Climatic Conditions Research Articles

Investigation of the French Terry structure characteristics on sport-veiling using sustainable eco-materials

Purpose This paper aims to produce sustainable sport-hijab or veiling using cotton and bamboo as renewable and eco-material blending with polyester. Due to the unique characteristics of the knitting fabrics, the research focused on constructing the proposed samples using a circular knitting technique with a French terry structure, to achieve comfort, ease of care, good appearance and sustainability in different climatic conditions. Design/methodology/approach The researchers formed three different knitted samples using yarn count 30/1Ne for cotton and bamboo and 70 dens for polyester yarn, using the same blending ratio of 50:50% (cotton/polyester, bamboo/ polyester and cotton/ bamboo). They tested several mechanical and physical properties (weight, thickness, air permeability, water permeability, electrostatic charges, ultraviolet protection factor, stiffness, pilling resistance and bursting strength). Findings Using different tools, the researchers statistically analyzed the influence of variables on sample properties, including a Chart line, ANOVA test at p-value = 0.05 and the least significant differences values to identify the effect significantly as well as demonstrate the interaction among the samples at each tested property. Finally, radar chart areas to clarify the preferable sample performance. Originality/value The findings declared that blending materials used significantly affected most properties of the produced samples, except for the water permeability and an electrostatic charge. Furthermore, the findings pointed out that blending (cotton or bamboo/polyester) is more efficient and desirable than blending (cotton/ bamboo). Additionally, based on radar charts analysis, the cotton/polyester knitted outperforms other blended materials samples in producing sport-hijab or veiling fabric.

Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Malaysian Liberica sp. Coffee Bean and Its Pulp

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are the three main coffee species cultivated globally. Liberica coffee is a minor species, accounting for less than 1% of global cultivation. Due to favorable climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates coffee production, accounting for 73%, while Robusta makes up the remaining 27%. Nevertheless, the substantial coffee production resulted in approximately 15 million tons of discarded skin and pulp, contributing to environmental pollution. This study was conducted due to insufficient information and research on the proximate composition and phytochemical compounds of the coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp. This study aims to determine the proximate composition of coffee beans and pulp extracts from Liberica sp. and to identify the phytochemical composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The nutritional values of carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash were obtained using proximate analysis. Coffee beans exhibited the highest value for crude protein (11.96%) and crude fiber (11.83%), whereas coffee pulp has the highest significant value for moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%). LC-MS analysis shows emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds. These findings contribute to understanding the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of coffee beans and pulp from Liberica sp. that may contribute to sustainable waste management and other applications in the food and beverage industry.

Understanding the Impact of Seismic Hazard and Climate Conditions on Multi Criteria–Based Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

A large share of the reinforced concrete (RC) building stock in Mediterranean countries faces a dual challenge of seismic vulnerability and energy inefficiency, calling for urgent renovation efforts. While energy upgrades have been the focus of previous renovation policies, recent research highlights the critical need for integrated retrofitting solutions that address both structural integrity and energy performance. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches are a promising tool for optimizing the combined choice of these integrated interventions, considering various decision variables (DVs) of economic, social, environmental, and technical nature. To understand the impact of climate and seismic hazard conditions on multi-criteria-based retrofitting assessment, a case-study RC school building is selected and assumed to be located in three distinct climate conditions, cold, mild, and warm, and three seismic hazard levels, low, medium and high. Moreover, given the complexity and challenges of quantifying seismic performance metrics for practitioners, an available simplified (practice-oriented) approach is compared herein with a more thorough research-based one for quantifying the seismic performance of RC buildings within the MCDM framework. Both approaches are applied to the case-study building, considering twelve possible combinations of energy and seismic interventions. The accuracy of the practice-oriented approach and its impact on the retrofitting rankings is evaluated, emphasizing the importance of accessible and efficient evaluation methods in facilitating informed decision-making for building renovation.

