Global climate change poses two major challenges to the agricultural sector of the economy. Firstly, the importance and extent of the sector’s impact on greenhouse gas pollution needs to be assessed, and, based on this, priorities and mitigation strategy should be identified. Secondly, sustainable agricultural development needs to be ensured by adapting to the threats and chances posed by global climate change. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop recommendations for ensuring the climate security of the agricultural sector through the disclosure of these two aspects. Based on the review of scientific literature, the conceptual and applied problems of the implementation of climate policy in the agricultural sector of the economy were summarized. The national contribution of agriculture to greenhouse gas pollution was studied on the example of the Russian Federation using the authors’ methodology. The problems were classified, the negative and positive consequences of global warming for the agricultural sector and their corresponding ways of adaptation were summarized. Priority directions of the state policy for ensuring the climate security of agriculture were developed.