Climatic Elements Research Articles

Multi Dimensional Relative Vulnerability Assessment of Santhal Pargana, Jharkhand, India

The concept of vulnerability is multifaceted, encompassing a range of socio-economic, environmental, and climatic elements that necessitate comprehensive analysis to fully grasp its implications for affected populations. The study employs a Fuzzy-AHP methodology to conduct a multi-dimensional relative vulnerability (Meteorological, Agricultural and Socio-economic) assessment in Santhal Pargana, located in Jharkhand. Notably, rainfall data from 1900 to 2020 revealed a downward trend. The findings of study indicate that Sahibganj exhibits the lowest vulnerability, while the Godda faces the highest risk. To validate the model's accuracy, we calculated the Area Under Curve (AUC), which yielded a value of 84.3, demonstrating the robustness of our assessment approach.

Assessing the impact of meteorological factors and air pollution on respiratory disease mortality rates: a random forest model analysis (2017-2021).

Air pollution poses a significant threat to the health of all living beings on our planet. It has been scientifically established as a crucial factor affecting mortality rates, respiratory illnesses, mental well-being, and overall health. This study aimed to investigate the impact of air pollution and meteorological factors on respiratory disease mortality rates in Mashhad in 2017-2021 using a Random Forest (RF) model. At first, the daily statistics of meteorological parameters (pressure, humidity, temperature, solar radiation) during 2017-2021 were collected. The information related to pollutants pollutants such as PM2.5 (which is defined as particulate matter with less than 2.5 micrometer diameter and potentially harmful to humans), PM10 (Particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less that can negatively impact both human health and environmental conditions.), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) was collected. the mortality statistics from respiratory diseases were collected from the Health system registaration (Sina). Then we used the RF regression model in Excel and Python software to investigate the interaction between the mentioned variables. The escalating trend of air pollution in Mashhad has led to an expected increase in respiratory-related hospitalizations. This necessitates urgent air pollution control measures. Concurrently, the study of pollutants and climatic elements, as substantiated by global epidemiological studies, is crucial. In Mashhad, the second most polluted city in Iran, climatic factors like humidity, sunshine duration, temperature, pressure, and sunlight intensity exacerbate atmospheric pollution levels, impacting human health and ecosystems. The R2, RSME, and MAE of RF model are 0.73, 2.52, and 2 which indicate that the model has successfully identified the relationship between input variables and the target variable, and it will exhibit high accuracy in predictions. In this study, the most influential factor was identified when the Variance Inflation (VI) factor reached a value of 0.548. This indicates a strong correlation between this factor and the death rate of patients during the specified period. Furthermore, we analyzed by excluding the day and month plans from our model. The results showed that the factor with the highest coefficient in the executive model was related to pressure, with a VI value of 0.049. This suggests that pressure plays a significant role in our model and has a substantial effect on the death rate of patients. In the study of various pollutants, it was found that PM10 had the most significant impact on the mortality rate of patients with respiratory conditions, with a VI of 0.039. Following PM10, the pollutants with the next highest coefficients of importance were NO2 (VI = 0.034), SO2 (VI = 0.033), PM2.5 (VI = 0.029), and CO (VI = 0.025), respectively. Furthermore, the study observed a notable increase in the mortality rate of respiratory patients over time. Specifically, for every five days, the death rate increased by 35.5%. Indeed, climate change and air pollution significantly contribute to the mortality rate from respiratory diseases. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals, particularly those with respiratory conditions, to heed meteorological warnings.

The Mediating Role of Local People's Attitudes and Behaviours on the Impact of Destination Safety Climate on Risk Perception: A Study on Foreign Tourists in İstanbul and Antalya

Destination safety is one of the essential factors that tourists consider when making a travel decision, especially to a destination they are unfamiliar with. Many destinations' success depends on ensuring tourists feel safe and secure before and during their trips. The inherently risky nature of travel also affects tourists' pre-travel and post-travel perceptions of the destination they intend to visit. Accordingly, this study aims to measure the mediating role of local people's attitudes and behaviours toward visitors in the effect of destination safety climate elements on the general risk perception toward the destination. After reviewing existing research, we created a survey and administered it in Istanbul and Antalya, the top tourist destinations in Turkey. The survey was conducted in multiple languages, including Turkish, English, German, and Russian. After filtering out incorrect and incomplete responses, we analysed the dataset consisting of 1299 questionnaire forms. Initially, we used statistical analyses to ensure the scale's validity. We employed structural equation modelling with the AMOS software to examine the hypotheses based on the research objectives. The study found that how residents treat visitors plays a role in shaping tourists' overall perception of safety in a destination.