Viability of an Open-Loop Heat Pump Drying System in South African Climatic Conditions

Drying agricultural produce consumes a considerable amount of energy. As an energy-efficient system, a heat pump can improve the energy efficiency of the drying process and hence reduce the energy consumption, especially in South Africa, where both sub-tropical and temperate weather conditions dominate. The objective of this research is to experimentally investigate the impacts of weather conditions on the operational conditions and thermal performance of an open-loop air-source heat pump drying system. The experimental investigation was conducted in a climate chamber where the climate conditions were simulated from −10 °C to 20 °C with an interval of 10 °C for the typical temperature range of the harvesting season in South Africa. The findings indicate that ambient temperatures have a significant impact on both the operating conditions and thermal performance of an open-loop heat pump system; the change in ambient temperatures from −10 °C to 20 °C leads to a 141.6% improvement in the suction pressure, a 214.2% increase in the discharge pressure, and 30.1% increase in the compression ratio, as well as a consequent increase of 130.6% in the refrigerant mass flow rate (from 0.0067 to 0.0155 kg/s), resulting in a corresponding increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump drying system by about 42.1%. Therefore, this study suggests that, while using an open-loop air-source heat pump drying system utilising R134a refrigerant is feasible in South Africa, it may be practically limited to regions with warm climates or during warmer seasons.

Modeling of a PV/Thermal Hybrid Panel for Residential Hot Water System

Abstract Despite the extensive body of research on PV/thermal systems, a gap remains in evaluating their performance in residential settings. This study aims to bridge this gap by focusing on the energy modeling of a PV/Thermal (PVT) hybrid panel that incorporates heat pipe technology. The evaluation is conducted through MATLAB code to assess the system's capability to fulfill the electricity and heating demands of residential buildings. The model's reliability is affirmed by comparing it with experimental data from a PVT panel tested in Sydney, exploring the transient variations in both water heat gain rates and power generation. The model's precision is evident from the percentage of error in the estimated temperatures of the PV panel based on the test results under various weather conditions, which ranged from −8% to 6%. This method was also utilized to determine the overall energy efficiency of the PVT under different climatic conditions. The results reveal that the overall energy efficiency of the proposed PVT panel, on a typical day, is approximately 45%, significantly outperforming traditional PV panels by more than double. Furthermore, the payback period for a typical residential PVT system, providing both hot water and electricity, is found substantially shorter than that of installing separate PV and solar hot water systems, highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of the proposed hybrid system.

Genomic insights into local adaptation of upland cotton in China and Pakistan.

Different kinship and resistance to cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) and heat were found between upland cotton cultivars from China and Pakistan. 175 SNPs and 82 InDels loci related to yield, fiber quality, CLCuD, and heat resistance were identified. Elite alleles found in Pakistani accessions aided local adaptation to climatic condition of two countries. Adaptation of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) beyond its center of origin is expected to be driven by tailoring of the genome and genes to enhance yield and quality in new ecological niches. Here, resequencing of 456 upland cotton accessions revealed two distinct kinships according to the associated country. Fiber quality and lint percentage were consistent across kinships, but resistance to cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) and heat was distinctly exhibited by accessions from Pakistan, illustrating highly local adaption. A total of 175 SNP and 82 InDel loci related to yield, fiber quality, CLCuD and heat resistance were identified; among them, only two overlapped between Pakistani and Chinese accessions underscoring the divergent domestication and improvement targets in each country. Loci associated with resistance alleles to leaf curl disease and high temperature were largely found in Pakistani accessions to counter these stresses prevalent in Pakistan. These results revealed that breeding activities led to the accumulation of unique alleles and helped upland cotton become adapted to the respective climatic conditions, which will contribute to elucidating the genetic mechanisms that underlie resilience traits and help develop climate-resilient cotton cultivars for use worldwide.

Orthotrichum camanchacanum, a remarkable new moss species from Chile (Bryopsida, Orthotrichaceae)

Orthotrichum camanchacanum is presented as a newly described species from Chile. The species is primarily distinguished by its emergent capsule with cryptoporous stomata, a double peristome, linear-lanceolate stem leaves with a long hyaline aristae in apex, conspicuously differentiated perichaetial leaves, and a densely hairy vaginula. The species was discovered in the mountain massif of the Andes in the Coquimbo region, notable for its unique climatic conditions. Molecular data and a brief discussion comparing the newly described species with the most closely related taxa are also provided.

