Climate Of Thailand Research Articles

Unique Food Culture in Thailand

Food culture refers to a special regional society of food farming, eating habits, eating etiquette. Each place, each country has its own unique food culture, Thai food culture is extensive and profound, not only reflected in the taste, aroma, more is reflected in the entire Thai cultural system. Through the introduction of Thailand's climate, agricultural structure, food hobbies, special food, etc., people have a basic understanding of Thai food culture and food preferences, and popularize Thai table manners. It is very important to respect other cultures.

Advancements in daily precipitation forecasting: A deep dive into daily precipitation forecasting hybrid methods in the Tropical Climate of Thailand

Climate change and increasing water demands underscore the importance of water resource management. Precise precipitation forecasting is critical to effective management. This study introduced a Daily Precipitation Forecasting Hybrid (DPFH) technique for central Thailand, which uses three different input-based models to improve prediction accuracy.•The proposed methods precisely combine the biorthogonal wavelet transformation (BWT) function through BWT-RBFNN (Radial Basis Function Neural Networks) and (BWT-LSTM-RNN)Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks. Comparative analyses reveal that hybrid models perform better than conventional deep LSTM-RNN and Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks (MLP-ANN). Although MLP-ANN showed moderate effectiveness, LSTM-RNN displayed notable enhancements, particularly evidenced by an impressive R2 (0.96) in Model M-2.•The combination of BWT-LSTM-RNN yielded substantial enhancements, constantly surpassing standalone models. Specifically, DPFH-3 exhibited superior performance across multiple observation stations.•The findings emphasize the efficiency of the BWT-LSTM-RNN models in capturing varied precipitation patterns, highlighting their potential to significantly improve the accuracy of precipitation forecasts, particularly in the context of water resource management in central Thailand.

Thermal Impact Investigation of Shaded Opaque Walls in Bangkok

The effectiveness of overhang shading devices in mitigating solar radiation on opaque walls is crucial for passive building design in tropical regions. However, opaque walls commonly are side-lined in shading design due to a preoccupation with insulation properties, appearance, and aesthetics. Unprotected walls exposed to solar radiation maximize heat gain, while shaded walls decrease external heat gain and indoor temperature, resulting in improved indoor thermal comfort and well-being. This research employs EnergyPlus and SPSS to investigate the optimal design of overhang shading devices for opaque walls in Bangkok, Thailand. The investigation is divided into two phases: (1) determination of the optimal depth-to-space ratio of overhang devices based on a parametric study of 12 overhang configurations; (2) an evaluation of the ratio in reducing solar radiation. The findings demonstrate a relationship between the device depths and the wall solar radiation and indoor temperature. The optimum depth-to-space ratio is suggested as 1:1.15, which can lower the annual average indoor temperature by 3.53% (1.18°C) compared to the benchmark design. Deeper shading device depths than the optimum depth-to-space ratio can be applied, with a slight improvement in protective performance (and commensurately increased costs). This research underscores the importance of overhang shading devices as a performance-improving strategy for buildings in the tropical climate of Thailand.

Quantifying the benefits of PV module shading for building heat gain reduction: A machine learning approach

This study investigates the indirect benefit due to the shading effect from PV rooftop systems installed on building envelopes by proposing a new method based on a machine-learning algorithm. The study gathered a year of data from a 25 kWp PV rooftop system installed on a metal sheet roofing. It classifies the dataset into four categories based on solar irradiance and ambient temperature to represent Thailand's climate. There evaluated the RTTV and case study from implemented projects with metal sheet roofing in Thailand to estimate the potential electricity bill savings from the PV module shade effect. The results reveal an inverse relationship between the percentage of heat reduction and heat gain reduction, with the most significant reduction occurring under high solar irradiance and ambient temperature conditions. The shading effect caused by the PV modules provides an indirect benefit of approximately 38 kWh/kWp/year from electricity bill savings. In contrast, the PV system production yields around 1401 kWh/kWp/year based on radiation of about 1839 kWh/m2/year. The study estimates that energy-saving possibilities range from 0.038 to 0.052 kWh/m2/day, depending on the weather conditions, equivalent to an electricity saving of approximately 6.33 kWh/m2/year from air conditioner use.