Change in Wind Renewable Energy Potential Under Stratospheric Aerosol Injections

AbstractWind renewable energy (WRE) is an essential component of the global sustainable energy portfolio. Recently, there has been increasing discussion on the potential supplementation of this conventional mitigation portfolio with Solar Radiation Modification (SRM). However, the impact of SRM on conventional mitigation measures has received limited attention to date. In this study, we explore one part of this impact, the potential effect of one type of SRM, Stratospheric Aerosol Injections (SAI), on WRE. Using hourly output from the Earth System Model CNRM‐ESM2‐1, we compare WRE potential under a medium emission scenario (SSP245) and a high emission scenario (SSP585) with an SRM scenario that has SSP585 baseline conditions and uses SAI to offset warming to approximately SSP245 global warming levels. Our results suggest that SAI may affect surface wind resources by modifying large‐scale circulation patterns, such as a significant poleward jet‐shift in the Southern Hemisphere. The modeled total global WRE potential is negligibly reduced under SAI compared to the SSP‐scenarios. However, regional trends are highly variable, with large increases and decreases in WRE potential frequently reaching 12% across the globe with SAI. This study highlights potential downstream effects of SRM on climatic elements, such as wind patterns, and offers perspectives on its implications for our mitigation efforts.

Climatic Impact on the Air Pollutant Concentrations Emitted from Gas Stations in Fallujah, Al-Anbar, Western Iraq

The research investigates the influence of climatic elements like temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, evaporation, dust storms, wind direction, and speed on the air pollutant concentrations at gas stations in Fallujah city while examining their impact on humans and the environment. This was achieved by measuring concentrations of CO, NO2, and CH4, suspended particles (TSP, PM10), and Cu, and Pb. It was found that the impact increased in July compared to January, because of the influence of the measured climatic elements. Rising temperatures increase air pollutants' concentrations in the atmosphere, while winds spread them from emission sites to distant locations. Moreover, summer temperatures significantly impacted air pollutant concentrations at the study stations, particularly at Al-Rehab gas station, with the highest recorded temperatures of 48.4°C. Some gas stations also exceeded local environmental limits for TSP, PM10, CO, NO2, and Pb. The study revealed that summer temperatures with wind speeds of 2.1 m/s resulted in the highest air pollutants values, while winter temperatures with wind speeds of 1.9 m/s decreased these values. Higher temperatures increase chemical reactions and temperature inversions, leading to increased pollution concentrations and exacerbating air quality problems in the study area. Strong winds disperse pollutants, reducing concentration in the study area, while low wind speed increases concentrations and stagnation, resulting in poor air quality in the studied sites. The importance of the current study lies in evaluating pollutants in the Fallujah city, determining their causes, the extent of the impact, and contribution of natural and human sources in causing changes in air pollutant concentrations; caused by emission from the source. Moreover, the current study showed its impact on human’s health, and trying to find solutions to limit these effects or reduce their levels to ensure the safety of the environment and health.

Missing rings of Larix sibirica associated with climatic elements on the Altai Mountains, China

Missing rings of Larix sibirica associated with climatic elements on the Altai Mountains, China

Atlantyk Północny a klimat Europy. Mechanizmy wpływu. Część 1

The work discusses the mechanisms operating within the climate system leading to variability and changes in the atmospheric climate over Europe. The first part discusses the operation of the main factor regulating the variability of atmospheric circulation, which is the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (NA THC). The variability of NA THC, through its influence on the shaping of the mid-tropospheric circulation and the distribution of geopotential heights, determines the variability of the lower circulation, and thus the variability of climatic elements over Poland and Europe. The analysis showed that the variability of NA THC largely explains the variability of sunshine duration, air temperature and relative humidity, but does not satisfactorily explain the variability of other climatic elements.

Intraspecific variation of multi-elements in seeds of Euptelea pleiospermum and its association with soils, climate, and leaf elements

