Family Climate Research Articles

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОДРОСТКОВ, СКЛОННЫХ К ДЕВИАНТНОМУ ПОВЕДЕНИЮ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ РОССИЙСКИХ И УЗБЕКСКИХ ПОДРОСТКОВ

The study of the deviant behavior of adolescents from different cultures allows us to identify cultural differences in their psychological characteristics, as well as to determine the development tendencies of adolescents with deviant behavior. Deviant behavior of adolescents should be viewed as a social intercultural phenomenon. The formation of deviations in the sociocultural behavior of a teenager, on the one hand, can lead to destructive behavior, on the other hand, it allows teenagers to realize their innovative potential and reach a new level of their own development. Results of the research: in the opinion of the authors, the revealed high indicators on the scale of lies of Uzbek adolescents, which represent the reluctance of respondents to socially desirable answers, are interesting. This reflects the specifics of their real thinking and behavior. They have a heightened standard of moral judgment, as well as a special way of perceiving social norms. Emotionally focused coping strategies prevail among Russian adolescents in resolving conflict situations, while among Uzbek adolescents the strategy of avoidance prevails. Practical significance: The development of a psychological and pedagogical program for working with adolescents, prone to deviant behavior, will help to improve the quality of communication with them, and as a result – to improve the psychological climate in families and school collectives, reduce the level of xenophobic attitudes, increase the level of awareness and competence of parents and teachers in understanding the genesis of deviant behavior and ways to prevent it.

Family climate and its relation to academic performance in high school students

Family climate and its relation to academic performance in high school students

Through the Eyes of the Child: An advanced parenting coordination intervention for high conflict post-divorce families

This article describes and outlines a brief intervention designed to help bring high conflict divorcing parents back together in solidarity with the express purpose of bettering the family climate for their shared child or children. “Through the Eyes of the Child”, a six-session intervention based on principles of a Focused Coparenting Consultation model, was designed to be implemented during parenting coordination work with high conflict couples, either as an enhancement of the work itself, or as an adjunct intervention that may be offered by another professional concurrently with Phase II of the parenting coordination work. Rationale for and components of the intervention are described, and commentary is offered regarding skills needed to aptly deliver the intervention.

Gender-wise Study of Family Climate for Adolescents in Urban India

In this study, the researcher has studied the family climate for adolescents in urban society in India. The typical urban family in India has modern lifestyle and is also technologically advanced. It is believed that these families are progressive in comparison to their rural counterparts. The present research work is aimed to study the family climate of adolescents from urban families in association with their gender. A total of 309 adolescents (163 boys and 146 girls) in the age group of 14–15 years were randomly selected from the secondary schools of Aurangabad, a city in Maharashtra state of India for the academic year 2016–2017. The tool used for data collection was family climate scale (FCS) developed by Dr Beena Shah and published by National Psychological Corporation, Agra, India. In this test, family climate means an interpersonal relationship between the parents and the child. The test assesses the family climate on 10 dimensions. Data were collected by personally meeting the adolescents. The collected data were analysed using chi-squared test. The study showed that more male adolescents had favourable family climate as compared to female adolescents and the difference was significant. Also, the number of female adolescents having unfavourable family climate was significantly higher as compared to male adolescents. The study concluded that the age-old gender bias is still very much prevalent in India. The boys are favoured and given a more conducive and positive family atmosphere as compared to the girls. Hence, there is a need for creating awareness to curb this bias and help the girls in the family to be treated at par with their male counterparts.

