Climatic Deterioration Research Articles

Opportunities and prospects for Russian-Tajik trade and investment cooperation

In todays world, small and economically weak States find it difficult to develop without the assistance of international partners. Analysis shows that trade relations between Russia and Tajikistan are developing in a mixed manner. Their structure is characterized by some one-sidedness and raw material orientation. Exports from Russia predominate, and Russian products occupy a stable first place in the overall trade turnover of Tajikistan. While Tajik export goods are not so much in demand in Russia, their share in the total Russian trade turnover is insignificant. Russian investment activity, which was active in the zero years of the 21st century, is gradually losing its position. The study shows that this has been facilitated more by the internal-Tajik factor, in particular the sharp deterioration of the investment climate for Russian investors. But, in the authors opinion, the potential for successful trade and investment cooperation between Russia and Tajikistan is quite wide. Ecologically clean and of good quality fresh fruit and vegetables and dried fruit from Tajikistan could, under certain conditions, diversify the Russian market for agricultural products. In turn, the Tajik economy needs new technologies in telecommunications, the agricultural sector, the digitization of all sectors of the economy, and assistance in the construction of hydroelectric power stations, new power lines, roads and railways.

Nurse Faculty Shortage: Voices of Nursing Program Administrators.

The nurse faculty shortage has impacted current and future nursing workforce needs and health outcomes. What has not been expansively reported is the perspective of nursing program administrators as they grapple with the nurse faculty shortage and its effect in their schools. The purpose was to explore nursing program administrators' perspectives of the nurse faculty shortage. Administrators from 8 community colleges and 8 universities representing undergraduate and graduate nursing programs in the mid-Atlantic region participated in semistructured interviews pre-coronavirus disease (SARS COVID-19). Researchers used a 7-stage Heideggerian hermeneutic analysis. Twenty-four interviews elicited 4 themes: onboarding and integration; "elephant in the room"; making do: getting by; and changing expectations. Administrators faced increasing faculty workloads, academic/practice pay disparities, and staffing challenges-a stark contrast to their goal of teaching excellence, quality student outcomes, and faculty satisfaction. An unexpected finding was a deterioration in workplace climate and its untoward effects on meeting workforce needs.

One Pot-Synthesized Ag/Ag-Doped CeO2 Nanocomposite with Rich and Stable 3D Interfaces and Ce3+ for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) technology is promising to produce value-added chemicals and alleviate the climate deterioration. Interface engineering is demonstrated to improve the ECR performance for metal and oxide composite catalysts. However, the approach to form a substantial interface is still limited. In this work, we report a facile one-pot coprecipitation method to synthetize novel silver and silver-doped ceria (Ag/CeO2) nanocomposites. This catalyst provides a rich 3D interface and high Ce3+ concentration (33.6%), both of which are beneficial for ECR to CO. As a result, Ag/CeO2 exhibits a 99% faradaic efficiency and 10.5 A g-1 mass activity to convert CO2 into CO at an overpotential of 0.83 V. The strong interfacial interaction between Ag and CeO2 may enable the presence of surface Ce3+ and guarantee the improved durability during the electrolysis. We also develop numerical simulation to understand the local pH effect on the ECR performance and propose that the superior ECR performance of Ag/CeO2 is mainly due to the accelerated CO formation rate rather than the suppressed hydrogen evolution reaction.

Late Holocene climate variability in central Korea indicated by vegetation, geochemistry, and fire records of the Yongneup moor