Abstract Seed mineral nutrition is essential for early seedling establishment, and varies under different environmental conditions. However, the intraspecific variation of multi-elements in seeds and the relative effects of climate and soil on seed elements remain unclear, even though understanding these factors is crucial for predicting plant reproductive responses to global changes. Here, we sampled seeds from Euptelea pleiospermum across 18 populations in China. We quantified the inter-population variation of 12 elements in the seeds and analyzed their relationship with soil characteristics and climatic variables. We also explored the relationship of N and P concentrations between seeds and leaves. Results showed that seed elements were highly variable across different populations, with macroelements exhibiting lower variability than most of the microelements. Along the latitudinal gradient, the concentrations of K, Ca, Fe and Al in seeds increased, while the concentrations of C and Mn decreased. The stoichiometry of seed elements did not significantly correlate with latitude. Seed element concentrations were associated with both soil and climatic variables, and the influence of soil conditions on intraspecific variations is comparable to or even greater than climatic factors. However, seed stoichiometry was less related to environmental factors. Seeds had higher P but lower N than leaves, with no correlation between seed elements and leaf elements. Our findings suggest that mountain tree species respond to different local environments by adjusting seed element concentrations while maintaining relatively stable seed stoichiometry. We emphasize that, in addition to climate change, soil conditions should be considered when predicting the influence of environmental changes on the elemental composition of plant reproductive organs.

Climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process in Tanzania

Climate change vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for identifying regions that are most susceptible to the impacts of climate change and designing effective adaptation actions that can reduce vulnerability and enhance long-term resilience of these regions. This study explored a framework for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process in Jangwani Ward, Tanzania. Specifically, taking flood as an example, this study highlighted the steps and methods for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process. In the study area, 95 households were selected and interviewed through purposeful sampling. Additionally, 10 respondents (4 females and 6 males) were interviewed for Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and 3 respondents (1 female and 2 males) were selected for Key Informant Interviews (KII) at the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development. This study indicated that climate change vulnerability assessment framework involves the assessment of climatic hazards, risk elements, and adaptive capacity, and the determination of vulnerability levels. The average hazard risk rating of flood was 2.3. Socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructures both had the average risk element rating of 3.0, and ecosystems had the average risk element rating of 2.9. Adaptive capacity ratings of knowledge, technology, economy or finance, and institution were 1.6, 1.9, 1.4, and 2.2, respectively. The vulnerability levels of socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructure were very high (4.0). Ecosystems had a high vulnerability level (3.8) to flood. The very high vulnerability level of socioeconomic and livelihood activities was driven by high exposure and sensitivity to risk elements and low adaptive capacity. The study recommends adoption of the new urban planning process including preparation, planning, implementation, and monitoring-evaluation-review phases that integrates climate change vulnerability assessment in all phases.

A dataset of climate and productivity elements in Chaohu Lake Basin from 1861 to 2010

A dataset of climate and productivity elements in Chaohu Lake Basin from 1861 to 2010

Measuring Changes in Temperature Rates due to Urban Expansion in Selected Municipalities of Baghdad using GIS Technology

The expansion of building blocks at the expense of agricultural land is one of the main problems causing climate change within the urban area of a city. The research came to determine these indicators, as a study was conducted on the expansion of the building blocks in three municipalities in the city of Baghdad for a period of four decades extended in the form of time cycles for the period (1981-2021) and using ArcMap GIS 10.7 technology. Then, the impact of this expansion on temperature rates was evaluated, as they are the most important climatic elements due to their significant effect on the rest of the elements. The results showed a clear, direct relationship between the increase in urban expansion rates and the corresponding rise in temperature rates, which results in urban heat islands. The results for the last time cycle showed high expansion rates for the municipalities of Al-Kadhimiya, Al-Shaala, and New Baghdad (62.2, 82.4, and 92.1), respectively, and were offset by high-temperature rates (25.2, 25.49, and 25.67) for the same municipalities, respectively, as the highest rates were recorded in the New Baghdad municipality, followed by the municipality of Al-Shaala, in second place, then the municipality of Al-Kadhimiya, with the lowest rates due to its location on the Tigris River.

Climate Variability and the Resilience of Smallholder Tea Production in the East Usambara Mountain Farming System, Tanzania

The complexities of climate change are well-known, and it has immediate and long-term consequences on the environment and natural resources. This global concern adversely affects sustainable development sectors and economic systems including the agricultural sector. The tea sector is among the largest export crops contributing to earnings and revenues. Its production has been declining, and the reasons behind this decline remain unclear. This study proposed to explore the influences of climate variability on the current productivity trend of smallholder tea farmers in Tanzania. The study involves quantitative data analysis, collected from 1990 to 2020 including monthly precipitation, temperature statistics, and Greenleaf production gathered as secondary data from the Tea Research Institute of Tanzania and the Tea Board of Tanzania. The study found that rainfall and temperature change significantly influence smallholder farmers' tea production in the East Usambara Mountains. The optimal climate elements (temperature and precipitation) positively improve smallholder farmers' tea production. In contrast, extreme climate variability triggers negative effects on tea production when precautions and adaptation measures are not considered. To summarize, it is recommended that farmers engage in different programs and training sessions to enhance their perception and adaptability to climate change.

