Climatic Conditions Of Ukraine Research Articles

Yield plasticity of new varieties of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the level of productivity of new varieties of soft winter wheat, their stability and plasticity when grown in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine. Methods. The field trial was carried out in 2022–2023 under the conditions of the research stations of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination (UIPVE) in the Steppe, Forest Steppe and Polissia soilclimatic zones. The peculiarities of plant growth and development, the yield formation of 34 new varieties of soft winter wheat were studied. Plasticity and stability of yield formation were calculated and analyzed according to the Ebergard – Russell method, general homeostaticity and selection value according to Khangildin V.V. and Lytvynenko N.A. In the course of the research, computational and statistical methods were used. Analysis and synthesis were used to draw conclusions. Results. The yield varied from 5.4 to 8.4 t/ha, depending on the soil and climate zone and the location of the trial. The variety ‘LG Optimist’ had the highest average yield (8.1 t/ha) and ‘YUSON’ the lo west (6.0 t/ha). The most favorable conditions for the study of growth and development of genotypes in 2022 were in the Forest-Steppe (Ij = 0.9) and Polissia (Ij = 0.6) zones, in 2023 – Polissia (Ij = 0.2); the worst in 2022 – in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7), in 2023 – in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7) and ForestSteppe (Ij = –0.5) zones. In 2023, the best climatic conditions were in the Polissia zone (Ij = 0.2), the worst were in the points located in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7) and Forest Steppe (Ij = –0.5) zones. The theoretical yield values of the varieties at the research points did not differ from the actual values and averaged 7.1 t/ha, ranging from 6.0 to 8.1 t/ha. High homeostaticity and low level of variation (V ≤ 10.0%) were found in the varieties ‘Yevraziia’ (Hom = 15.6), ‘Dekaster’ (Hom = 15.2), ‘FORSAIT’ (Hom = 13.9) and ‘LG Optimist’ (Hom = 12.1). In addition, ‘LG Optimist’ (Sc = 6.9) and ‘Dekaster’ (Sc = 6.6) had the highest breeding value. The variety ‘FORSAIT’ (bi = 0.2; S2 di = 0.24), with an average yield of 7.4 t/ha, has a high plasticity, so it is recommended to grow it on extensive backgrounds and in unfavorable conditions. Varieties ‘Yevraziia’, ‘Nosivochka’, ‘SOLIFLOR CS’, ‘Mizynka’, ‘Troiana’, ‘LG Optimist’, ‘Biskvit’, ‘MIP Dovira’, ‘Etual’, ‘Tvorchist Odeska’, ‘Attribut’, ‘Epihraf’, ‘Dekaster’, ‘Epitet’, ‘Jannis’, ‘Pamiati Horlacha’, ‘Trembita Bilotserkivska’ and ‘Slava Unavy’ with a combined manifestation of high ecological plasticity bi = 1 and stability S2 di = 0 in average grain yield 7.2 t/ha, according to the genotype respond well to the improvement of growing conditions and are stable, are considered the most practically valuable. Conclusions. New varieties of soft winter wheat, when grown in different soil and climatic conditions, fully develop their genetic potential under significant changes in environmental conditions and produce the highest yield that can be obtained under ideal conditions.

Research results on the chemical elements' absorption from the soil of the agricultural crops in organic farming technologies

Annotation Purpose. Research and children of cultivation of environmentally friendly crop products in various soil and chemical conditions of Ukraine according to organic farming technologies. Methods. Monographic, analytic, experimental-field. Results. As a result of the conducted experiments on obtaining environmentally friendly crop products in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine using organic farming technologies, it was established that to obtain environmentally friendly crop products in the presence of harmful substances in the soils, the concentration of which exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) Impossible. Conclusions. According to the results of the conducted research on the cultivation of environmentally safe crop products in different soil and climatic conditions of the Southern Steppe and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on organic farming technologies and organic farming technologies BTU-center, ENZIM, center of effective technologies and Danube technologies were established: - in the presence of the content of chemical elements in various types of soil with exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations, it is impossible to grow environmentally friendly crop products; - for the cultivation of environmentally friendly crop products, it is necessary to substantiate the MPC in the soil for 78 chemical elements; - need to be developed a universal controlled program of the intra-soil agrochemical process, taking into account all chemical elements from hydrogen to uranium, their compounds, and on the basis of such a program to develop a combined laser analyzer to determine the gross content of chemical elements in the soil in the mode of movement of the unit and at the same time to bring into the soil necessary and chemical and elements for creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of crops in the soil. This will make it possible to reproduce soil fertility, grow environmentally friendly agricultural products, reduce the burden on the environment, regardless of climate change. Keywords: research, soil, gross content, chemical elements, spectrum, coefficient, crops, absorption, non-grain, grain, concentration, ecology.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The article analyzes the design solutions for the outer walls of residential buildings built in 2020-2022 in a city that belongs to the II temperature zone of Ukraine. The outer walls of the monolithic reinforced concrete frame of the building are made of hollow brick 250 mm thick with a façade system of heat-insulating and finishing class A. A verification thermotechnical calculation of the outer wall was carried out, taking into account heat-conducting inclusions, the reduced heat transfer resistance of an opaque enclosing structure (wall) does not correspond to the minimum allowable value of heat transfer resistance of the corresponding structure according to DBN V.2.6 – 31:2016 for the II temperature zone. When taking into account the effect of air permeability on reducing the overall level of thermal protection of the fence, it was determined that the calculated reduced value of the resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall will be even lower due to the fact that the structure consists of light cellular materials with a significant breathability. External enclosing structures and internal, dividing rooms with a temperature difference of 4 ° C or more, have insufficient insulation thickness. When developing insulation measures, the effect of air filtration through wall structures made of lightweight materials is not taken into account. The requirements for the insulation of complex structural units of enclosing structures to prevent the formation of "cold bridges", for example, a balcony slab, are not met. Translucent structures, which occupy more than 50% of the facades, are the cheapest, their heat transfer resistance is less than the minimum allowable value. Based on the results of the analysis, the main measures to improve the energy efficiency of residential multi-storey buildings were identified to enable the installation of large windows in residential and public buildings in the climatic conditions of Ukraine.