In many cases, proxy-based palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in East Asia have shown mixed signatures of summer temperature and precipitation, driven by the predominant regional impact of the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Although these studies have contributed significantly to understanding the past variability in East Asian summer climate during the Holocene period, relatively little has been learned about climatic conditions in other seasons, such as winter and spring, and variations in the individual climatic elements of temperature and precipitation. To address these issues, in this study, we present a reconstruction of a 3000-year fire and vegetation history of the Yongneup moor, central Korea, during the late Holocene based on multi-proxy analyses of pollen, geochemistry, and macrocharcoal. Our data identify two fire episodes at Yongneup during ca. 2900–2700 and 2400–2300 cal yr B.P., possibly caused amid deteriorated climatic conditions not only in summer but also in winter–spring during contemporaneous grand solar minima. During the last two millennia, Yongneup likely experienced cold weather conditions at ca. 1420–1230 and 1000–590 cal yr B.P. and warm conditions at ca. 1850–1420 and 1230–1000 cal yr B.P., as well as wet conditions during ca. 1530–1400, 1220–1000, and 890–700 cal yr B.P. and drier conditions during ca. 1750–1530, 1400–1220, 1000–890, and 700–530 cal yr B.P. The dry periods were coincident with an increased El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, which supports its role in controlling the hydroclimate of the Korean Peninsula. Our results also emphasise the potential value of further research on the “Millennium Eruption” of Mount Paektu/Changbaishan (946 CE), whose climatic consequences in the East Asian region remain poorly understood. • Late Holocene climate variability in Korea reconstructed from the Yongneup moor • Fire events coincident with solar minima at ca. 2900–2700 and 2400–2300 cal yr B.P. • Potential impact of climate deterioration on Mumun (Bronze Age) societies in Korea • Fluctuations in cold–warm and dry-wet conditions during the last two millennia • Implication on the volcanic impact of the “Millennium Eruption” of Mount Paektu

Neolithic Rice Cultivation and Consequent Landscape Changes at the Baodun Site, Southwestern China

Identifying when agricultural expansion has occurred and how it altered the landscape is critical for understanding human social survival strategies as well as current ecological diversity. In the present study, phytolith records of three profiles from the Baodun site area were dated to the period from 7,500 to 2,500 aBP by optically stimulated luminescence and 14C dating, providing the first evidence that the Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) progenitor was distributed in the Chengdu Plain as early as 7,500 aBP. The percentage of rice bulliform with ≥9 scales and the concentration of rice phytoliths sharply increased by approximately 4,200 aBP, suggesting that rice cultivation occupied a dominant position in survival strategy no later than approximately 4,200 aBP, which might be driven by climate deterioration in eastern China. The results further showed that the proportion of Bambusoideae phytoliths increased synchronously with the increase in the proportion of rice phytoliths, suggesting that the vegetation structure near the site was changed intentionally as a consequence of increasing rice agricultural activity since 4,200 aBP. The present study contributes to a deeper understanding of the distribution of wild rice and rice farming throughout the Baodun culture in the Chengdu Plain, and it also provides a glimpse of how humans intentionally changed the vegetation landscape on a local scale.

Palaeodiet and animal husbandry in a changing environment from the Mesolithic to the Viking Age in the Limfjord area, Denmark, from δ13C and δ15N analyses

Despite the rich archaeological heritage present in the Limfjord region in Denmark, few palaeodietary studies using human and animal bone material from this area currently exist. This paper aims to investigate the palaeodiet as well as animal husbandry strategies in this region during prehistoric times, from the Mesolithic to the Viking Age using stable isotope analysis. New stable isotope results from almost 300 human and animal bones are presented here, as well as their comparison with previously published data. Higher δ15N values in sheep/goats than cattle suggest that cattle were more confined while the sheep/goats were allowed to roam and possibly consume salt-marsh grass. The stable isotope results reveal a rise in δ15N ratios in human individuals from the Iron Age, which is most likely related to the combined effects of fertilisation practices and aquatic protein consumption. Additionally, evidence for marine exploitation in the form of shell middens and fish remains can be linked to periods characterised by climatic deterioration.

Environmental and Climate Deterioration in Nineveh Governorate Tel Abtah District as a Model

The decrease in the amounts of rainfall in the dry and semi-arid areas, which are fragile environments, the recurrence of the drought Phenomenon for successive years and the irresponsible Practices of the Population leads to the deterioration of the soil and its characteristics, the decline of the Vegetation cover and the transformation of lands from Productive agricultural, residential or Pastoral lands to barren and decertified lands, including the lands of Tel Abta district. Which became clear manifestations of desertification in large areas of them. The research aims to study the deterioration of soil, Vegetation covers and sand dunes, which began to creep into residential and agricultural areas and natural Pastures, which led to the migration of the inhabitants of those Villages to Other areas and these lands became decertified environments repelling Various human activities, especially agriculture and grazing. Then the research concluded with conclusions and suggestions.