Investigation of Urban Heat Island Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

In modern times, cities and cities' economy are the main causes of global problems. For this reason, the study of cities is an urgent issue. Our goal is to study the temperature of the elements of climate in Shirvan, one of the big cities in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and to analyze urban heat islands. Landsat satellite images were decoded and analyzed using Remote Sensing and GIS technologies during the study. It was determined that the surface temperature in the northwestern and western parts of the city is unfavourable for the health of the population in the summer months. At this time, the temperature indicators in the areas of the city close to the banks of the Kura river are quite favourable as a result of the influence of the river. The intensive development of the industry in the city and the large population have caused the energy consumption to be higher than in other areas. The presence of an urban lifestyle and the construction of asphalted roads have led to the creation of urban heat islands.

Characteristics of Total solar energy in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

This study analyzes, the characteristics of solar energy in the Kurdistan Region, solar energy is considered one of the most important elements of climate, Because the increase and decrease of this important species affect all other species, the reason for choosing this study is due to the importance of this topic that has not been properly worked on in the field of climate geography in Kurdistan. To reach an accurate result, the researcher took (10) weather stations in different areas of the study area such as (Amedi, Haji Omeran, Halsho, Mosul, Soran, Erbil, Kirkuk, Sulaimani, Halabja, and Kalar), In this study, the analytical method was used, the researcher reached several important conclusions that include the suitability of the study area to rely on this energy, Because, the annual value of solar energy reaching the roof of the Atmosphere at the level of the study area reaches (29.68) megajoules/m2/day. The average total solar energy reached the level in the study area reaches (15.85) megajoules/m2/day. To a large extent, the amount of total solar energy available varies from year to year It contains stability. On the other hand, the results of the classification of total solar energy in the study area, showed that in (52.12) days more than (15) megajoules / m2 / day.

Effects Of Some Climatic Factors On Soil Moisture In Scots Pine Stands With Different Crown Closure

In this study, the effects of climate factors on soil moisture in Scots Pine stands with different crown closure were investigated. As a result of the study, it was revealed whether soil moisture values differ in Scots Pine stands in the same aspect, depth and slope group. The effects of some climate elements (air temperature, air humidity and rainfall) on the soil moisture values in the areas where the Scots Pine in different crown closures were investigated. We took 6 different forest plots in the same depth, slope and aspect group. The average soil moisture values was found 23.91% in Open forest plot (POF), 26.84% in P1 plot (Low crown closure scots pine stand), 16.72% in P2 (Medium crown closure scots pine stand), 16.00% in P3 (Full crown closure scots pine stand), 30.79% in Simulation plot (PS) and 28.62% in Erosion plot (PE). It was determined that the lowest average soil moisture values were found in the P2 and P3 plots and the highest soil moisture values were in the PS and PE plots.

The influence of cloudiness, hours of sunshine and precipitation on the occurrence of oestrus in cows and heifers in a temperate climate

This study aimed to determine whether the hours of sunshine and/or the amount of precipitation affect the number of cows and heifers that will show oestrus in the following days and the extent to which these climatic elements affect the average number of artificially inseminated cows and heifers per day. During the course of three consecutive years, a total of 21,043 cows and heifers were artificially inseminated in Koprivnica-Križevci County, Croatia. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and Tukey pairwise comparisons were performed between the number of artificially inseminated cows and heifers, cloud cover, rain intensity, and number of days after rain. Significant differences were recorded in relation to cloud cover and the average number of cows and heifers artificially inseminated per day. The average number of artificially inseminated cows and heifers per day did not differ significantly among seasons (p>0.05). Significant differences were observed in the number of artificially inseminated cows and heifers per day in relation to rain (1, 2, 3, 4 or more days after rain) and in relation to the amount of precipitation (dry, light rain, rain, heavy rain, extreme rain). We can conclude that in a temperate climate, significantly fewer cows and heifers were in natural oestrus and artificially inseminated on rainy or cloudy days, while significantly more cattle were artificially inseminated on dry days following rain and on days with more hours of sunshine, regardless of season.