Phenological Growth Stages According to the BBCH Scale Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.

Phenology is a key trait of plants of all species, as it determines their season and duration of growth and reproduction, as well as their ability to capture variable resources. Understanding the phenology of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. a rare but promising fruit and medicinal plant of Ukraine, namely the codification of the stages of seasonal development, according to the international BBCH scale, is important for the evaluation of breeding material and the development of new varieties, improving the technological qualities of fruits. In the climatic conditions of Ukraine (M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv), the studied genotypes of E. multiflora go through a full cycle of development. Plants begin the growing season with the development of leaves and shoots. According to the international BBCH scale, they clearly distinguish eight of the ten main stages of seasonal development, in particular: the development of buds (Principal growth stage 0), leaves (Principal growth stage 1), shoots (Principal growth stage 3), inflorescence emergence (Principal growth stage 5), flowering (Principal growth stage 6), fruit development (Principal growth stage 7), fruit ripening (Principal growth stage 8) and senescence and the onset of dormancy (Principal growth stage 9). The proposed BBCH scale for characterizing the phenological stages of E. multiflora plants can be used to guide the growers as to when to carry out orchard management practices such as canopy training and pruning, nutrient and water application, pest and disease control and post-harvest processing. Correct identification of phenological stages is of great importance for the characterization and management of E. multiflora. Thus, this study will ensure the dissemination of knowledge about E. multiflora cultivars among growers and researchers.

POLYMERIC MATERIALS BASED ON ACRYLIC MONOMERS WITH ADJUSTABLE SUSTAINABILITY

Increased intensity of operation of construction infrastructure, unfavorable for quality repairs of natural and climatic conditions of Ukraine and a high probability of emergencies necessitate the need for domestic import-substituting structural composites for restoration work with regulated viability. The specifics of repair and restoration works - limited time, extreme temperature and humidity conditions, problems in ensuring full-fledged technology and others. - makes it necessary to develop PKM that take into account these features. The authors state that such compositions can be developed on the basis of acrylic binders, mainly methyl methacrylate (MMA), polymer composite materials (PCM) based on which are characterized by high rates of strength, mechanical and physicochemical properties, as well as durability. comprehensive study of the influence of the conditions of formation of the polymer material (curing temperature) and prescription-technological factors (chemical modification of the binder, the method of introduction of benzoyl peroxide, etc.) on its strength. Effective means of increasing the latter have been identified. To assess the effect of the studied modifiers on the change in the mobility of macromolecular chains by linear dilatometry, the glass transition temperatures Tc (° C) of PM polymer matrices were determined (decrease in glass transition temperature is usually associated with increased mobility of polymer chain segments). It was found that among a number of studied modifiers - 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxylan (MPTMS), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), dimethacrylate ether of triethylene glycol (TGM-3), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (GPMA) (the two most effective) (methacrylate). The expediency of adjusting the content of PB and DMA to accelerate the set of strength at low positive and negative curing temperatures is shown. The optimal contents of PB and DMA have been established, which allow to reduce the time of reaching the minimum operational (40 MPa) and ultimate strength for bending of PM based on MMA. Keywords: acrylic monomer, manufacturability, strength set of acrylic systems, modification with acrylic derivatives.