РЕЙДЕРСТВО В УКРАЇНІ: СУТНІСТЬ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНА ОБУМОВЛЕНІСТЬ

As a complex illegal phenomenon, "raiding" is associated with a number of real threats to economic security, including the growth of corruption and unemployment, monopolization of certain market segments, loss of competitiveness, reduced production, discredit of state and local authorities, law enforcement agencies and courts. , deterioration of the investment climate, reduction of the level of tax revenues, deformation of the legal ideology of society, etc. The processes of mergers, acquisitions, and other changes in the legal status of economic entities are traditionally regulated by the norms of civil and commercial legislation of Ukraine. In a civilized market economy, the periodic change of owners of commercial organizations is normal,a common mechanism for regulating relations between market participants. At the same time, in the economic realities of modern Ukraine, the line between, on the one hand, the improper implementation of its rights and obligations by the business entity, and, on the other hand, the commission of criminally punishable acts is blurred. After all, these are mostly not primitive ways of obtaining someone else's property (such as the physical removal of the head of the enterprise) - they have been replaced mainly by nonviolent illegal actions related to artificial bankruptcy of legal entities, seizure of their property through forgery, fictitious notarial services. and illegal registration actions, court decisions, etc. The outlined negative processes have led to the emergence in scientific and business circulation, in particular, such concepts as "raiding", "seizure of enterprises", "corporate blackmail", "corporate war", the normative definition of which is missing. According to its legal content and inherent features of this phenomenon, illegal seizure of business entities means socially dangerous behavior, which consists in carefully prepared, organized and externally properly executed seizure of the business entity. There is an obvious need to move from fragmentary research to a comprehensive scientific understanding of the problematic issues of criminal liability for criminal acts, which are manifestations of this phenomenon and the public danger of which is mostly determined by encroachment not on property but on the established procedure. Еconomic activity by its separate subjects. In addition, in-depth research is needed on the special "anti-raider" criminal law prohibitions introduced in recent years, the wording of which is cumbersome, overloaded with blanket features and lacks the certainty required in terms of ensuring the unity of law enforcement.

Examining the role of solar activity, climate, and the socio‐historical context in high all‐cause mortality (northern Portugal, 1700–1880)

The far‐reaching impact of the Sun on Earth's climate and on people's health and well‐being is a poorly understood and non‐consensual scientific issue, with empirical literature stressing the need to expand the knowledge of such relationships. Here, the interplay between solar activity (SA) and climate, and its likely cascading effects on all‐cause mortality, were examined at several time scales. To this end, the parish records of Braga (1700–1880) and Torre de Moncorvo (1700–1850), in two different geographical locations of northern Portugal (Iberia, SW Europe), were used. Crude mortality rate (CMR) and winter–summer ratio (W/S) values were computed to characterize mortality patterns/trends and couple them with potential relevant drivers: total solar irradiance (TSI) as a proxy of SA, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and key historical events. What emerged, albeit incomplete, was a complex picture of death deeply embedded in people’s physical and socioeconomic environments, at a time when ubiquitous poverty (and co‐morbid malnutrition) was the most inveterate cause of ill health. After identifying the positive mortality episodes in both municipalities, their incidence was found to be higher in periods of weakened SA (normal/grand minima). Standard inference statistics were used to estimate the significance of the observations. The highest CMR peaks matched not only with wars but also with known wide‐ranging mortality crises, which seem to have been triggered by major agricultural production shortfalls, followed by substantial increases in food prices, driven, in turn, by climate deterioration, including extreme weather occurrences. The outcome was social unrest, famines, and outbreaks of infectious diseases, heightening the death toll. The influence of prominent solar/climate variations was investigated using wavelet transform coherence analysis (WTC). The results showed (multi)decadal oscillations in both (TSI and NAO) somehow regulating mortality. But the WTC analysis also estimated SA signals in low‐frequency mortality dynamics disguised by time‐varying determinants, where distinct players of space weather might have been implicated.

Environmental changes in the late Allerød and early Younger Dryas in the Netherlands: a multiproxy high-resolution record from a site with two Pinus sylvestris populations

In the Netherlands, several proxies of climate change during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT) (c. 14,700 to 11,700 b2k) have been investigated in detail over the last few decades. The present paper presents two tree-ring chronologies LETR-A (n = 16, timespan 106 rings) and LETR-B (n = 24, timespan 201 rings) from in situ subfossil pine remains (Pinus sylvestris) discovered at Leusden-Den Treek in the Netherlands that date from the Bølling-Allerød interstadial (GI-1). Using a multiproxy approach (both abiotic and biotic), it was possible to study local woodland development in detail as part of long-term environmental change. Moreover, the trees opened up possibilities for dendrochronological and dendroclimatological research. The tree-ring series show the occurrence of two successive phases of pine woodland development, which were 14C dated with high precision and calibrated using the recent IntCal20 14C calibration curve: 13,450–13,396 to 13,370–13,316 calBP (series LETR-A) and 12,952–12,937 to 12,754–12,739 calBP (series LETR-B). At the north-western boundary of its ecotone, Pinus was highly sensitive to climate change during the latter part of GI-1 and the transition to GS-1. The inability to set fruit and the disappearance of the pine woodland within decades before and after c. 12,745 calBP is interpreted as the vegetational response to abrupt climate deterioration at the start of the Younger Dryas (12,807 ± 12 cal BP).