Modeling Environmental Vulnerability for 2050 Considering Different Scenarios in the Doce River Basin, Brazil

Understanding climate change and land use impacts is crucial for mitigating environmental degradation. This study assesses the environmental vulnerability of the Doce River Basin for 2050, considering future climate change and land use and land cover (LULC) scenarios. Factors including slope, elevation, relief dissection, precipitation, temperature, pedology, geology, urban distance, road distance, and LULC were evaluated using multicriteria analysis. Regional climate models Eta-HadGEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios were employed. The Land Change Modeler tool simulated 2050 LULC changes and hypothetical reforestation of legal reserve (RL) areas. Combining two climate and two LULC scenarios resulted in four future vulnerability scenarios. Projections indicate an over 300 mm reduction in average annual precipitation and an up to 2 °C temperature increase from 2020 to 2050. Scenario 4 (RCP 8.5 and LULC for 2050 with reforested RLs) showed the greatest basin area in the lowest vulnerability classes, while scenario 3 (RCP 4.5 and LULC for 2050) exhibited more high-vulnerability areas. Despite the projected relative improvement in environmental vulnerability by 2050 due to reduced rainfall, the complexity of associated relationships must be considered. These results contribute to mitigating environmental damage and adapting to future climatic conditions in the Doce River Basin.

Mitigation of drought stress effects on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) callus through CaO nanoparticles and graphene oxide in tissue culture conditions

Drought stress poses a significant threat to fertile soils worldwide, triggering profound physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in plants that adversely impact agricultural productivity. This study explores the potential of nanotechnology, specifically Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles (CaO NPs) and Graphene Oxide (GO), to ameliorate the negative effects of drought stress on two distinct alfalfa ecotypes. Seeds from Erzurum and Konya regions were regenerated in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, and ensuing callus formation was induced through 1 mg L−1 2,4-D and 1 mg L−1 kinetin MS medium. The callus samples underwent a one-month treatment with varying concentrations of mannitol (50 and 100 mM), CaO NPs, and GO (0.5 and 1.5 ppm). Results revealed a decrease in dry/wet weight with increasing mannitol concentration, contrasting with an increase in weight under CaO NPs and GO treatment. Proline, DNSA, MDA, and H2O2 exhibited proportional increases under drought stress, while CaO NPs and GO treatments mitigated these effects. Physiological and biochemical analyses identified optimal conditions for Erzurum as 50 mM mannitol/2 CaO NPs/0.5 ppm GO, and for Konya as 50 mM mannitol/0.5 ppm GO. Gene expression analysis indicated up-regulation of mtr-miR159 and mtr-miR393 with heightened drought stress, with down-regulation observed in CaO NPs and GO treatments. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) confirmed Ca2+ accumulation in alfalfa tissues. In conclusion, CaO NPs and GO treatments exhibited a significant reduction in the adverse effects of drought stress on alfalfa callus under tissue culture conditions. This research sheds light on the potential of nanotechnological interventions to alleviate the impact of environmental stressors on crop plants, opening avenues for sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climatic conditions. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and scalability of these findings for field applications.

Some Aspects of the Vegetation of Nepal

In this article the author simply catalogues the number of species of ferns collected by him after giving a short description of the geographical position and the climatic conditions of Nepal and the Kathmandu valley. The collections were made from the latter region only during class and private excursions. Some of these important places are Kakani, Sheopuri, Nagarkot, Sundarijal, Pharping, Godavari, Gokama, Gauchar, Chapagaon, Balaju, Nagaijun, Thankot, Chandragiri etc. Although these collections are mainly from the Kathmandu valley alone yet on comparison with the previous collections made by the earlier workers from the various parts of the country reveal that out of the sixty species of ferns collected by the present author thirty six have not so far been recorded.