Associative links between obesity and vitamin D levels as a risk factor for primary hyperparathyroidism

To date, the fact and mechanisms of associative links between vitamin D deficiency and primary hyperparathyroidism have been established. In turn, the level of 25 (OH) D is influenced by climatic conditions and the presence of obesity.
 Objective — to determine the supply of vitamin D in patients with endocrine disorders living in the climate in Ukraine, and to assess the impact of obesity on vitamin D levels and the development of hypercalcemia (signs of primary hyperparathyroidism).
 Materials and methods. Body mass index (BMI), serum levels of Ca and vitamin D were assessed in 145 patients, hospitalized in the clinic of Institute of Endocrine Pathology named after V. Ya. Danilevsky NAMS of Ukraine for various endocrine pathologies. The frequency of vitamin insufficiency and vitamin D efficiency, hypercalcemia was analyzed in groups with and without obesity.
 Results. The proportion of obese in the general group was 33.8 %, among men — 28.57 %, among women — 35.04 % (p < 0.05). The level of Ca in the blood was 2.39 ± 0.02 mmol/L, high Ca level occurred in 16.55 %, and obesity — in 49 (33.49 %) patients. Against the background of obesity, the level of Ca was 2.42 ± 0.02, and in non-obese people — 2.38 ± 0.02 (p > 0.05). Average level of vitamin D in the blood in the general group was 22.95 ± 0.73 mg/ml and was probably lower in the individuals with obesity (20.95 ± 1.39 vs. 24.09 ± 0.81 mg/ml in groups without obesity, p < 0.05). Distribution of the disease by the degree of vitamin D provision showed that in a cohort with low security vitamin D and the presence of obesity subgroup with a deficiency of vitamin D (20 — 29 ng/ ml) was 1.5 times bigger as the similar subgroup without obesity.
 Conclusions. In the climatic conditions of Ukraine, the average level of vitamin D in patients with endocrine pathology is within its deficiency (22.95 ± 0.73 ng/ ml). The presence of obesity in patients with endocrine pathology is associated with a probably lower supply of vitamin D, almost 1.5 times bigger the subgroup with vitamin deficiency (< 20 ng/ ml). The combination of obesity and vitamin D deficiency should be considered as a risk factor for primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with endocrine pathology. Such patients need regular monitoring of blood levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone, as well as medical support for adequate supply of vitamin D.

Associative links between obesity and vitamin D levels as a risk factor for primary hyperparathyroidism

Background. To date, the fact and mechanisms of associative links between vitamin D deficiency and primary hyperparathyroidism (PGPT) have been established. In turn, the level of 25(OH)D is influenced by climatic conditions and the presence of obesity (Ob). These set the purpose of the study— to determine the supply of vitamin D in patients with endocrine disorders living in the climate in Ukraine, and to assess the impact of Ob on vitamin D levels and the development of hypercalcemia— signs of PGPT. Materials and methods. BMI, serum calcium (Ca) and vitamin D levels in 145 patients who were in the endocrinology clinic for various endocrine pathologies were studied. The frequency of vitamin insufficiency and vitamin D efficiency, hypercalcemia in groups with and without obesity was analyzed. Results. The proportion of obese in the general group was 33.8%, among men— 28.57%, among women— 35.04% (p < 0.05). The level of Ca in the blood was 2.39±0.02 mmol/l, high Ca level occurred in 16.55%, and Ob— іn 49 (33.49%) patients. Against the background of Ob, the level of Ca was 2.42±0.02, and in non-obese people— 2.38±0.02 (p>0.05). Average level of vitamin D in the blood in the general group was 22.95±0.73mg/ml and was probably lower in individuals with Ob (20.95±1.39 vs. 24.09±0.81mg/ml in groups without Ob, p < 0.05). Distribution of the disease by the degree of provision of vitamin D showed that in a cohort with low security vitamin D and the presence of Ob subgroup with a deficiency of vitamin D (20–29ng/ml) was almost twice as large as the similar subgroup without Ob. As follows, the presence of Ob in patients with endocrine pathology has no probable effect on the incidence of hypercalcemia, but is associated with a probable decrease in the level of vitamin D in the blood with a predominance of subgroups with vitamin D deficiency, while in the group without Ob. Conclusions. In the climatic conditions of Ukraine and the functioning health care system in patients with endocrine pathology, the average level of vitaminD is within its deficiency (22.95±0.73 ng/ml). The presence of obesity in patients with endocrine pathology is associated with a probably lower supply of vitamin D, almost doubling the subgroup with vitamin deficiency (<20ng/ml). The combination of obesity and vitaminD deficiency should be considered as a risk factor for primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with endocrine pathology. Such patients need regular monitoring of blood calcium and parathyroid hormone, as well as medical support for vitamin D.

