Climate Chamber Research Articles

Study on the relationship between EEG and salivary IgE under step-change temperature environments

The salivary immunoglobulin E (IgE) level that usually acts as an indicator of human immunity could change significantly with the air temperature. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a commonly used technique to assess the thermal responses of the human body to the environment. However, the relations between them under step-change temperatures would still need more evidence. Experiments were conducted in this study to explore the EEG–IgE relation. Three step-changed temperature conditions in the controlled environment by a climate chamber were selected in this study, under which the air temperature was suddenly transitioned from a low temperature of 15°C to higher temperatures of 18°C, 24°C and 30°C, respectively, before returning to the initial low-temperature condition. The subjective questionnaires, the EEG signals and the salivary samples from 14 subjects in these three step-changed temperature conditions were collected. Results showed that the thermal comfort voting was significantly correlated with the EEG spectral power and the IgE concentration. In addition, a significant negative correlation between the frontal lobe spectral power and the salivary IgE changes was observed. The spectral power of the frontal lobe could be used as an objective indicator to evaluate the salivary IgE levels under step-change temperature environments. This study has provided some guidance for future studies of the human immunity responses to the indoor environment in different seasons.

A 10 µH Inductance Standard in PCB Technology with Enhanced Protection against Magnetic Fields

Low-frequency working standards of inductance are generally uniformly wound toroids on a ceramic core. Planar inductors made using printed circuit board (PCB) technology are simple and cheap to manufacture in comparison to inductors wound on toroid cores, but they are significantly prone to the influence of external magnetic fields. In this paper, we propose the design of a PCB inductance working standard of 10 μH, consisting of a duplex system of planar PCB coils, electrostatic shielding, and an enclosure. Alongside an electromagnetic analysis and design procedure, the measurements on the manufactured prototype included the generated magnetic field, the thermal time constant of the enclosure, temperature coefficients, and its error analysis. The measurements show negligible generated magnetic fields (<1.68 nT at 7 cm, 49 mA, 10 kHz). The minimum thermal time constant of the enclosure is 1270 s and the temperature coefficient of resistance is 0.00384 1/℃. The presented method of temperature coefficient measurement using a climate chamber allows for measurements in the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C. In this temperature range, the results show an inductance variation of 0.05 µH at 50 kHz, while the uncertainty of inductance measurement at this frequency was 0.03 µH (k = 2).

Genome-Wide Analysis of the TIFY Gene Family in Three Cymbidium Species and Its Response to Heat Stress in Cymbidium goeringii

The TIFY family is a plant-specific gene family that is involved in regulating a variety of plant processes, including developmental and defense responses. The Cymbidium species have certain ornamental and ecological value. However, the characteristics and functions of TIFY genes in Cymbidium remain poorly understood. This study conducted a genome analysis of the TIFY gene family in Cymbidium goeringii, C. ensifolium, and C. sinense and investigated their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns under heat stress in C. goeringii. C. goeringii (26), C. ensifolium (19), and C. sinense (21). A total of 66 TIFY genes were identified, and they were classified into four subfamilies (JAZ, ZML, PPD, and TIFY) based on their systematic evolutionary relationships. Sequence analysis showed that TIFYs contained a conserved TIFY domain and that genes within the same subfamily had structural similarity. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed that these genes contain numerous light-responsive elements and stress-responsive elements. We subjected C. goeringii (16 h light/8 h dark) to 24 h of 38 °C high-temperature stress in a climate chamber. Additionally, results from RT-qPCR experiments showed that under heat stress, the expression levels of eight genes in C. goeringii show significant differences. Among them, the JAZ subfamily exhibited the strongest response to heat stress, initially showing upregulation followed by a downregulation trend. In conclusion, this study investigated the role of TIFY genes in three Cymbidium species, providing insights into C. goeringii under heat stress.