The arrangement of phase change materials inside a building wall and its energy performance

The residential cooling and heating sectors account for approximately 45 percent of the world's total energy consumption. Utilizing phase change insulators to store energy and prevent its loss is one of the most effective methods for reducing energy consumption. In the beginning of this essay, the authors attempt to determine the most efficient way to use multiple phasing materials in the wall structure simultaneously. Taking Phuket, Thailand's climate into account, a simulation is performed to determine which Phase Change Material (PCM) is the most effective and where it should be placed within the wall. In this construction, it was determined that the PCM with a melting temperature of 25 °C and an annual energy savings of 22% performed the best. This decrease in Energy consumption was a result of Phuket's climate. During the course of the research, it was determined that it is preferable to use the Fanger thermal comfort model to zero in on PCMs and eliminate unrelated factors. According to the simulation results, the thickness of the wall has a negligible effect on the performance of these materials. The size of the window openings will be decisive in the opposite direction.

Feasibility Study of Atmospheric Water Harvesting by Direct Cooling in Thailand

The objective of this work is to assess the potential of the atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) by direct cooling under the climate of Thailand. The assessment was considered from water scarcity, meteorological data and engineering analysis, including moisture harvesting index (MHI), water capability and energy cost. The meteorological data between 2012-2021 were used as primary data for engineering analysis. The results showed that Thailand has the potential to supply freshwater by using AWH with direct cooling. The average MHI of Thailand is 0.548 which is comparable with high potential of global assessment. 71 cities from 77 cities in Thailand have MHI over 0.50, which is the favorable condition for AWH by direct cooling. From the calculation under Thailand conditions, the water harvesting rates by direct cooling could be in the range of 0.97-1.30 L/h with energy costs as low as 0.047 USD/L for 71 cities in Thailand.

Association between climate variables and dengue incidence in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand.

The tropical climate of Thailand encourages very high mosquito densities in certain areas and is ideal for dengue transmission, especially in the southern region where the province Nakhon Si Thammarat is located. It has the longest dengue fever transmission duration that is affected by some important climate predictors, such as rainfall, number of rainy days, temperature and humidity. We aimed to explore the relationship between weather variables and dengue and to analyse transmission hotspots and coldspots at the district-level. Poisson probability distribution of the generalized linear model (GLM) was used to examine the association between the monthly weather variable data and the reported number of dengue cases from January 2002 to December 2018 and geographic information system (GIS) for dengue hotspot analysis. Results showed a significant association between the environmental variables and dengue incidence when comparing the seasons. Temperature, sea-level pressure and wind speed had the highest coefficients, i.e. β=0.17, β= -0.12 and β= -0.11 (P<0.001), respectively. The risk of dengue incidence occurring during the rainy season was almost twice as high as that during monsoon. Statistically significant spatial clusters of dengue cases were observed all through the province in different years. Nabon was identified as a hotspot, while Pak Phanang was a coldspot for dengue fever incidence, explained by the fact that the former is a rubber-plantation hub, while the agricultural plains of the latter lend themselves to the practice of pisciculture combined with rice farming. This information is imminently important for planning apt sustainable control measures for dengue epidemics.

PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN FOR ACTIVE LEARNING SPACE AND CO-RESEARCH LABS: ROOFTOP EXTENSION IN AN ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL

This research presents the architectural research-design process of learning spaces that utilized performance-based design techniques. It is the exploration of creating new learning and research environments on the rooftop of the Faculty of Architecture and Planning building. It consists of a co-research lab for faculty members, active-learning classrooms, and semi-outdoor community spaces. To achieve the design goals, the research process consists of surveys of functional requirements from the users, student participation in a design competition, building’s structure inspection, development of performance-based architectural design, and construction document preparation. The whole building energy and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to simulate microclimate maps and conditions that used to informed design-decision making. The final design proposes a new architectural expression in contrast to the monotony of horizontal elements of the existing building. A sustainable design approach as a response to the tropical climate of Thailand, as the human comfort, is generally achieved through HVAC system. The south-facing facade is equipped with vertical sunshades, some are automatically adjustable to optimize the daylight efficiency, corresponding to the daily sun’s movement. The solar panels are installed on the roofs to supply electricity and to reduce carbon emissions. Due to the site’s very strict regulatory issues and budget, the steel structural system and dry-wall construction are selected to reduce additional dead-loaded weight and limited construction time.