ESTIMATED DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF MOUNTING MASTS

When carrying out installation work at the enterprises of the branch, the use of universal lifting equipment is sometimes impossible or impractical. In such cases, resort to the use of mounting masts - relatively simple in design and quite efficient lifting equipment [1], the construction of which is largely based on the practical experience of foremen of assembly organizations or fore-men-riggers. Existing methods of calculation of mounting masts, developed many decades ago on the basis of sufficiently primitive considerations, without taking into account additional loads, give approximate results and should be revised and improved. An attempt at such work is reflected in this article. Since the main structural elements of the mounting mast are its riser and cables, the definition of the parameters of the mast is to calculate the strength of the riser and cables of the accepted dimensions under the loads provided by the initial data of a specific technical task. Evaluation of the strength of the riser should be performed both in the plane of torque and from the plane of torque. To find the value of the maximum stress in the mast riser and the maximum stress in the i-th cable, it is necessary to calculate the stress-strain state of the riser and cables using a mixed method, according to which some unknowns are displacement and part - effort. The mathematical model of the problem is described by four algebraic equations. The equation of continuity of riser deformations is based on the use of Tymoshenko's functions, which take into account the influence of longitudinal forces on the deflection of the mast riser in the plane of action of wind load and weight of cargo. Loads from the weight and tension of the cables are taken into account their possible ice and the force of pre-tension. The wind load of the riser and cables is determined using data on the standard speed pressure, N / m2, which for Ukraine is 0.38 kPa. Calculations of riser and cable parameters also take into account the temperature difference, which in the climatic conditions of Ukraine does not exceed the interval 040 st structures are recommended to rely on the combination of both permanent and temporary loads according to the data given in the article. All this together gives reason to hope that the considered method of calculation of parameters of assembly masts will be useful to experts of the assembly organizations and students studying questions of technics and technology of rigging works.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERNAL HEAT CAPACITY OF A PUBLIC BUILDING ON THE THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS OF THE PREMISES DURING THE OPERATION OF THE HEATING SYSTEM IN ALTERNATING MODE

In the climatic conditions of Ukraine, which are characterised by a long heating period, considerable energy requirements for heating lead to an increase in energy efficiency requirements. A substantial reduction in the energy consumption of buildings while ensuring comfort conditions will be facilitated by the inclusion of a model of human thermal comfort in the complex “heat source – fencing” system. The purpose of this study was to find the factors affecting the internal heat capacity and, accordingly, the thermal inertia of the building and further take these factors into account upon assessing the thermal condition and parameters of thermal comfort of building rooms. The object of this study was the educational and administrative building of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Many studies were carried out, namely full-scale measurements of heat flows and temperatures on the surfaces of samples of the building’s wall structure were carried out in a special climate complex that allows artificially creating external and internal thermal conditions of premises. It was found that the insulation of the structure with a layer of expanded polystyrene PSB-15, 100 mm thick, reduces heat losses through the wall panel by almost half. An algorithm for controlling the heat release process was developed, considering the internal heat capacity of the building. Compared to the “linear” dependence, this allows more accurately adjusting the schedule of heat carrier release to the heating system of a public building during the introduction of the alternating mode of its operation. The temperature deviation range is reduced by 4–6 °C, which allowed saving up to 10-12% of the consumed heat energy for the heating needs of the research object, provided that the normalised values of the internal temperature of the premises are maintained. Intermittent operation of the heating system of public buildings, the expediency of which is justified in this study, can be recommended for implementation in the structures of higher educational institutions of Ukraine.

НАУКОВІ ДОСЯГНЕННЯ ВЧЕНИХ В УДОСКОНАЛЕННІ ВОДНИХ МЕЛІОРАЦІЙ УКРАЇНИ У 1990-Х РОКАХ

The purpose of the article is to establish the scientific achievements of scientists of branch research institutions and institutions of higher education in the improvement of water reclamation for different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine in the 1990s. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization and classification of archival materials and printed sources. In the course of the research special historical methods were used: problem-chronological, comparative-historical, retrospective, which helped to determine the priority areas of activity of prominent agricultural scientists, their scientific achievements in improving water reclamation of Ukraine: irrigation and drainage. Results. It is established that in the 1990s an important role for the development of scientific support for the regulation of water reclamation in Ukraine was played by highly effective measures developed by agricultural scientists for optimal irrigation and drainage of land. It is determined that scientists have developed technological equipment for sowing crops and applying mineral fertilizers with irrigation water. The efficiency of creation of irrigation systems and technical means of irrigation of new generation, ecologically reliable reclamation systems and technologies is found out. Improvement of mechanized technologies of production and application of local organic fertilizers – sapropel and silt is established. It was found that scientists have attached great importance to the development of a comprehensive system for improving water reclamation: rational structure of sown areas and crop rotations, tillage and fertilization, agronomic and reclamation measures to prevent degradation of irrigated and drained lands. Conclusions. It can be concluded that in the 1990s, high-performance technologies for the conservation and efficient use of water and land resources played an important role in improving Ukraine's water reclamation. They were based on the scientific achievements of scientists from the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, as well as their co-performers who performed research in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF NEW PESTICIDES TO PUBLIC HEALTH AS POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATER SOURCES.