Study of Various Mechanical Properties of Maize (Zea mays) as Influenced by Moisture Content

The mechanical properties of agricultural materials influence not only the loads occurring inside agricultural silos, but also the design of several types of post-harvest machinery. The loads generated by these materials inside silos can be predicted with silo calculation methodologies from their mechanical properties. It has been known for many years that these properties are highly dependent on the moisture content of the material. However, to date, there are not many studies focused on its determination. The goal of this research is the determination of the internal friction angle, apparent cohesion, angle of dilatancy and apparent specific weight of maize when different moisture contents are applied. The equipment used for this study consisted mainly of direct shear and oedometer assay apparatus. The maize samples used were moistened using a climatic chamber. Moisture contents applied to maize samples ranged from 9.3% to 17.4%. Results similar to those provided by other authors were obtained for the internal friction angle, apparent cohesion and apparent specific weight. On the other hand, the values obtained for the dilatancy angle of maize as a function of moisture content could not be compared because nothing has been published so far. The values obtained for this parameter overlap with those published for this material under ambient conditions. In addition, for the samples tested, these results did not allow confirming the existence of a direct relationship between the dilatancy angle and the moisture content. Finally, the increase in moisture content led to an increase in apparent specific weight, which differed from that published in the literature. The values provided here can be used for the optimization of storage and handling structures for granular agricultural materials.

Microplastics promote the invasiveness of invasive alien species under fluctuating water regime

Abstract Microplastic (MP) pollution and alien plant invasions are two important threats to terrestrial ecosystems. Microplastics alter the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, potentially affecting the performance of alien plants. However, previous studies have overlooked the impact of weather on invasive plants in areas polluted by MPs. With the global increase in extreme rainfall events, it is imperative to redefine the correlation between MPs and invasive plants. Here, we conducted an experiment in a climate chamber to examine the effects of MPs on the growth and development of both native and invasive alien plants under constant and fluctuating water regime (FWR). The FWR simulated extreme water pulses during the 2016–2020 growing seasons in Wuhan, China. Our results indicated that biomass accumulation and root development were influenced by water conditions and MP pollution in both invasive and native species. The extent of the effects varied between the two groups of plant species. FWR promoted plant growth and fine root development in invasive plants but reduced the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) indices of native plants. Moreover, FWR attenuated the negative effects of polybutylene succinate (PBS, degradable MPs) on biomass and root characteristics (length, surface area and tips). FWR compensated the negative impacts of MPs on the total and below‐ground biomass of the invasive species Paspalum dilatatum and Sphagneticola trilobata, but not on the native species. Consequently, invasive species showed better performance than native species in the fine root development of biomass growth and chlorophyll fluorescence under the combined effects of MPs and FWR. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that MP pollution enhances the competitiveness of invasive alien species over the native species when exposed to pronounced dry–wet water cycle conditions, potentially affecting the composition and biodiversity of the ecosystems. Thus, controlling MP pollution should be a part of the management strategy to conserve biodiversity and ecosystems.

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF FAN SPEED ON FROST GENERATION AND ITS IMPACT ON A HEAT PUMP

The phenomenon of frost on the heat exchanger surfaces penalizes the performance of the heat pump, one of the operating parameters that influences the evaporation temperature, this is transferred to the formation of frost, and its impact is the amount of air passing through the evaporator, in that sense, an air-water heat pump has been experimented at different fan speeds and environmental conditions inside a climatic chamber. The results allow to obtain different parameters to characterize the frost formation process and to make an effective comparison between them. The lower the fan speed, the lower the air flow rate, the lower the heating time, and the higher the number of defrost cycles required for the same environmental conditions. In this way, some correlations could be developed to predict how the frosting process is affected by the fan speed in more conditions that are not tested. The aim is to determine to what level frost formation can be suppressed by achieving different fan speeds whether it is technically and economically feasible and what implications imposes on the heat pump performance.

Assessing the Performance of TOR Lubricants in Humid Environments and Under Dew Conditions

Top-of-rail (TOR) lubricants are commonly used for friction control in railway operations. They aim to lower friction and reduce noise and wear while ensuring sufficient transmission of traction/braking forces. However, the wheel–rail interface is an open system, so the conditions may suddenly change due to the weather, and different contaminants may enter the contact and influence the performance of these lubricants. Thus, this study examined the effect of humidity and dew on two commercial products, as these conditions often occur on the track. A methodology based on a creep curves measurement approach was used to assess product performance under various scenarios. All measurements were conducted on a universal tribometer in the ball-on-disc configuration covered with a climate chamber. The results show a strong influence of dew on the tested products, as dew lowered their performance parameters and caused low adhesion problems. Possible mechanisms of water–oil interaction and formation of oxidic third body layers were discussed. The main findings indicate that TOR lubricants may cause traction/braking problems if used in dew conditions. The present study may be helpful in optimising friction management methods in the future.Graphical