Взаємодія в сім’ї як чинник розвитку громадянської компетентності молоді

На основі теоретичного аналізу наукових джерел визначено основні поняття дослідження взаємодії в сім᾽ї як чинника розвитку громадянської компетентності сучасної української молоді. До таких понять віднесено компетенції, громадянську компетентність, взаємодію, сім᾽ю як систему, середовище сімейної взаємодії, батьківсько-дитячу взаємодію, умови середовища. З’ясовано, що громадянська компетентність виконує синтезувальну функцію, оскільки базується на опануванні ключових життєвих компетенцій. При цьому зауважено, що завдання створення умов для її становлення не вирішується засобами лише громадянської освіти – значну роль у цьому процесі відіграє сім᾽я, де середовище сімейної взаємодії є майданчиком для засвоєння настановлень, правил і норм, опанування навичок взаємодії, що може сприяти/перешкоджати розвитку громадянської компетентності, та являє собою «навчальний простір» для набуття, опанування різноманітних компетенцій соціальної взаємодії. Розширено уявлення про сім’ю як соціальну систему стійких взаємодій її членів, функціонування якої здатне сприяти розвитку громадянської компетентності дитини. Обґрунтовано припущення про зумовленість розвитку громадянської компетентності дитини особливостями сімейної взаємодії. Наголошено, що сімейне середовище є водночас умовою і джерелом розвитку соціально-психологічних компетенцій дитини: розвивальне сімейне середовище об’єднує умови, якість, тип взаємодії між членами родини, що закладають основу для саморозвитку, набуття та нарощування соціально-психологічних компетенцій, опанування яких сприяє зростанню громадянської компетентності. Проаналізовано батьківсько-дитячу підсистему взаємодії, визначено умови розвитку громадянської компетентності в сімейній взаємодії, до яких віднесено прийняття, довіру, любов, безпеку, здоровий контроль.

Prevalence and correlates of maladaptive guilt in middle childhood

BackgroundMaladaptive guilt can develop by age three and is associated with severe affective psychopathology in adolescents and adults. Yet, little is known about its prevalence prior to adolescence, or which children are at greatest risk of developing this symptom. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of maladaptive guilt in middle childhood. MethodsThis study examined a large community sample of 9-to 10-year-old children (N = 4485) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Maladaptive guilt was assessed through the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for DSM-5. Parental rejection, family conflict, and parental depression were assessed via questionnaires. ResultsIn depressed children, a 1-month prevalence of maladaptive guilt of 18.4% and a lifetime prevalence of 30.8% was found. Lifetime rates ranged from 1.8 to 4.1% in children with other psychiatric disorders. Cross-sectionally, maladaptive guilt was associated with lower family income-to-needs, greater family conflict, a history of maternal depression, and greater parental rejection. These findings held when controlling for children's depressive severity, indicating that these associations are specific to maladaptive guilt. LimitationsMaladaptive guilt was assessed through one item, though many studies of maladaptive guilt measure the symptom in this manner. ConclusionsFindings suggest that it may be beneficial for clinicians to assess for maladaptive guilt beyond the context of assessment for depression, particularly with children of low socioeconomic status and children of depressed mothers, whom this study suggests are at higher risk. Negative family climates and parenting might also be important targets of preventative interventions.

School connectedness and adult depressiveness, longitudinal study of the Northern Swedish Cohort

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to use Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory to investigate adolescents’ school connectedness and family climate as potential predictors of depressiveness in adulthood. Methods The data are from the Northern Swedish Cohort and the sample consists of 481 women and 526 men born 1965 that participated in data collection at four time points, at age 16, 21, 30 and 43. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the associations between school connectedness and family climate and depressiveness, respectively. Results Poor school connectedness was found to be associated with depressiveness up to mid adulthood and social/material adversities in adolescence were found to expand this association in young adulthood. Conclusions This study show that poor school connectedness can have long lasting effects on mental health. Thus, mental health promoting initiatives with holistic approach aiming at enhancing both sense of belonging in school, peer relations and academic achievements are needed. The study accentuates the complex processes determining mental health and propose a theoretical approach appealing for public mental health research. To advance the knowledge of the mechanisms behind the associations between proximal processes and depressiveness in adulthood, additional life-course studies are called for. Key messages Poor school connectedness can have long lasting effects on mental health. Initiatives aiming at enhancing both sense of belonging in school, peer relations and academic achievements are needed.