The aim: Risk assessment of amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone and pydiflumetofen to public health as potential contaminants of groundwater and surface water sources in soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine in comparison with other countries. Materials and methods: Hazard assessment to public health was performed according to 3 methods: determination of integrated danger vector (R), integrated groundwater contamination hazard index (IGCHI), risk of adverse effects of studied pesticides to public health (RAEP). Results: The assessment of R and IGCHI indicators showed that the highest level of potential danger to public health due to possible contamination of water sources in Ukraine and other countries (EU, USA, Australia) is inherent in bicyclopyrone. According to the vector R, the potential risk of groundwater contamination with amicarbazone is estimated from medium to high in different soil and climatic conditions; pydiflumetofen - as high; according to IGCHI amicarbazone is recognized as extremely hazardous for humans, while pydiflumetofen can be classified as both hazardous (particularly in Ukraine) and highly hazardous. At the same time, the comparison of potential and permissible exposures showed that the risk of harmful effects on the human body (RAEP) of all 3 substances is acceptable. Conclusions: The risk of contamination of groundwater and surface water with amicarbazone and bicyclopyrone in Ukraine is quite high and coincides with that in other countries; pydiflumetofen in Ukraine shows less migration ability than in some soil and climatic conditions of other countries. Danger assessment of the studied pesticides to public health as potential contamination of water sources in Ukraine and other countries is generally identical.

Hygienic assessment of the population risk due to consumption of water contaminated by pesticides recommended for the protection of potato plants

Widespread use of xenobiotics – chemical compounds that do not have natural biogeochemical cycles, annually leads to contamination of agricultural soils in Ukraine. Water contaminated with chemicals can cause allergic diseases, metabolic disorders, pathology of the respiratory, cardiovascular systems and cancer. The purpose. Hygienic assessment of the population risk due to consumption of water contaminated by pesticides recommended for the protection of potato plants. Materials and methods. Prediction of possible migration of studied pesticides into groundwater was carried out taking into account the rate of destruction of pesticides in soil (τ50), the coefficient of sorption by organic carbon and solubility in water by the index of potential leaching, index of potential pollution of groundwater and surface water(GUS), SCI-GROW – screening concentration in groundwater. Result. The results of the risk assessment showed that the values of the maximum possible daily intake of test pesticides with water (0.027-2.2740 μg/day) are significantly lower than the allowable daily intake of test substances (120-6000 μg/day), taking into account the results of field studies Ukraine and other European countries. The results indicate a relatively low risk to humans due to the inflow of water contaminated with pesticides of the studied groups. Conclusions. 1. High risk of groundwater pollution in soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine by studied herbicides, insecticides and fungicides according to GUS – index of potential leaching into groundwater, which should be taken into account when using them in the chemical protection system and solving monitoring studies. 2. Based on the risk assessment for the population, a relatively low risk for humans due to the inflow of water contaminated with pesticides of the studied groups. 3. This indicates the need to take into account the migration process of most of the studied pesticides in addressing the issue of monitoring studies in soil and water.

Study of the efficiency of sweet potato growing in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a new crop for soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine, the active implementation of which is hindered by the lack of recommendations on technological aspects of cultivation. One of the important technological measures for growing sweet potatoes is the use of soil mulching, which improves the water regime and regulates the thermal regime of the soil; prevention of weed growth and growth of sweet potato shoots to the soil. Thus, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of growing sweet potatoes in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching.
 Field research was carried out on typical low-humus light loamy chernozem on loess loam.
 It was noted, that when growing sweet potatoes on ridges, the introduction of mulching the soil with black polyethylene film provides more active growth of the vegetative mass throughout the growing season (5.33 shoots/plant with a total length of 252.1 cm), while growing without ridges has a positive effect on plants growth due to the general absence of mulch (2.53 shoots/plant with a total length of 107.8 cm).
 The use of ridges and mulching the soil with black polyethylene film causes the yield of sweet potato tubers at 34.8 t/ha, while the mulching of the soil with straw, the yield was 18.3–21.9 t/ha, without mulching – 13.0–17, 1 t/ha. Mulching with black polyethylene film ensures the accumulation of vitamin C and starch in sweet potato tubers. When growing the culture on ridges by this method of mulching, the maximum level of vitamin C according to the experiment (4.78 mg/100 g) and starch (11.73 %) was noted.
 The introduction of mulching and ridge formation involves additional material and labor costs, but helps to reduce weed control and tuber digging costs. When growing sweet potatoes on ridges with mulching with black polyethylene film, the minimum additional labor costs for the formation of a unit of yield (1.95 man-minutes/kg of tubers) were noted, while without mulching and without ridges this figure was 6.76 man-minute/kg