Exploring the impact of green wall and its size on restoration effect and stress recovery using immersive virtual environments

The study investigated the influence of a green wall and its size on stress and restoration within the biophilic design integrating natural objects into environments. Despite its benefits in enhancing access to nature and stress reduction, visual stimuli properties may affect design outcomes. This research employed Immersive Virtual Environments (IVEs) combined with a climate chamber for thermally controlled conditions, where sixty participants experienced different virtual settings with and without green walls after performing a stressor task. The evaluation of stress involved recording physiological responses, including heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and electrodermal activity (EDA) along with eye movements. Participants also completed a restoration state survey. Comparing physiological responses found no significant stress recovery in settings with green walls compared to baseline. Stress recovery was similar regardless of green wall size, indicating size may not affect stress. Restoration votes did not vary significantly across settings. These results were discussed focusing on the perceived lack of “naturalness” and “engagement” in virtual environments, as fixation time analysis indicated limited engagement: participants spent 18.63 % and 19.65 % of their time fixated on the green wall in small and large settings, respectively. The authors suggest design solutions to enhance the realism and engagement of virtual natural objects. Although this study did not find the impact of size, the minimum size of natural objects required for restoration is still unknown, suggesting a need for future research on different natural coverages to develop design guidelines for the successful integration of biophilic design into the built environments.

Nitrogen form mediates sink strength and resource allocation of a C3 root crop under elevated CO2

Plant physiological processes alter with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere (eCO2), which affects the growth and yield potential of crops. Among plants with C3 carbon fixation, root crops show highest yield response under eCO2 which is suggested to be linked to their large carbon (C) sink strength. The high C gain under eCO2 can be limited by processes that constrain sink capacity, such as nitrogen (N) supply. Different N sources may interact with eCO2 and thus have variable impacts on carboxylation activity, N uptake efficiency and plant development. This study aims at contributing to a better understanding of sink-driven assimilation, re-allocation and finally growth processes under eCO2 as a function of N-form. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus), a C3 tuber plant with strong sink strength, was used. The plants were grown in pots in climate chambers at 400 ppm (aCO2) and 1000 ppm CO2 (eCO2) with either pure nitrate or ammonium-dominated nutrition. A split plot design was applied. Plants were harvested after four weeks and physiological, morphological and chemical parameters in leaves and tubers were assessed. The N-form had no effect on N acquisition, but affected C and N partitioning into plant organs differently under eCO2. N assimilation processes of nitrate-fed plants were focussed on leaves being both source and sink, and those of ammonium-fed plants on tubers, the strongly pronounced sink. Acclimation of CO2 fixation due to eCO2 did not occur for both N forms, probably due to altered sink strength and low N content in leaves. The N-form influences the sink-driven C and N balance and thus enables unrestricted carbon gain as well as the variation of organ development under future eCO2 conditions. These processes can be utilized in cultivation and breeding.

StarDICE II: Calibration of an Uncooled Infrared Thermal Camera for Atmospheric Gray Extinction Characterization.

The StarDICE experiment strives to establish an instrumental metrology chain with a targeted accuracy of 1 mmag in griz bandpasses to meet the calibration requirements of next-generation cosmological surveys. Atmospheric transmission is a significant source of systematic uncertainty. We propose a solution relying on an uncooled infrared thermal camera to evaluate gray extinction variations. However, achieving accurate measurements with thermal imaging systems necessitates prior calibration due to temperature-induced effects, compromising their spatial and temporal precision. Moreover, these systems cannot provide scene radiance in physical units by default. This study introduces a new calibration process utilizing a tailored forward modeling approach. The method incorporates sensor, housing, flat-field support, and ambient temperatures, along with raw digital response, as input data. Experimental measurements were conducted inside a climatic chamber, with a FLIR Tau2 camera imaging a thermoregulated blackbody source. The results demonstrate the calibration effectiveness, achieving precise radiance measurements with a temporal pixel dispersion of 0.09 W m-2 sr-1 and residual spatial noise of 0.03 W m-2 sr-1. We emphasize that the accuracy of scene radiance retrieval can be systematically affected by the camera's close thermal environment, especially when the ambient temperature exceeds that of the scene.