Holocene climate variability in Slovenia: A review

The Slovenian climate has undergone significant fluctuations, and an understanding of the past climate is necessary to improve models and recognise long-term patterns. The cryosphere environment, such as ice core samples, provides valuable palaeoclimate data. Palynology and dendroclimatology are also effective ways to study long-term changes in vegetation and reconstruct past climates using pollen and tree proxies. Sediment cores from various locations in Slovenia have been studied to understand past environmental changes. Borehole temperature profiles as well as historical records were also used to reconstruct past climate conditions. Studies have shown specific periods when climatic changes likely played a major role, but a complete timeline of the Slovenian climate throughout the Holocene has not yet been fully developed.

Combining species distribution models and big datasets may provide finer assessments of snakebite impacts.

Snakebite is a major poverty-related neglected tropical disease. An integrated scientific approach is needed to understand the dynamics of this important health issue. Our objective was to estimate snakebite occurrence in a tropical area by using a blend of ecological modelling and robust statistical analysis. The present study used climatic, environmental, and human population density data to determine the area with snakebite occurrence-probability for the first time in Bangladesh. We also analysed a large, 16-year dataset of hospitalized snakebite cases to reveal the epidemiology of snakebite in the south-eastern zone of the country. Our results show that cobra bite is the most commonly occurring venomous snakebite in humans (around ~12% of the total yearly snakebite records), and men are more frequently bitten than women (2/3 of human victims are men). Most bites occur during the rainy season for cobra and green pit viper, while krait bites are not restricted to any particular season. As snakebite incidents are closely related to climate conditions, we can model snakebite risk using temperature and precipitation variables. Whereas there is a lack of snakebite reports from several parts of the study area in official records, our models predict that the entire study area is favourable for snakebite incidents. Based on the combined evidence we estimate that about 200,000 snakebite events occur every year in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh alone. Considering future global climate change, our model projections show that snakebite incidence in Bangladesh might not significantly decrease in the future (- 2070-); however, the distribution of probabilities might change, with a predicted increase of snakebite incidence in the hilly areas of the country. Using climatic data to predict snakebite incidence in Bangladesh allowed us to provide estimations of the total annual number of snakebite cases in the study area. As in most countries, the scarcity of accurate epidemiological data in official records might have masked the real magnitude of this problem. Our analysis suggests that the problem of snakebite envenoming in Bangladesh might be worse than currently perceived. A long-term sustainable snakebite program plan should be designed and institutionalized, considering climatic, geographical and human demographic variables, to obtain better data and facilitate the implementation of accurate snakebite management programs for this country.

The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world

This paper presents an updated overview of the world’s biogeographical realms and regions in the terrestrial domain. It incorporates new data on floristic and vegetation aspects, along with recent regional information, which has emerged in the decades following the influential maps created by A. Takhtajan and R. Good. We elucidate the various biogeographic scales, ranging from kingdoms to districts, and outline the specific criteria that define them. We delve into the criteria used for characterizing the kingdoms and regions, with a particular focus on their floristic content, evolutionary background, and vegetation patterns, expressed through biomes and subbiomes. Additionally, we discuss the climatic conditions and their variability within and between these units. Our study identifies six kingdoms and 42 regions that are recognized for the entire planet and provides a concise summary for each of them.

A freshwater ecosystem once existed in the Rajasthan desert: evidence from a fossil of the aquatic herb Nelumbo

Nelumbonaceae encompasses aquatic plant lineages that represent major components in the modern tropical wetland ecosystems of India. The group is characterized by its distinctive reproductive receptacle incorporating in situ fruitlets and vegetative organs that are well-represented in the fossil record. Unusually, though, no Nelumbo reproductive fossils have yet been identified from the Cenozoic of India. Here, we report the first such fossil reproductive organ from the aquatic perennial herb Nelumbo, which was recovered in the lower Eocene Palana Formation at the Gurha lignite mine in Rajasthan, western India. The fossil preserves an aggregate fruit with 28 indehiscent, apocarpous and globose to oblong fruitlets embedded within an accrescent receptacle, and a single small central cavity or apical remains of a stigma in each fruitlet. Comparisons with extant and extinct Nelumbo species support attribution to Nelumbo sp. Our unexpected discovery of a fully aquatic plant in the Rajasthan Basin during the early Eocene indicates that a freshwater ecosystem existed there ca 55 ± 10 million years ago; this contrasts starkly with the arid climatic conditions predominant in Rajasthan today. Raman Patel† [ ramanpatel2142@gmail.com ], Department of Geology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, 246174 Uttarakhand, India Ashif Ali† [ aashifli0011@gmail.com ], Palaeobotany, Palynology, and Plant Evolution Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia-723104, India Rajendra Singh Rana [ rajendra.rana1@gmail.com ], Department of Geology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, 246174 Uttarakhand, India Mahasin Ali Khan* [ khan.mahasinali@gmail.com ], Palaeobotany, Palynology, and Plant Evolution Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia-723104, India.