Comfortable climatic conditions for human on the territory of Ukraine for the period 1991—2020

The ecological state of the environment, climatic conditions with pronounced seasonality, variability, anomaly summer heat and regional manifestations of climate change, have a certain negative impact onwell-being, health and comfort of life of the population. To assess climatic comfort of a person, a bioclimatic index (equivalent-effective temperature) was used, which allows to evaluate thermal sensation of a person under a certain combination of meteorological parameters. In this study we used daily observation data (surface temperature, air humidity and wind velocity) at 34 meteorological stations in Ukraine for the period 1990—2020. Analysis and ranging of data, which characterize the thermal bioclimatic conditions, were done.
 It was found that the weather conditions with apparent temperature of very cold—cold—cool—slightly cool compose about 268 ± 9 (73 %) days per year. Thus, the population of Ukraine experience conditions of physiologically cold stress during the prevalent time of the year. Weather conditions that fall into gradations very cold –(30 ... 23) and cold –(23 ... 12) represent 6 ± 5 (~2 %) and 42 ± 17 (~12 %) days per year respectively. They can consequently cause extreme cold and strong cold stress and have a tendency towards decreasing repeatability.
 The largest number of days on average across the country have such gradations as slightly cool 0 ... 12 and cool –(12 ... 0), 113 ± 10 (31 %) and 107 ± 8 (29 %) days per year respectively. Slightly cool weather conditions are typical for the warm period of the year, mainly autumn and spring, and partially winter, while cool –(12 ... 0) is more prevalent in winter, autumn and spring seasons.
 Comfortable and subcomfortable thermal conditions for human with apparent temperature of slightly warm and warm compose on average 96 ± 8 (~26 %) days per year. Comfortable thermal conditions for human on the territory of Ukraine represent about 47 ± 13 (13 %) days per year and are typical for the warm period from April to October, with maximal values in summer: June 10 ± 3, July 17 ± 4 and August 15 ± 4 days per month. A number of days with subcomfortable thermal conditions for human on the territory of Ukraine compose also 48 ± 3 (13 %) days per year. Moreover, for May—September it has almost an equal number of days per month from 7 to 12 with minimal values in April, October and November, about 1—2 days. There is a tendency to increase in the number of days with comfortable thermal conditions for human in summer by 0.2—0.3 days per month for the period 1991—2020. The trend is 0.83 days per year (on average 25—30 days were added each year) for the period 1991—2020. Thus, comfortable climatic conditions for the local population in Ukraine increase during the warm season.
 However, the frequency of hot apparent temperatures (23 ... 30) has increased, especially during summer period, which can subsequently cause strong and extreme heat stress for humans. In particular years, it was recorded up to 5—19 days per year.
 For that reason, the climatic conditions of Ukraine have a certain potentially comfortable climatic resource(in June—August): Western region has a minimal climatic resource (23—40 %); Northern region has a sufficient climatic resource (36—53 %); Central region has an optimal climatic resource (40—60 %); Southern region has an optimal climatic resource (40—67 %).

Comparative morphological and anatomical analysis of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. is a perennial plant of the Aster family, which has an anti-migraine, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. These days studying of the feverfew varieties is actual in order to expand the raw material base because species and varieties are known to have a similar chemical composition. In Ukraine, the varieties White Gem and Phlora Pleno are widely cultivated and they are unpretentious to the natural and climatic conditions of Ukraine. The morphological and anatomical study of the selected varieties previously has not been studied, therefore this analysis is actual.
 The aim of the work was to conduct a morphological and anatomical analysis of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem.
 The object of the study was samples of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem collected during the period of mass flowering in 2018–2019 on experimental plots of the Botanical Garden of the National University of Pharmacy (Kharkiv, Ukraine) and the National Botanical Garden N. N. Grishka (Kiev, Ukraine.). Morphological features were examined on fresh, dry and fixed raw materials using a Levenhuk Zeno Handy ZH19 magnifier. Anatomical studies were carried out using raw materials fixed in a mixture of alcohol–glycerin–water (1:1:1) and in accordance with the requirements of the SPhU.
 As a result of the analysis the general and individual morphological and anatomical features of the feverfew herb varieties White Gem and Phlora Pleno were determined. The individual morphological features of the Phlora Pleno variety include white, female ray flowers up to 1.0 cm long, arranged in 2–3 rows; variety White Gem – white, female up to 0.8 cm long, located singly ray flowers. The individual anatomical features of the Phlora Pleno variety include the paracytic and anisocytic types of the stomata; single prismatic crystals and druses in the mesophyll; variety White Gem – anomocytic type of the stomata, on the epidermis of the stem – trichomes with a lobed terminal cell and glandules.
 For the first time a comparative morphological and anatomical analysis of the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem collected in Ukraine was carried out. The general and distinctive features of each variety, as well as their main diagnostic features, have been determined, therefore it will be used later to standardize the feverfew herb varieties Phlora Pleno and White Gem.