ADHD symptoms across adolescence: the role of the family and school climate and the DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR genotype

We examined bidirectional relations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and family and school climate, and the possible role of DRD4 and/or 5-HTTLPR genotypes herein. Three-wave longitudinal data of 1860 adolescents (mean ages 11, 13.5, and 16 years) from the general population and clinic-referred cohort of TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey were used. Using a multigroup Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model, we tested between-person (i.e., stable trait levels) and within-person (i.e., causal processes) associations across ADHD symptoms, family and school climate, and the extent to which these depended on genotype. Findings indicated no influence of genotype. Results did show significant between-person differences (ADHD symptoms with family climate r = .38; and school climate r = .23, p values < .001), indicating that higher stable levels of ADHD symptoms were associated with a less favorable family and school climate. Regarding within-person causal processes, ADHD symptoms predicted a less favorable family climate in early adolescence (β = .16, p < .01), while ADHD symptoms predicted a more favorable family climate in the later phase of adolescence (β = − .11, p < .01), a finding which we explain by normative developmental changes during adolescence. Overall, this study showed that negative associations between ADHD symptoms and both family and school climate are largely explained by stable between-person differences. We recommend applying the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Path Model to developmental data to tease stable associations and change processes apart.

The Relationship between Family Climate and Identity Development Processes: The Moderating Role of Developmental Stages and Outcomes

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family climate and identity development, and the moderating role of the development stage and (in)adaptive outcomes in that relationship. A cross-sectional quantitative study was developed with 387 participants (65.4% female; 162 adolescents aged between 15–19 years and 225 emerging adults aged between 20–25 years). Data was collected using self-reported measures: Sociodemographic questionnaire, Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory and Family Climate Inventory. The results of structural equation modeling showed moderating effects of developmental stage (Δχ2 (38) = 93.47, p = 0.009) and outcomes (Δχ2 (38) = 63.50, p = 0.006) in the relationship between family climate and identity development, suggesting that family cohesion predicted identity outcomes differently for adolescents and emerging adults, as well as for participants with adaptive and non-adaptive developmental trajectories. Also, family conflict predicted identity formation outcomes differently in function of developmental outcomes. As high levels of family conflict and cohesion are associated to higher levels of exploration in depth, future studies should focus on enmeshed family interactional patterns and its outcomes on children across development. Our data highlights the role of family climate on the identity development in adolescence and emerging adulthood and the importance of analyzing family risk and protection factors as conditions for individual developmental outcomes.

Risk and protective factors for heroin use in a nationally representative sample of Ecuadorian youth

IntroductionRecent reports from a variety of sources indicate that heroin use among Ecuadorian adolescents is on the rise. In order to design effective prevention and intervention programs, research is needed that quantifies use and assesses risk and protective factors associated with use. MethodsThis study analyzed the National Survey of Drug Use, a nationally representative survey of 50,145 adolescents (49.6% female; M age = 14.92 years, SD = 1.74) conducted in Ecuador in 2015. ResultsOverall, 2.3% of the sample reported lifetime heroin use. Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher lifetime heroin use was associated with lifetime use of alcohol (Adj OR = .71 CI[.58, .86]), marijuana (Adj OR = 3.79 CI[3.17, 4.52]), and hard drugs (Adj OR = 16.33 CI[13.89, 19.21]), as well as with greater perceived access to heroin (Adj OR = 2.13 CI[1.93, 2.36]) and repeating more school grades (Adj OR = 1.66 CI[1.37, 2.01]). Higher levels of parental involvement (Adj OR = .95 CI[.91, .99]) were associated with a reduced risk of use. Risk and protective factors operated similarly across age and gender. ConclusionThese data suggest that targeting substance use early in adolescence, focusing on school engagement, enhancing parenting skills, and improving family climate may be important approaches to curbing heroin use among Ecuadorian teens. The relative absence of age and gender differences in patterns of risk and protection suggest that a universal prevention approach versus a targeted approach may be most effective.