Experimental investigation of a sun tracking concentrated solar still with economic analysis

The current paper evaluated experimentally an innovative sun tracking concentrated solar still under Egyptian climatic conditions during the summer of 2022. The proposed system consists of a 120-cm-diameter parabolic reflector mirror that tracks the sun using a dual axis tracking system, a cylindrical solar still with a volume of 3.7 L positioned in its focal point, and a concentration ratio of 12.5. The performance of the concentrated solar still was investigated in the context of two critical parameters. First, three feed water salinity (17, 27, 37) ppt samples were evaluated, followed by four percentages of saline water filling ratio (26.5, 39.8, 53.1, 66.3)%. Increasing the salinity of the feed water had no effect on solar still productivity, but increasing the saline water filling ratio did. The daily cumulative productivity of the system was 6 kg/m2 with an optimal filling ratio of 53.1%, a daily efficiency of 42.88%, and an average cost of freshwater production of 0.0489 $/L. The proposed system also had the highest instantaneous efficiency of 61.77% and the highest distilled water productivity rate of 0.941 kg/h m2.

Fertilizer Optimization through Machine Learning-driven Models: An Empirical Investigation on Smart Farming of Amaranth

Amaranth is a highly nutritious leafy vegetable cum pseudo-cereal crop known for its adaptability to various climatic conditions, making it a promising crop for addressing the food security and nutritional needs of a growing population. To enhance its quality and boost yields, farmers mainly depend on synthetic fertilizers. However, the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers to maximize crop yields poses significant ecological risks. This study aimed to investigate the impact of excessive inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield, and physiological attributes of Amaranthus with the aid of advanced machine learning paradigm. An experimental pot trial was conducted using different NPK fertilizer dosage regimes, and agronomic parameters such as moisture level, crop yield, plant height, leaf length, leaf width etc. were measured and analyzed using statistical methods. The results demonstrated that the application of excessive inorganic fertilizer initially promoted plant growth but surpassed optimal levels resulting in negative effects, including stunted growth and reduced vigor. By identifying the Amaranthus's productivity and adaptability in different chemically treated soil conditions and automatically phenotyping its traits using image-based machine learning models, this study aims to determine the overuse of synthetic fertilizers. A comparative evaluation of different learning algorithms was carried out and the experimental result proves that SVM classifier could be a more appropriate learning algorithm for the proposed system with 80% accuracy. These findings highlight the importance of adopting sustainable fertilizer practices for the cultivation of Amaranthus and emphasize the need for ecological balance in crop production systems.

Experimental Measurement of Fixed-Tilt Solar Panel and Vertical-Tilted Single-Axis Solar Tracker (VTSAT) Real-Time Solar Panel Output Power”

Renewable solar energy is becoming more and more vital, and photovoltaic (PV) solar panel efficiency optimization is essential for sustainable energy generation. This study describes an experiment that uses a solar panel multimeter to measure the output power of a fixed-tilt solar panel and a vertical-tilted single-axis solar tracker (VTSAT) in real time. This measurement indicates that solar panel performance varies with several external factors, including temperature fluctuations. Perform a comparison analysis in this study between a vertical-tilted single-axis solar tracker (VTSAT) and a traditional fixed-tilt solar panel. Two 50-watt solar panels' output data were measured using a solar panel multimeter. Utilizing this comparison analysis, assess these panels' real-world performance. Determining the individual efficiency of the two solar panels will be made easier by analyzing the output figures. Moreover, the goal is to compute the daily energy production produced by every kind of solar panel under standard climatic conditions.

Genetic response of a perennial grass to warm and wet environments interacts and is associated with trait means as well as plasticity.