Application of a Laser Profile Sensor for the Full-Field Measurement of the Continuous Icing Process of Rotating Blades.

With the advancing energy transition, icing is a growing problem in the wind turbine sector. The development of systems to detect and mitigate icing makes it necessary to understand its basic behavior and characteristics. This paper proposes a method for the continuous and full-field measurement of the icing process of rotating blades, using a single line laser profile scanner. Inside of a climate chamber, a rotor is driven by a motor, while a system of nozzles provides a fine water dust, which leads to ice accumulating on simple NACA blades, which in turn is measured by a triangulation laser. The measurement data are cleared from outliers and presented as a surface in 3D space. An alpha shape is used to reconstruct and extract the volume of the ice between a reference and a measurement surface, using the corresponding Matlab function. Appropriate input parameters for the function and offsetting of the reference surface to improve the results are compared and discussed. The resulting system is able to detect small changes in the ice layer thickness in the sub-millimeter range.

Experimental study on improving effect of cooling garment on thermal comfort and EEGs

Phase change cooling garments (PCCGs) utilize phase change materials to store and release thermal energy, which can be used to reduce thermal sensation in hot environments. This study aims to investigate the effects of PCCGs on thermal comfort and electroencephalography (EEG) signals for laborers in hot conditions. Experiments were conducted in a climate chamber at 33 °C with 50 % relative humidity, with subjects having a metabolic rate of 2.7 met. EEG signals from 20 participants were recorded using a 32-channel EEG system after completing laboring task wearing the PCCGs or normal garment (NG), and the mean power of EEG and topological features of the brain network were analyzed. The results indicate that the use of PCCGs significantly reduce the mean power of the EEG signals, with notable changes in the θ, α, and β-bands. Additionally, wearing PCCGs alters the topological structure of the brain network, and the inter-regional information exchange was enhanced, as evidenced by the increased clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, and decreased characteristic path length of the brain network. In this study, the effects of PCCGs on thermal comfort, EEG activity and brain network of laborers in hot environment were explored, which provides a possible indicator for assessing the improvement of thermal comfort by PCCGs.

Chilling at grain filling stage reduced rice grain protein content: An experimental and modeling study

Climate change has increased the trend in the intensity of global extreme weather events, including chilling. Nitrogen is one of the most essential nutrients for rice growth and development. Chilling will limit the uptake and translocation of nitrogen and the formation of grain protein in rice plants. The experiment conducted in the climate chamber with chilling stress applied at the grain filling stage revealed different effects on protein concentration in aboveground organs and caused asymmetry in grain protein contents (GPC) and grain protein yield (GPY). Chilling stress applied during the grain filling stage reduced the accumulation rate of rice grain protein by inhibiting the nitrogen uptake and the translocation from vegetative organs to grains, which resulted in a 35 % decrease in grain nitrogen accumulation and a 92 % increase in vegetative organs during grain filling. Consequently, the average nitrogen harvest index is reduced by 12 %. Nitrogen accumulation was severely affected when cooling degree days (CDD) ≥ 70 °C days. As the chilling intensity increased, the decrease of GPY was more significant than that of GPC. Moreover, we improved the grain temperature-nitrogen uptake function under chilling stress based on the relationship between CDD and the reduction in rice grains. By comparing the improved function and the modules in the existing crop model using the datasets from open field and artificial control experiments, we demonstrated that the current research on quantifying rice nitrogen uptake at extreme temperature stress needed further improvement. The effects of environmental stress on grain nitrogen accumulation are complex. Future studies should pay more attention to the ability of extreme temperature stress to affect nitrogen accumulation in various rice organs.