Forecasting of Dangerous Influence of Avermectin Insecticides to Human Organism Using Surface and Groundwater for Drinking

More than 400 types of harmful organisms cause damage to agricultural crops. Insecticides occupy one of the last places in the structure of the pesticides assortment among formulations authorized for application in the world. However, they occupy the first place according to their toxicity and the hazard effect to the human body. The purpose of our study was comparative hygienic assessment of soil stability, surface and groundwater migration potential, prediction of dangerous effects of insecticides-avermectins on the human body after using surface and groundwater for drinking needs. For an integral assessment of the potential danger of pesticide exposure to the human body after consumption of water from surface and groundwater supply sources, a scale of four gradations was used. It includes the LEACH (index of potential contamination of groundwater and river waters), half-life period (DT50) in water and an allowable daily dose (ADD) or acceptable daily intake (ADI). It has been established that in different soil and climatic conditions, according to the LEACH index, there is a very low risk of groundwater and surface water contamination. This is due to their relatively high solubility in water, low soil persistence and very high values of the organic carbon sorption coefficient. According to the IIWH index (integral index of water hazard), abamectin and emamectin benzoate in different soil and climatic conditions are moderately hazardous for a person after consumption of contaminated drinking water (class 3); emamectin benzoate in the soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine is hazardous (class 2). It is necessary to monitor carefully the boundaries of sanitary-protective areas from treated areas to water bodies, and control the process of exploitation of water supply sources, especially decentralized in rural areas. In regions with intensive agricultural production, it is recommended to use the IIWH index to make a decision about the necessity of monitoring research on insecticides in water.

Методичний підхід до обґрунтування оптимальних техніко-економічних характеристик виробництва біодизеля з мікроводоростей

Global experience shows that one of the important directions in overcoming the external energy dependence and mitigating its negative consequences for the country is the intensification of the use of its own resource base. Such a measure for Ukraine can be production of analogues of petroleum motor fuel from biological raw materials, namely biodiesel and biobenzine. A significant obstacle in the course of intensification of the use of the existing resource base is the lack of a scientifically based vision of the inland development of technologies for the cultivation and conversion of energy biofeedstock into motor fuel. The article is aimed at developing a methodical approach (based on the provisions of economic theory) to the gradual substantiation of optimal technical and economic characteristics of production for the cultivation and processing of microalgae to biodiesel under the conditions of existing climatic restrictions. The developed methodical approach includes the substantiation of the following: choice of raw materials, choice of method and technology of cultivation, characteristics of cultivation technology, and directly the technical and economic characteristics of production. According to the developed methodical approach, it is proved that microalgae is considered as the energy raw material of the future, while the types of microalgae of the genus Chlorella, and above all the species Chlorella vulgaris, meet the requirements of industrial cultivation the most. The more acceptable for use in the climate of Ukraine method of microalgae cultivation is cultivation in photobioreactors (PBR). The technical and economic indicators of the industrial complex for the cultivation and processing of microalgae in biodiesel indicate the expediency of practical application of the developed methodical approach. The gradual substantiation of the choice of raw materials, the method and technology of cultivation of microalgae when applying the traditional conversion of the biomass allowed to ensure the optimality of technical and economic characteristics of biodiesel production in the climatic conditions of Ukraine.