Specialized Financial Court: experience of the United Kingdom and prospects for Ukraine

The increase of loan defaults is one of the major factors which adversely influence the activity of the banking institutions and banking system in general. Moreover, it results in the financial destabilization and the deterioration of the Ukrainian investment climate. The issues of arrears in the sphere of Banking and Finance together with the inconsistency in judicial approach applied in the course of litigation related to the loan defaults have a negative impact on the Banking ability and willingness to support the development of the national economy. All the mentioned factors lead to the decline of the pace and scale of social production, the welfare of the society. Therefore, the amount of credit debt owed by banking institutions in Ukraine amounts to almost half of their total loan portfolio. This proves the necessity to find new approaches to resolve the challenging situation that exists on the financial market. The international experience of high working standard is deemed to be of a particular importance. Our study is devoted to the analysis of the relevance of establishing the separate specialized financial or credit court in Ukraine. The experience of the United Kingdom in this regard has been analysed and proposals have been made to improve the national judicial system. It has been proved that the creation of a specialized financial court may complicate the work of the judicial system and affect their efficiency. It is argued that the appropriate specialization of individual judges within the commercial jurisdiction and implementation of particular criteria and thresholds for the financial cases to be allocated to and heard by the commercial courts of Ukraine are much more efficient and effective steps.

Multiple drivers of Late Holocene paraglacial sediment reworking in Ireland

On the east coast of Ireland, glacigenic sediments and landforms reflect both phases of late Devensian ice retreat, and postglacial slope readjustment under a paraglacial process regime. These different phases of landscape development are commonly difficult to identify in the absence of geomorphological, sedimentary and dating evidence for the style, magnitude and timing of postglacial landscape change. Here, sediments and radiocarbon dates on raised coastal sediments adjacent to a prominent retreat moraine of the late Devensian Irish ice sheet provide evidence for one such extended phase of paraglacial sediment reworking, in the 8th and 10th centuries CE. The timing of this phase of sediment reworking provides evidence for climatic deterioration during the European late Dark Ages/early Medieval Warm Period, and is consistent with evidence across northwest Europe for enhanced landscape geomorphic change at this time. From this evidence it is inferred that landscape morphological change dominantly reflects climatic rather than anthropogenic forcing, although the latter cannot be wholly discounted. Further, this evidence highlights the sensitivity to Holocene climate forcing of coastal paraglacial systems that contain abundant glacigenic sediment supply.

Palaeovegetation and climatic variations in the Parvati Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India since last deglaciation

Pollen proxy records from 1.2 m deep sediment profile from Tundabhuj, Parvati Valley (H.P.) reveals that between 15,260 and 13,280 yr BP, the sub–alpine belt supported alpine–scrub vegetation dominated by Betula and thermophillous broad–leaved allies viz. Quercus, Corylus and Carpinus, interspersed with meadows comprising grasses, Asteraceae, Impatiens, etc. under a warm and moderately moist climate. The dry scrubby element, Juniperus occurred in restricted pockets on the sunny mountain slopes. The frequent record of conifers such as Pinus cf. wallichiana, Cedrus, Abies and Picea implies the proximity of the temperate belt to the study site. Around 13,280 to 7,340 yr BP, the considerable expansion of Betula and broad–leaved allies and a simultaneous reduction in Juniperus elucidate the replacement of alpine scrub forests by temperate Betula–broad–leaved forest in response to onset of a relatively warm and more–moist climate. This change occurred by the upward shift of the timber line as reflected by the improvement in the conifers. The climate deteriorated and turned cold and dry around 7,340 to 5,030 yr BP as manifested by the abrupt reduction in the alpine–scrub vegetation and meadow constituents. Subsequently, between 5,030 and 2,000 yr BP this region witnessed a warm and moist climate again as evidenced from moderate expansion in the alpine–scrubs and conifers. Since 2,000 yr BP onwards deterioration in climate is demonstrated by the depletion in Betula and broad–leaved associates and substantial increase in Juniperus and Ephedra.

