Abstract
This study numerically investigates precipitation enhancement from cumuliform clouds in three different climate regions: (1) Arid climate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) maritime climate of Thailand; and (3) continental climate of Serbia. Recently developed core/shell sodium chloride (NaCl)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructure (CSNT) aerosol was tested as a precipitation enhancer in all three climate regions. Previous experimental studies in cloud chambers and idealized numerical simulations demonstrated that CSNT is a significantly more effective precipitation enhancer than the traditional NaCl. Here, CSNT and NaCl seeding agents are incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model microphysics with explicate treatment of aerosol. Our results show that CSNT is a profoundly more effective precipitation enhancer in the case of arid climate characterized with low humidity. The accumulated surface precipitation in the arid test was 1.4 times larger if CSNT seeding agent was used instead of NaCl. The smallest difference in the effectiveness between CSNT and NaCl was observed in the maritime case due to their similar activation properties at high values of relative humidity.
Highlights
Water is at the base of sustainable development and is a quintessential ingredient for energy and food production, health, and life itself
This article numerically investigated the performances of a new seeding material for precipitation enhancement—core/shell sodium chloride (NaCl)/titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanostructure (CSNT) [14]—in three different climate regions using the Weatherresearch research and forecasting (WRF) (Weather Research and Forecasting) model
The precipitation enhancing performances of CSNT were compared against the test when seeding was conducted using pure NaCl, as well as against the control case when no seeding was carried out
Summary
Water is at the base of sustainable development and is a quintessential ingredient for energy and food production, health, and life itself. Zhao and Dai (2015) [3] reported a projected increase of occurrence of agricultural draughts by 50%–100% by the end of this century over most of the globe. Their numerical prediction under a low–moderate greenhouse gas concentration scenario indicates a decrease in the mean precipitation rates; in subtropical areas. Cloud modification and precipitation enhancement might play a central role in decreasing the frequency of draughts and positively contributing to sustainable development by providing a significant source of fresh water
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