Potential for rapid evolution is an important mechanism allowing species to adapt to changing climatic conditions. Although such a potential has been largely studied in various short-lived organisms, to what extent we can observe similar patterns in long-lived plant species, which often dominate natural systems, is largely unexplored. We explored potential for rapid evolution in Festuca rubra, long-lived grass with extensive clonal growth dominating in alpine grasslands. We used field sowing experiment simulating expected climate change in our model region. Specifically, we exposed seeds from 5 independent seed sources to novel climatic conditions by shifting them along a natural climatic grid and explored genetic profiles of established seedling after 3 years. Data on genetic profiles of plants selected under different novel conditions indicate that different climate shifts select significantly different pools of genotypes from common seed pools. Increasing soil moisture was more important selective pressure than increasing temperature or interaction of the two climatic factors. This can indicate negative genetic interaction in response to the combined effects, or that the effects of different climates are interactive rather than additive. The selected alleles were found in genomic regions likely affecting function of specific genes or their expression. Many of these were also linked to morphological traits (mainly to trait plasticity) suggesting these changes may have a consequence for plant performance. Overall, these data indicate that even long-lived plant species may experience strong selection by climate, and their populations thus have the potential to rapidly adapt to these novel conditions.

Shaping pollinator diversity through coffee agroforestry management: A meta‐analytical approach

Abstract Pollinator diversity plays an important role in improving the resilience of pollination services. However, agricultural intensification is causing declines in pollinator diversity. Such losses could be mitigated and even reversed by agroforestry systems, whose structural complexity exceeds that of intensive agricultural systems. Research, primarily conducted in tropical regions, suggests that efficiently managing agroforestry systems can increase pollinator diversity. We performed a global meta‐analysis to explore how coffee agroforestry management practices affect the diversity of bee pollinators. We employed 137 sets of results from 20 studies that had been conducted at widely distributed locations across four of the seven continents. More specifically, we investigated the impact of augmenting floral resources (60 sets of results) and shade‐tree cover (43 sets of results) and reducing the distance to natural forests (34 sets of results). Additionally, we examined key moderating factors, including climatic conditions, pollinator sociality, the metrics used to describe pollinator diversity, pollinator sampling methods, the metrics used to characterise the effects of management practices and floral resource type. We observed that bee pollinator diversity broadly increased as local floral resources increased in tropical coffee agroforestry systems. Shade‐tree cover and proximity to natural forests did not broadly influence bee pollinator diversity. However, the strength and direction of the relationships between the agroforestry management practices and bee pollinator diversity were moderated by different factors, mainly climatic conditions and pollinator sociality. Our findings underscore the importance of managing coffee agroforestry systems to maximise bee diversity, which is crucial for coffee plant pollination. The broader objective should be to ensure the availability of resources that promote pollinator fitness, effective pollination and, as a consequence, crop yields.

Variability of games in the process of human development

The article focuses on the stages of gaming culture development from instinctively contemplative and copycat to socialization and conscious education through games. Special attention is given to the intergenerational transformation and gradual transition of game information from natural instincts to meaningful practical use of the game and expansion of game activities. The influence of the social environment on the development of game activities is revealed. The goal of the research is the historical analysis of the development of game activity, as the basis of regulation of cultural relations, in the process of human development. The scientific novelty consists in clarifying the historical stages of the game development, which is an internal necessity of the existence of a living organism, with the preservation of quality and a change in its social qualitative state. Conclusions. For millions of years a man, maintaining his biological basis, has transformed games from an instinct into a social phenomenon. In ancient times the game by its very nature was the imitation (observation of animal behaviour, natural phenomena) with elements of motional experience. In the process of industrial activity, with the change of social relations a man socialized the game, which became a necessary means of education and hardening of the body. With the change of social relations the role of a game, as the principle of spiritual, mental, intellectual and physical development of a man, gradually increased. Thanks to the subject endowed with thinking, who constantly replenished his life experience, the game became more meaningful and necessary. It acquired a potential opportunity to adapt to any climatic and geographical conditions. With each stage of human development the essence of the game as a social phenomenon was formed in a new way.