Monitoring atmospheric corrosion under multi-droplet conditions by electrical resistance sensor measurement

This paper presents a novel approach to investigate atmospheric corrosion kinetics of carbon steel under multi-droplet conditions. A homemade climate chamber has been developed to accurately control and monitor environmental conditions, including temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH), during exposure. Carbon steel corrosion kinetics are monitored with a custom-designed Electrical Resistance (ER) sensor pair. Savitzky-Golay (S-G) based filtering technique has been used for the corrosion signal processing. In parallel, top-view droplet temporal evolution has been recorded by microscopic imaging and analyzed for both droplet size distribution and the solid-liquid contact angle. The droplet size distribution can typically be described with a power-law form curve. The curve shows a decrease in height and a concurrent expansion in width with progressive drying. The introduction of NaCl into the electrolyte and surface roughness variations have also been identified to substantially influence the carbon steel corrosion rate. A strong correlation between the corrosion rate derived from the ER monitoring method and the RH can be observed. This correlation is further analyzed to incorporate the impact of droplet-based electrolyte conditions. This study offers valuable insights into the development of mechanistic and kinetic prediction models for atmospheric corrosion.

Contrasting temperature and light sensitivities of spring leaf phenology between understory shrubs and canopy trees: Implications for phenological escape

Spring leaf phenology influences plant fitness and is highly sensitive to environmental changes. The spring phenological escape hypothesis posits that deciduous understory plants generally leaf out earlier than canopy trees to access a period of high light before the canopy closes. However, plants in different forest layers may respond differently to climate warming, which could lead to phenological mismatch between the understory and canopy species. Therefore, exploring the phenological sensitivities of plants from different forest layers is crucial for anticipating the effects of climate-driven phenological shifts. However, these types of studies are still scarce. Here, we conducted a twig experiment in climate chambers for eight tree species and seven shrub species growing in subtropical deciduous forests in the Shennongjia Mountains, central China. Specifically, we set up three treatments (control, warming, and shading) for five weeks to test the responses of the timing of bud burst and leaf unfolding, and the duration of bud development to different temperatures and light intensities. For shrubs, bud burst and leaf unfolding occurred earlier and the duration of bud development was shorter than these of trees. For both shrubs and trees, warming significantly advanced the timing of leaf unfolding and shortened the duration of bud development. Shading significantly delayed the timing of bud burst for both shrubs and trees. Shading also delayed the timing of leaf unfolding and lengthened the duration of bud development for trees, but did not significantly influence the two phenological metrics for shrubs. Tree phenology, as measured by all three metrics, was more sensitive to temperature than was shrub phenology. The timing of bud burst of shrubs was slightly more sensitive to light than that of trees. Our results indicate that shrubs leaf out earlier than trees in the same forest, which allows understory species to take advantage of the high-light resources before canopy closure. However, in our study, trees were more responsive to warming temperatures, suggesting that spring warming could advance canopy closure relative to shrub leaf phenology, potentially resulting in phenological mismatch between understory shrubs and canopy trees.

Effect of storage conditions on lignocellulose biofuels properties

This article examines the effects of different storage conditions on selected physicochemical properties of three types of agro-biomass pellets: sunflower husks, wheat straw and hemp hurds, and wood pellets. The tests were carried out in a climatic chamber, which allows simulation of real storage conditions, i.e. conditions with high air humidity and variable (±) ambient air temperatures. The results showed higher degradability of agro-biomass pellets compared to woody biomass. The pellets degraded to a less extent at varying ± temperatures than at high humidity (90% RH). After complete moisture saturation, durability decreases for agro-pellets by an average of 9%, while after freezing and defreezing for sunflower husk pellets and woody pellets durability decreases by 2%, and for hemp hurd pellets by 11%. In contrast, strength-by-dropping index for agro-pellets decreased by 20% after being in the environment (30 °C and 90%RH) and 15% under varying temperature conditions. No change in the energy parameters of all pellets in the dry matter was noted. On the other hand, an increase in the moisture content of pellets when they are stored under different environmental conditions results in a decrease in calorific value.