Chloride distribution model and corrosion map of structural steels for tropical climate in Thailand

Tropical climate generally causes long-period of high temperature, relative humidity, and frequent monsoon rainfalls. In combination with airborne salinity, tropical countries usually experience severe corrosion of steel structure. Chloride is a major marine aerosol accelerating corrosion. A study on chloride distribution within 0–5 km from the sea was conducted at three coastal regions in Thailand: upper Gulf of Thailand, southern Gulf of Thailand, and Andaman coasts. It is revealed that chloride deposition rates are exponentially decaying functions of distance from the sea. The chloride deposition rate at the coast is ranked from low to high as upper Gulf of Thailand << Andaman < southern Gulf of Thailand. Sea wind also contributes to chloride deposition rate based on run of wind (ROW) parameter. In this work, both correlative functions of chloride deposition rate with either sea wind speed during prevailing sea wind period or annual monthly ROW are compared. Furthermore, corrosion map constructed from chloride raster layer is presented and validated. A web application of Thailand corrosion map from this work is launched for public access to corrosion rate of carbon steel (SS400) and weathering steel (Corten-B). The chloride distribution model based on run of wind parameter can be applied to coastal regions with varying seasonal wind characteristic for example California, Florida, Italy, Malaysia, and South Korea.

The performance of outdoor plants in living walls under hot and humid conditions

The use of living walls has been increasing around the world due to their several benefits. However, studies of suitable plant species for living walls, particularly in extreme climates, are quite limited. This study examines the performance of 12 plant species used in two living wall systems: a felt-pocket and a planter in a tropical climate in Thailand. All plants were monitored across wet and cold seasons for plant height, visual quality, thermal performance, and carbon sequestration. The findings show variations in plant performances across the 12 plant species. Increases in plant growth were observed for all plants except for herbaceous and succulent plants, which were less tolerant to wet conditions. Smaller plant increments resulted in poorer thermal properties and less potential for carbon sequestration. The planter system had a higher amount of carbon contents than the felt-pocket system due to its higher plant density. Over 6 months, living wall systems sequestered carbon, with averages of 48.2 g C·m−2 for the felt-pocket system and 166.7 g C·m−2 for the planter system.

Factors associated with negative energy balance in periparturient dairy cows raised under tropical climate of Thailand-A mini-review.

This review attempted to explain factors associated with negative energy balance (NEB) occurring during the periparturient period in dairy cows raised under tropical climatic conditions. The NEB has long been proven as an inevitable event in periparturient dairy cows. This condition had negative effects on the overall performances of dairy cows, including milk production, reproduction, and health condition. Therefore, periparturient management to overcome the NEB problem is vital for optimizing profit in dairy farming. In most tropical countries such as Thailand, dairy cows have been predominantly kept by small-holder farmers. Consequently, baseline milk yields, feed availability, feeding management, and general farming practices are different from typical commercial dairy farming. Heat stress also plays a crucial role in NEB conditions, and elevated temperature-humidity indexes above-normal conditions are recorded throughout the year. These factors influence the NEB in tropical dairy cows, which could result in different outcomes and consequences. Understanding the affecting components of NEB in dairy cows would help alleviate the severity of the NEB and its consequences, optimizing the dairy cow’s performance.

Thermal Efficiency Enhancement of an R-32 Air Conditioner and the Ultrasonic Wave Technique

This work presents a technique to improve the thermal performance of an R-32 air conditioner by using ultrasonic waves. Two 1-TR air conditioners — one with and one without 40[Formula: see text]kHz/50[Formula: see text]W ultrasonic generators — were tested under controlled conditions in a 3.6[Formula: see text]m [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m room. The air temperature and humidity conditions entering the condenser and evaporator coils were controlled under 12 conditions to mimic the climate of Thailand. The testing results indicated that the average energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the modified ultrasonic R-32 air conditioner unit was 3.685[Formula: see text]kWth/kWe and the normal R-32 unit without the ultrasonic generators was 3.375[Formula: see text]kWth/kWe. The testing conditions also indicated that the cooling efficiency of the modified system could be increased by approximately 7.69%. Moreover, the convective heat transfer coefficient of the modified ultrasonic R-32 unit was approximately 17.36% higher than that of the normal R-32 unit without the ultrasonic generators because the ultrasonic waves could increase the turbulence in the refrigerant flow and decrease the condensed water at the fan coil unit. In terms of economic results, the payback period of the modified unit based on the climate of Thailand ranged from 0.8–1.2 y, leading to a savings in power consumption of approximately 400–620[Formula: see text]kWh/y.