ДРУГИЙ СТАНДАРТ УКРАЇНИ НА БІТУМИ НАФТОВІ ДОРОЖНІ В’ЯЗКІ: ЗМІСТ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The first Ukrainian standard ДСТУ 4044 “Viscous petroleum road bitumens. Technical conditions” was implemented in 2002. According to its content and list of indicators, it met the level of the oil refining industry of Ukraine and the state of the road industry. In addition to conventional indicators, it included additional indicators of adhesion and mass content of paraffins. The indicator for paraffin remained unregulated, because there was neither acceptable method nor necessary equipment, and in generally an intention of manufacturers and users to apply it. The standard referred to in the article differs from the previous one by the principle of assigning indicators and their list. This is largely due to Ukraine’s accession to the European Free Trade Association and the deepening of scientific knowledge on predicting the behavior of bitumen under different conditions and their impact on the properties of asphalt concrete. Accordingly, the limits of normalization of bitumen grades on the depth of needle penetration were changed, which led to an increase in amount of grades from 4 to 5. Using the dependence of the penetration index on the softening point temperature, its new normative values are ordered. The Fraas breaking temperature provided by the standard is slightly lower than that normalized EN 12591 which is due the climatic conditions of Ukraine. The rate of adhesion of bitumen to the surface is normalized, which quantitatively characterizes the adhesion of bitumen to the mineral substrate, the least favorable for interaction. It is proposed to determine the indicators of technological aging by the RTFOT method. The standard contains additional indicators to be determined according to the harmonized European standards ДСТУ EN 12607-1 and ДСТУ EN 13302 (methods for determining the dynamic viscosity). Additional standards include equal viscous heating temperatures of bitumen in the production of asphalt mixtures and their compaction. The first is the temperature, which corresponds to a bitumen viscosity of 0.5 Pas, the second is 10 Pas. Elongation at a temperature of 0 ºC is included in the standard as a certain analogue of the breaking temperature. Based on the fact that at this time the next European standard is in the final stage before approval, the values of additional indicators can be included into this standard after adjusting their values with European ones based on the characteristics of bitumen used in Ukraine. Keywords: bitumen, depth of needle penetration, softening point temperature, adhesion, ductility, cohesion, heating.

‘Dar Sofiyivky’ as a new Ukrainian cultivar of persimmon (Diospyros L.)

Aim. Creation of new domestic persimmon cultivars (Diospyros spp.) adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine will contribute to the introduction of new fruit plants into the industrial horticulture that combines high productivity and fruit quality, enriches the assortment of food products and improves the components of rational alimentation. Methods. Field studies of the persimmon species, cultivar and form collection, hybridization and station testing of hybrid seedlings have been conducted in the orchards of State Enterprise Experimental Facility “Novokakhovska” of Institute of Rice of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Kherson region). In vitro seed germination of and two-year hybrid persimmon seedlings growth has been carried out in the Department of Genetics, Breeding and Reproductive Biology of Plants of the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The rest of the experiments and data statistical analysis have been done using generally accepted methods in breeding. Results. Advantages of D virginiana L. in hybridization with D. kaki Thunb. to increase the persimmon adaptability to unfavorable wintering factors have been confirmed in the extreme temperature conditions of the winters of 2005–2006 and 2011–2012. In the hybrid progeny from free pollination of the ‘Kolhospnytsia’ cultivar with the American persimmon D. virginiana in the genealogy, a new cultivar ‘Dar Sofiyivky’ has been selected. It combines increased winter hardiness with good fruit quality, early fruit production and early ripeness. In 2019, the cultivar ‘Dar Sofiyivky’ has been included in the State Register of Plant Varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine. In vitro technologies have been used in the tissue culture laboratory of the “Sofiyivka” Dendrological Park for germination of interspecific hybrids seeds, which have insufficient germination in the field. A initial hybrid seedling has been obtained, from which the ‘Dar Sofiyivky’ genealogy is derived. Conclusions. Horticultural plant breeding, in particular persimmons (Diospyros spp.), in areas with ecologically different contrasting conditions within the framework of a single program to increase the adaptability of plants and the quality of fruits is promoted to accelerate breeding and expand the northern border cultivation of thermophilic fruit crops.

Сalculation of maintenance of surface drainage roofing of a German manufacturer

With the help of some green technologies, such as green roofs, quantitative and qualitative indicators of rainwater can be successfully adjusted. The big advantage of green roofs is the accumulation of moisture, which allows to delay the runoff of storm water, unloading the sewer system and preventing floods. However, an arbitrary increase in accumulated water in a standard green roof structure is not possible, because more amount of moisture can adversely affect vegetation. However, this option is available in the rainwater system on the green roof as an addition to other landscaping systems. The rainwater collection system on the green roof allows to accumulate on average 80 l/m² of rainfall and then release water into the sewer system for a certain period of time (from 24 hours to several days). The purpose of the study – to study the effect of surface runoff on the environment and reduce its negative impact with the help of green roofs. The calculation of the retained surface runoff by the roof of the German manufacturer was carried out according to the original author's method (Tkachenko, T., 2019). The reservoir volume was calculated using the author's advanced Wilo methodology adapted to the climatic conditions of Ukraine. The calculation of the retained surface runoff is done by the roof of the German manufacturer ZinCo. The "green" roof is located in Kiev. The area of the roof is 150 m2. ZinСo roof has been found to be able to hold 7950 liters of rainwater and thereby to reduce surface runoff by unloading storm wells. Roof efficiency for the reduction of surface runoff reaches 21.2%, which is a very good indicator. Purified rain water from green roofs can be collected in tanks and used for technical purposes. For collecting rain water from an intensive flat roof with an area of 150 m2, a 4 m3 tank is needed for an office staff of 8 people.