The Effects of Terrorism and Economic Indicators on Bank Loans to the Private Sector: Evidence from Developing Countries

ABSTRACT Herein, factors affecting domestic bank loans to the private sector are determined within the context of ten developing countries. The relationship between bank loans to the private sector and the gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, exchange rates, and terrorist incidents is investigated using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds test and cointegration regression models. According to the results obtained from the models developed by applying annual data from 1970–2018, a positive relationship between domestic bank loans to the private sector, which is the endogenous variable, and the GDP, and a negative relationship with interest rates, terrorist incidents, and exchange rates are observed. Particularly in countries where terrorism is intense, investors giving up or postponing investments owing to the deterioration of the investment climate decreases loans to the private sector. Accordingly, terrorism should be considered and managed as an operational risk factor in the banking sector. We also find empirical evidence that capital control practices in some countries decrease bank loans to the private sector.

Characters of Different Materials as Supercapacitor Electrodes

As a new type of energy storage device between traditional capacitors and batteries, supercapacitors have the properties of fast charging and discharging of capacitors, as well as the energy storage characteristics of batteries. With the deterioration of the global climate and the reduction of resources, supercapacitors have received widespread attention. Electrode materials take an important part of ultracapacitors, which affect the performance and production of ultracapacitors. This paper studies the effects of different preparation methods and different dopants on the performance of activated carbon electrodes. The purpose of this article is to summarize the methods and research directions for improving the performance of activated carbon electrodes. Through the summary, it can be found that the specific capacity, internal resistance and cycle life of the activated carbon electrode are greatly improved by forming the composite electrode material of the metal compound or polymer and activated carbon. But whether it can be put into mass production has also become one of the factors to be considered in future research.

With Connection, Less Correction: Gender-Specific Needs of Girls’ Residential Group Climate—A Mixed Method Non-randomized Case-Study

A need-supportive group climate is a prerequisite for successful treatment in secure residential youth care. For girls, positive relationships with peers are an essential part of the group climate. Relational aggression threatens the residential group climate. This study explored whether a group counseling program can actively promote the quality of the interrelationships between girls in a residential group in the Netherlands; the aim is to elucidate how residential group climate affects treatment results. The girls in this single-gender residential group had been admitted because of (suspicions of) commercial sexual exploitation. The study combined participatory observations with a case-based time-series design. For 18 weeks, changes in the residential group climate and the interrelationships between the girls and achievement of treatment goals over time were measured. The residential group climate in this group was negative initially; much relational aggression between girls was found. Considering treatment, some girls were making significant progress, but others mainly deteriorated. Moderate improvement of residential group climate was visible after a group social worker was permanently present. A group counseling program aimed at improving interrelationships cannot cure an overall negative residential group climate. This article offers implications for preventing and recognizing deterioration of residential group climate and improving girls' residential group climate.

Highly-configured TiO2 hollow spheres adorned with N-doped carbon dots as a high-performance photocatalyst for solar-induced CO2 reduction to methane

Transforming CO2 into solar fuel using renewable solar energy and a catalyst is an effective approach that simultaneously addresses energy scarcity and climate deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary, albeit challenging, to design a catalyst that works effectively for this purpose. Herein, we have rationally developed a hybrid catalyst composed of highly-configured TiO2 hollow spheres (TOH) and N-doped carbon dots (CD), referred to as CD/TOH, and use this hybrid as a catalyst for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to produce CH4 under simulated sunlight. The electron microscopy results revealed that the CD/TOH hybrid possesses a porous hollow sphere structure uniformly adorned with N-doped carbon dots. Moreover, the CD/TOH hybrid demonstrates many beneficial properties for CO2 photoreduction reactions, including a large surface area, effective light-harvesting capability, high CO2 adsorption, and, most importantly, significantly enhanced separation of photoexcited charges. Consequently, the CD/TOH containing 2 wt% CD achieves an optimum CH4 formation rate of 26.8 μmol h−1 g−1, corresponding to 98% CH4 selectivity against competitive H2 production. Further, the hybrid also demonstrated stable CO2 reduction activity during consecutive test runs. Thus, the insights gained from this study may aid in the development of effective catalysts for CO2 photoreduction.