A 324-years temperature reconstruction from Pinus latteri Mason at highland in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Abstract. Lumyai P, Palakit K, Suangsathaporn K, Wanthongchai K. 2020. A 324-years temperature reconstruction from Pinus latteri Mason at highland in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3938-3945. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the growth of Pinus latteri and climate data in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Dendrochronological techniques were used to analyze 35 sample cores. The cross dated ring width data could be extended back for up to 324 years (1692-2015). The relationship between ring-width index and climate data indicated a significant correlation (p &lt; 0.01) with the monthly rainfall in January, monthly temperature in August and September, extreme maximum temperature in August and mean maximum temperature in March and August. The reconstructed average monthly temperature in August was estimated at around 27.35 °C, a warming period could have occurred in 1694-1702, 1834-1844, 1848-1866, 1873-1876, 1884-1890, 1896-1902, 1911-1927, 1942-1958, and 1986-1990, with cooling periods occurring in 1703-1722, 1739-1752, 1865-1872, 1877-1883, 1891-1895, 1903-1910, 1928-1941, 1959-1961, and 1968-1970, which could explain the high fluctuations in temperature. Periods in the range 2.1-2.5, 10.1 , and 13.5 years were found to be common with the variations in El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In conclusion, the pine growth information can be used to monitor the variations in climate in Thailand.

Investigations of Stack Ventilation Operations Using An Energy Modelling And The Bas System

Green buildings have been intensively constructed due to energy crisis and damaged environmental issues. Additionally, a green building focuses on efficient resource utilization and reducing environmental damage. Mechanical designers emphasize solving energy problem issues in large commercial buildings via a stack ventilation application; it can be used to reduce cooling load and mechanical fan power consumptions. However, stack ventilation installation has been problematic due to Thailand climate, because heat is absorbed on the lower floor of a building causing higher temperature than upper floors; this issue obstructs buoyancy force. Without consideration of the concern, mechanical designers may misunderstand stack ventilation operations from its theory. To avoid the issue, this research applies the three software for assuring the performance composing of (1) LoopDA for stack ventilation simulation to acquire different temperatures for buoyancy force; (2) SketchUp for developing a simplified building configuration; and (3) TRNSYS used for full energy modelling with and without stack ventilation. The energy modelling is validated via the existing building automation system (BAS) data in the example building with the accuracy within ±10 %. The verified building model can be further used to test the stack ventilation operations via the potential simulation instead of sensor installations.

Short-Term Electricity Demand Forecasting: Impact Analysis of Temperature for Thailand

Accurate electricity demand forecasting for a short horizon is very important for day-to-day control, scheduling, operation, planning, and stability of the power system. The main factors that affect the forecasting accuracy are deterministic variables and weather variables such as types of days and temperature. Due to the tropical climate of Thailand, the marginal impact of weather variables on electricity demand is worth analyzing. Therefore, this paper primarily focuses on the impact of temperature and other deterministic variables on Thai electricity demand. Accuracy improvement is also considered during model design. Based on the characteristics of demand, the overall dataset is divided into four different subgroups and models are developed for each subgroup. The regression models are estimated using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methods for uncorrelated errors, and General Least Square (GLS) methods for correlated errors, respectively. While Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network (FF-ANN) as a simple Deep Neural Network (DNN) is estimated to compare the accuracy with regression methods, several experiments conducted for determination of training length, selection of variables, and the number of neurons show some major findings. The first finding is that regression methods can have better forecasting accuracy than FF-ANN for Thailand’s dataset. Unlike much existing literature, the temperature effect on Thai electricity demand is very interesting because of their linear relationship. The marginal impacts of temperature on electricity demand are also maximal at night hours. The maximum impact of temperature during night hours happens at 11 p.m., is 300 MW/ ° C, about 4 % rise in demand while during day hours, the temperature impact is only 10 MW/ ° C to 200 MW/ ° C about 1.4 % to 2.6 % rise.