The Effects of Climate Change on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the Al-Hawizeh Marsh

This study aims to classify Landsat 7,8 satellite data using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) thresholds. Initially, visible and near infrared bands of Landsat 8 satellite were used to derive (NDVI) image. Vegetation, non-vegetation and water areas were then analyzed where thresholds for separating them are carefully determined with the aid of ground truth information of the study area. Also, The Mann-Kendall test was conducted to analyze the trend of temperature and precipitation in the study area. The results of the analysis showed a positive trend with an increase in temperature. On the contrary, a negative trend in precipitation remained constant, as it was not statistically significant. The study correlated the historical trends of climatic elements as a central factor in the degradation of swamps (vegetation cover) from 2000 to 2010 and (2015-2023). The results showed that the year 2015 witnessed an increase in the area of NDVI compared to the years studied, as the total area of vegetation cover during this year amounted to about 537.47 km2, by 79.4%. While the year 2023 was one of the worst years of the study area, as the marshes witnessed an increase in the area of dry lands at the expense of the marsh waters, as the area of these lands reached about 354.69 km2 by 52.40%. The findings of this study are that the application of the three indices is useful for evaluating land, especially NDVI in wetlands. So it is necessary to develop and integrate with other remote sensing indices.

Assessment of natural resources for energy transition in Rivers state, Nigeria

The increasing problems associated with global climate change due to the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere call for serious concerns. This scenario has necessitated the need for a shift from the use of fossil fuels to renewable energy to curtail the impact of climate change on the environment. The study was conducted to assess the potential and variability of climatic and other natural resources for renewable energy and evaluation of public perception of the energy transition process in Rivers State Nigeria. The climate data was obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) from 2000 and 2023 and analyzed using the Linear Regression Model while data on public perception was generated from structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The outcome of the Regression and ANOVA analysis were generally significant for both the natural resources and residents of the study area. Also, 65.7% of the respondents affirmed that the available natural resources are viable and suitable for energy transition. The significant and positive relationship of the different climatic elements in the study signposts huge potential for the renewable energy transition in the study area. The perception of residents was positive and showed excellent knowledge of the abundance of natural resources for the energy transition. It is therefore recommended that the Rivers State government should partner with the private sector to increase investment in energy infrastructure for improved environmental sustainability.

Environmental Monitoring of Changes in the Flooded Areas of the Marshes and Their Relationship to Water Quality Using GIS Techniques

This study aims to examine the relationship between the flooded areas of the marshes in southern Iraq and their water quality, as well as their relationship with climatic factors such as temperatures and rainfall amounts and their impact on the water discharge into the marshes of southern Iraq in the provinces (Basra, Maysan, and Dhi Qar) through the interpretation of maps with remote sensing tools of the wet cover (water and vegetation), descriptive and quantitative analysis of the flooded areas comparing them with the values of salt concentrations and clarifying the monitoring sites of the water quality and water discharge into the marshes through GIS, as well as the relationship of the wet cover with temperatures, rainfall amounts, and evaporation. The data of this study were obtained from environmental field observation data at climate monitoring stations, incoming water discharge stations, and water quality measurement sites in the three southern governorates. As for the areas of vegetation, the data was obtained through the interpretation of the satellites’ visuals (Sentinel-2 satellite) with a resolution of 15 m using GIS programs through a temporal and spatial comparison of the marshland for April -June-October for ten years (2010-2015-2020) respectively, The results showed that there is a direct relationship between the water quality and the wet cover (vegetation and water) through classification as well as the effect of climatic elements in the marshes.

Climatic features in the Serra do Sincorá geopark, in Chapada Diamantina, in the state of Bahia, Brazil

Climate studies and their elements are important, because in addition to research and weather forecasting, other sectors of the community need information about weather and climate, such as agriculture, aviation, civil defense, water resources management, navigation and the energy sector. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the variability of some elements of the climate of the Bahian municipalities of Andaraí, Lençóis, Mucugê and Palmeiras, the area of proposition for the creation of the Serra do Sincorá Geopark, in Chapada Diamantina, based on air temperature, rainfall and evapotranspiration in the perspective of understanding the behavior of the local climate and its possible effects in the region. For this analysis, specific time intervals were selected for each municipality, available at the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and Climatempo. The data were tabulated for statistical analysis of the behavior of the climate elements over the months and years, using as parameters the sum, minimum, maximum, average and the correlation between the meteorological variables, with the generation of climograms and comparative graphs. The relevance of the study lies in understanding the climatic variations of the municipalities in the proposed area of the Serra do Sincorá Geopark in relation to its climatic dimension, since the results may offer subsidies regarding environmental planning, in addition to a contribution to the local population, since there are few studies in the field of climatology in the region. With the analysis of meteorological data, it is proven that the municipalities of Andaraí, Lençóis, Mucugê and Palmeiras, due to climate factors, such as altitude, latitude and longitude, on a regional scale, influence the behavior of climate elements.