thermal Comfort in Urban Residential Buildings in China

There have been fruitful publications on thermal comfort of urban residential buildings in China. However, there is a lack of reviews on this topic to perform a comprehensive analysis and find opportunities to meet occupants’ thermal comfort needs while improving building energy efficiencies. This paper addresses this issue by presenting a systematic review on the advancements in research on thermal comfort in urban residential buildings in China. Firstly, two common thermal comfort research approaches, i.e., field studies and laboratory studies, are discussed. Secondly, eleven main thermal comfort evaluation indicators are summarized. Finally, this paper analyzes the thermal comfort survey data from different researchers, discusses the impacts of adaptive behaviors on human thermal comfort, and provides recommendations for future research on urban residential thermal comfort. It was found that people have higher and higher requirements for their indoor thermal environment as time goes by, especially in the winter; the thermoneutral temperature is higher in warmer climate regions in the summer but lower in the winter than in colder climate regions; the thermoneutral temperature tends to increase with the indoor air temperature due to an adaptation to the indoor thermal environment. The outcomes of this paper provide valuable information on thermal comfort behaviors of urban residents in different climate zones in China, which can serve as a resource for the academic community conducting future research on thermal comfort and assist policymakers in enhancing building energy efficiencies without compromising the occupants’ comfort.

Influence of Different Forms on BIPV Gymnasium Carbon-Saving Potential Based on Energy Consumption and Solar Energy in Multi-Climate Zones

In this study, the influence of the gymnasium building form on energy consumption and photovoltaic (PV) potential was investigated to address its high energy consumption and carbon emissions issues. Five cities in different climate zones in China (Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Kunming) were selected as case study environments to simulate and calculate the energy use intensity (EUI), photovoltaic power generation potential (PVPG), and CO2 emission (CE) indicators for 10 typical gymnasium building forms, while also assessing the impact of building orientation. This study found that changes in gymnasium building orientation can cause a 0.5–2.5% difference in EUI under the five climatic conditions, whereas changes in building form can cause a 1.9–6.4% difference in EUI. After integrating a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system on the roof, changes in building orientation and form can lead to a 0–14.4% and 7.6–11.1% difference in PVPG and a 7.8–68.1% and 8.7–72.0% difference in CE. The results demonstrate that both the choice of form and orientation contribute to a reduction in carbon emissions from BIPV gymnasiums, with the rational choice of form having a higher potential for carbon savings than orientation. These research findings can guide the initial selection of gymnasium designs to pursue low-carbon goals.

Urban 2D and 3D morphology and the pattern of ozone pollution: a 68-city study in China

ContextAir pollution significantly impacts urban sustainable development and public health. Urban ozone pollution (UOP) is currently one of the most challenging tasks for urban air pollution control, and is possibly linked to urban morphology. However, the effect of urban two-dimensional (2D) (coverage or density, etc.) and three-dimensional (3D) (density + height, etc.) morphology on the UOP concentration remains unclear.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to explore the influence of urban morphology on UOP concentration and provide useful information to control urban air pollutants.MethodsFirst, based on building height and remotely sensed UOP data from 68 Chinese cities, the general spatial pattern of urban 3D morphology and UOP was detected across different climate zones in China. Then, this study used variance decomposition to investigate the contribution of 2D and 3D urban morphology to UOP in China.ResultsThe study showed that China's urban morphology was dominated by Medium Rise & Medium Density (MRMD). Large cities had higher UOP levels in summer, especially for the urban morphology with Low Rise & High Density (LRHD). Further, UOP concentrations were substantially higher in the southern temperate zone than in other climatic zones. Anthropogenic factors (rather than natural factors) were always the dominant factors influencing UOP across different seasons; specifically, urban 2D and 3D morphology can explain 40% of UOP variation. The effects of urban 3D and 2D morphologies on UOP concentrations varied seasonally. Urban 2D morphology dominated in spring, whereas 3D morphology dominated in winter.ConclusionsOur study elucidates the effect of urban morphology on UOP and provides insights for sustainable urban development.

An empirical study of indoor air quality in badminton stadiums in hot summer and cold winter regions of China during spring and fall seasons

The indoor air quality has a direct impact on human health. In order to obtain the current status of indoor air quality in typical sports buildings in hot summer and cold winter climate zones in China, indoor badminton courts in 10 cities in Hubei Province in this climate zone were selected as research objects for field testing of indoor environmental parameters in spring and autumn, and predict air quality parameters for non-testing times. All the tested stadiums are naturally ventilated in non-event conditions, and the average daily indoor CO2 concentration was 526.78 ppm in spring and 527.63 ppm in autumn, and the average daily PM2.5 concentration was 0.035 mg/m3 in spring and 0.024 mg/m3 in autumn, all of which met the requirements of GB/T 18883-2022, the average concentration of CO2 ≤ 1000 ppm and PM2.5 ≤ 0.05 mg/m3. The indoor CO2 concentration and PM2.5 concentration of the tested badminton halls under natural ventilation gradually increased with the accumulation of exercise time, making the indoor air quality of the badminton halls decrease, which would negatively affect the health of the people exercising in this environment.