Utilization of an evaporative air cooler to achieve thermal comfort in Thailand

ABSTRACT Evaporative air coolers are widely accepted for outdoor use in the tropical climates of Thailand. However, their contribution to achieving indoor thermal comfort is still undetermined. The purposes of this study are to determine the thermal comfort level achieved by evaporative air coolers and identify variables affecting thermal comfort when using an evaporative air cooler indoors in the tropical climate of Thailand. The results of a questionnaire that asked subjects about thermal comfort when exposed to evaporative cooled air were compared with the results of participants exposed to natural air. A multiple regression model identified variables affecting thermal comfort. This research successfully determined the thermal comfort level achieved by evaporative air coolers of −0.6 (slightly cool) on the thermal sensation scale, which is lower than the level of 0.0 (neutral feeling) achieved by fans. The recommendation is that evaporative air coolers with a high velocity of 1.4 m/s be used indoors to avoid discomfort from the too damp air. The results of the regression analysis demonstrate that air temperature and velocity are the two most influential variables affecting thermal sensation in the application of evaporative air cooling in Thailand.

The Criteria of Passive and Low Energy in Building Design for Tropical Climate in Thailand

Due to high level of energy consumption and increasing environmental concerns, energy efficiency has become a critical issue today. Buildings alone account for around 30 percent of the world’s total energy consumption. The way buildings are designed and constructed today will not only have an impact on their operating costs, but it will also affect the world’s energy consumption patterns and environmental conditions for many years to come. For much of the building industry in Thailand, the designed-in approach to energy-efficient design does not reflect current market practice. In reality, without passive design, numerous opportunitiesfor designing better performance buildings can be wasted.The integration of passive design is thus a key to energy conscious buildings. The integration of passive design approach optimizes the interactions between the natural environment, building envelope and systems as an integrated system. This research examines which components work best altogether to save energy and reduce environmental impacts on buildings in the tropical region. The outcomes of this research aim to set up the criteria of passive and low energy in building design for the tropical climate in Thailand. These fundamental differences will lead to a very different architectural and constructional design. It is imperative that the decision be made at an early stage in the design and there are tremendous opportunities to use smart, energy efficient designs to reduce the energy footprint of the built environment for decades to come.

Outdoor atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel and weathering steel exposed to the tropical‐coastal climate of Thailand

AbstractThis study focuses on atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel and weathering steel exposed at two different locations with dissimilar meteorological parameters and airborne pollutants in Thailand. The samples are subjected to an outdoor atmosphere for up to 36 months at Rayong, close to the Gulf of Thailand, and Phangnga, near the Andaman Sea. Thickness loss (µm), corrosion rate (µm/year) together with corrosion product morphology and composition are systematically analyzed using X‐ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. Corrosion resistance of the tested steels exposed at both locations is discussed based on the above‐mentioned parameters and calculated corrosion kinetics. The results indicate that the total time of wetness, amount of rainfall and chloride deposition rate play an important role in corrosion behavior of the tested steels. Alloying elements, copper, chromium and nickel, are shown to improve corrosion resistance of the samples when exposed at the location with a higher chloride concentration.

Characterization of Rust Formed on Structural Carbon and Weathering Steels Exposed to Tropical Climate of Thailand

Structural carbon steel (CS) and weathering steel (WS) were exposed to various atmospheric climates of Thailand for one year. After the exposure, the samples were cleaned and corrosion losses were ...

Three-Dimensional Modelling of Precipitation Enhancement by Cloud Seeding in Three Different Climate Zones

This study numerically investigates precipitation enhancement from cumuliform clouds in three different climate regions: (1) Arid climate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) maritime climate of Thailand; and (3) continental climate of Serbia. Recently developed core/shell sodium chloride (NaCl)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructure (CSNT) aerosol was tested as a precipitation enhancer in all three climate regions. Previous experimental studies in cloud chambers and idealized numerical simulations demonstrated that CSNT is a significantly more effective precipitation enhancer than the traditional NaCl. Here, CSNT and NaCl seeding agents are incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model microphysics with explicate treatment of aerosol. Our results show that CSNT is a profoundly more effective precipitation enhancer in the case of arid climate characterized with low humidity. The accumulated surface precipitation in the arid test was 1.4 times larger if CSNT seeding agent was used instead of NaCl. The smallest difference in the effectiveness between CSNT and NaCl was observed in the maritime case due to their similar activation properties at high values of relative humidity.