The combined effects of temperature and posture on regional blood flow and haemodynamics

Under simultaneous ambient temperature and postural stressors, integrated regional blood flow responses are required to maintain blood pressure and thermoregulatory homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of ambient temperature and body posture on regional regulation of microvascular blood flow, specifically in the arms and legs.Participants (N = 11) attended two sessions in which they experienced transient ambient conditions, in a climatic chamber. During each 60-min trial, ambient temperature increased from 15.7 (0.6) °C to 38.9 (0.6) °C followed by a linear decrease, and the participants were either standing or in a supine position throughout the trial; relative humidity in the chamber was maintained at 25.9 (6.6) %. Laser doppler flowmetry of the forearm (SkBFarm) and calf (SkBFcalf), and haemodynamic responses (heart rate, HR; stroke volume, SV; cardiac output, CO; blood pressure, BP), were measured continuously. Analyses of heart rate variability and wavelet transform were also conducted.SkBFarm increased significantly at higher ambient temperatures (p = 0.003), but not SkBFcalf. The standing posture caused lower overall SkBF in both regions throughout the protocol, regardless of temperature (p < 0.001). HR and BP were significantly elevated, and SV significantly lowered, in response to separate and combined effects of higher ambient temperatures and a standing position (all p < 0.05); CO remained unchanged. Mechanistic analyses identified greater sympathetic nerve activation, and higher calf myogenic activation at peak temperatures, in the standing condition.Mechanistically and functionally, arm vasculature responds to modulation from both thermoregulation and baroreceptor activity. The legs, meanwhile, are more sensitive to baroreflex regulatory mechanisms.

Impact of cryogenic environment on piezoelectric transducers used in SHM applications

A high number of actors of the space industry, including ESA (European Space Agency) and CNES (French national space agency), are engaged in a program aiming at developing future European reusable space launchers. In this context, PYTHEAS Technology has developed an embedded Non-Destructive Testing (eNDT) solution to ensure that strategic structural elements of the launcher are free of damage before a new launch, performing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The sensors used for this application are subject to severe temperature variations, including cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenic conditions are present in other fields requiring SHM solutions, such as liquid hydrogen reservoirs, increasing the importance of this study. Results of experimental tests are presented, where piezoelectric transducers are glued with two types of glue on samples of aluminum plates and carbon composite plates. A reference measurement is carried out before plunging the plates in a climatic chamber, down to -196°C. Pulse-echo and admittance measurements are performed during the temperature decrease and after the temperature rise. The admittance measurements show no deterioration of the samples after being immersed in liquid nitrogen: the transducers, wires, glue, and samples themselves have resisted to the temperature cycle. The pulse-echo signals’ time and frequency analysis show a linear attenuation of the signals relative to temperature. A difference in signal intensity and wave behavior has also been observed relative to the sample’s material: composite or aluminum. No difference regarding the type of glue is witnessed. These results pave the way for damage detection in harsh environments, since the system’s performance is maintained through a whole temperature cycle in cryogenic conditions.

Robust SHM: Redundancy approach with different sensor integration levels for long life monitoring systems

Monitoring structures such as bridges or wind turbines using Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) methods allows continuous assessment of their condition and considerably faster action compared to conventional on-site inspection. Inevitably, SHM systems suffer from the same problems as the structure itself: Not only does the structure age over time, but the measurement system itself is also subject to environmental aging. To ensure robust SHM, this paper presents a concept that combines optimal sensor placement with a hardware redundancy approach to provide the most efficient, durable, and reliable SHM for structures. For this purpose, a small-scale experiment is conducted in a climate chamber equipped with various sensor types (accelerometers and strain gauges). The different levels of sensor integration allow reliable detection of sensor errors in the raw data signal. Correlation matrices are used to decide which sensor functions are most reliable at what point in time and whether sensor replacement in the SHM system is required. Furthermore, data normalisation is applied to the raw data signal to compensate for the influence of environmental conditions (ECs) such as temperature and humidity. The proposed concept is validated on the small-scale dynamically excited experiment and shows promising results to operate reliable SHM systems for several decades in the future.

Numerical simulation and exploration of influencing factors on transmission conductor ice-covering

Abstract In order to explore the influence of environmental factors on the effect of wire surface ice-covering, this paper uses the artificial climate chamber to build an experimental platform that can be used in the laboratory for wire ice-covering experiments. Through the numerical simulation of wire ice-covering, we observe the change of the ice-covering state inside the water layer on the surface of the conductor over time and get the experimental optimal time of cooling through comparison. In the experiment, by controlling different wind speed levels and water pump power, we explored the effect of wind speed and droplet average diameter size on the thickness of ice-covering on the surface of the conductor and the quality of the icicle, and analysed the change rule of the ice-covering ratio of the conductor.