Holocene hydroclimate reconstruction based on pollen, XRF, and grain-size analyses and its implications for past societies of the Korean Peninsula

The dynamics of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and their link to past societies during the Holocene are topics of growing interest. In this study, we present results of pollen, geochemistry, and grain-size analyses from the STP18-03 core sampled from Miryang in the Korean Peninsula, which spans ca. 8.3–2.3 ka BP. In-phase relationships of these proxies revealed an imprint of the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) during the early to mid-Holocene and subsequent drying toward the late-Holocene in accordance with decreasing solar insolation. At centennial timescales, our study indicates drier climate during ca. 7.5–7.1, 6.4–6.0, and 4.8–3.6 ka BP. Notably, our finding for ca. 6.4–6.0 ka BP contributes further evidence of a drying event in the Korean Peninsula during this period. We suggest that the Pacific Ocean played a role in the underlying mechanism of hydroclimate change in the region. A strong Kuroshio Current (KC) and long-term El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like variability in the Western Tropical Pacific (WTP) were closely linked to the influence of the EASM over the Korean Peninsula. In particular, dry phases during ca. 4.8–3.6 and 2.8–2.3 ka BP, which were synchronous with a more active ENSO, closely corresponded to lower population levels indicated by a summed probability distribution (SPD) of archaeological records previously assembled in the Korean Peninsula. This finding implies that past human societies of Korea were highly vulnerable to climate deterioration caused by precipitation deficits.

РОССИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ САНКЦИЙ

The article examines the effectiveness of the practice of applying sanctions against 
 certain states, the results of the adaptation of the Russian economy to the new regime of functioning 
 under sanctions. The problem of the deterioration of the investment climate and the loss of GDP is 
 considered.

Biotic community and landscape changes around the Eocene–Oligocene transition at Shapaja, Peruvian Amazonia: Regional or global drivers?

Since 2012, we have investigated a stratigraphic section encompassing the late Eocene–earliest Oligocene interval at Shapaja (Tarapoto area, Peruvian Amazonia, ca. 7°S), through paleontological and geological fieldwork. The measured sedimentary series (120 m-thick [West] plus 90 m-thick [East]), assigned to the upper member of the Pozo Formation, records fluvial micro-conglomeratic lenses intercalated with floodplain and evaporite-rich fine red deposits, estuarine/coastal-plain tidally-influenced fine sandstones, and oxbow lake nodule-rich blue clays. This sedimentary shift coincides locally with the demise of the large Eocene coastal-plain wetland known as Pozo System. The late Eocene–early Oligocene Shapaja section was extensively sampled for chemostratigraphy (δ 13 C on dispersed organic matter and pedogenic carbonate nodules), which in turn allowed for refining the location of the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) and other climatic events recognized at a global scale (i.e., Oi-1 and Oi-1a). The section has yielded nine fossil localities with plant remains (leaves, wood, charophytes, and palynomorphs), mollusks, decapods, and/or vertebrates (selachians, actinopterygians, lungfishes, amphibians, sauropsids, and mammals), documenting ~130 distinct taxa. Four localities of the upper member of the Pozo Formation at Shapaja predate the EOT, one is clearly within the EOT, while four are earliest/early Oligocene in age. The small leaf impressions found along the Shapaja section could be indicative of dry and/or seasonal conditions for this region throughout and after the EOT. Monkeys, indicative of tropical rainforest environments, are only recorded in a latest Eocene locality (TAR-21). Two biotic turnovers are perceptible in the selachian, metatherian, and rodent communities, well before the EOT [~35–36 Ma] and a few hundred thousand years after the EOT [~33 Ma]. The latter turnover seems to be primarily related to a global sea-level drop (ichthyofauna: marine-littoral elements replaced by obligate freshwater taxa) and/or the onset of a drier and more seasonal climate in early Oligocene times (terrestrial components). Changes in the structure of the Shapaja paleocommunities were mostly driven by the flexural subsidence during the late Eocene, and then globally driven by the earliest Oligocene climatic deterioration. • The Shapaja section spans the late Eocene–early Oligocene interval ( ca. 36–32.5 Ma). • Micro- and macroremains of 129 plant and animal fossil taxa were recognized. • Two faunal turnovers are recorded on both sides of the Eocene-Oligocene transition. • Shapaja records the earliest occurrence of South American primates and sloth. • Community changes are locally- then globally-driven (late Eocene/earliest Oligocene).