HIV-POSITIVE AND HIV-NEGATIVE FEMALES WITH OPIOID DEPENDENCE: PSYCHOSOCIAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract. The objective of the study was to explore clinical, psychological and social characteristics of female injectable opioid users (FIOUs) with different HIV status living in Republic of Belarus. Materials and methods. A cohort of 217 FIOUs were examined (104 HIV-positive and 113 HIV-negative patients. To assess patient social functioning, quality of life, and craving for narcotic substances the Scale of social functioning, SF-36 and Scale of drugs craving were used. Results. The majority of patients had frequent change of employment place and reported absence from work (25.9% in HIV-positive group and 26.5% in HIV-negative group; P&gt;0.05). HIV-positive patients reported low professional qualification and education level significantly more often than HIV-negative patients (20.1% vs 13.2%, p&lt;0.05, and 43.3% vs. 36.2%, p&lt;0.05, respectively). They also characterized family climate as “hostile” more often (80.7% vs. 61.0%, p&lt;0.05). Both groups reported high rates of parental alcohol abuse (17.3% in HIV-positive and 14.1% in HIV-negative individuals, p&gt;0.05), and of parental divorces (23.1% and 28.3%, p&gt;0.05, respectively). Conclusion. Female injectable opioid users have marked social disfunction involving social and professional domains. Specific needs of this group of mental healthcare users need to be addressed.

Intergenerational continuity in alcohol misuse: Maternal alcohol use disorder and the sequelae of maternal and family functioning.

Early onset of alcohol use is associated with a host of detrimental outcomes. As such, understanding the complex etiology of early onset alcohol use for prevention purposes is an important goal. Specific environmental stressors within the family (i.e., financial stress, negative parental well-being and negative family climate) heighten the risk of early onset alcohol use; however, the extent to which these factors are set in motion by prior maternal history of alcohol misuse has yet to be investigated. We used prospective, longitudinal data from 385 mother-child dyads to examine the link between a maternal alcohol use disorder and her child's early onset of alcohol use through the sequelae of maternal financial strain, maternal depressive symptoms, maternal excessive alcohol use, and negative family climate. Results indicate that a maternal alcohol use disorder itself, and the confluence of a maternal alcohol use disorder, subsequent financial strain, and depressive symptoms produce a negative family climate. In turn, a negative family climate increases the likelihood of alcohol use by the age of 15 among offspring. Moreover, we demonstrate that the cascade of consequences on maternal and family functioning linking a maternal alcohol use disorder to her child's early onset of alcohol use is proximal in nature, unfolding concurrently rather than in yearly spans of time. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the etiology of early onset alcohol use (and extant theoretical models) and prevention programming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Sad music depresses sad adolescents: A listener’s profile

This research explored both social context and personal characteristics in relation to being saddened by sad music when in a sad mood. Overall, 1686 respondents (aged 12–16 years; 44% female; 68% vocational training) answered questions about their background, social context (family climate, bullying issues), personal characteristics (depressive mood, self-esteem, social comparison style), and the degree to which they were saddened by listening to sad music. About 17% of the participants reported saddened mood as a consequence of listening to sad music when sad. Multivariate linear regression results revealed that female respondents and those who reported elevated levels of depressive mood and negative social comparison to peers were more likely to feel saddened. These young people further showed strained peer relations, as indicated by being bullied on social network sites and the Internet. Harsh family climate and low self-esteem correlated with the saddened mood-inducing effect of sad music, although they were not significant in multivariate analysis. This pattern of person and context relations with saddened mood was identical for girls and boys. Adolescents generally seek music that is mood-congruent; however, this research questioned whether adolescents with problems should dwell on music that reflects their unhappy state, as this may worsen their mood.

Social-economics, community, campus and family: a nationwide empirical investigation on the association between adverse childhood experiences and early career choice of youths and adolescents

ABSTRACT This study examines the influences of childhood experiences (childhood social-economic situation, childhood community and campus quality, childhood family climate) on early career choice. Using the data of a large-scale nationwide stratified random sampling survey of life history across 28 provinces and municipalities in China, empirical results show that the lower quality of childhood experiences would increase the likelihood that youths choose to work in the public sector after adulthood. Also, male youths are generally more sensitive to the childhood experiences than female ones. Youths with migration experiences are generally more sensitive to the childhood family climate (and less sensitive to the childhood community/campus quality) than those that never migrate. Moreover, such influence is distinctly reflected in the choice of the first job, and gradually recedes into insignificance for the choice of the second and third job.

CLIMA SOCIAL FAMILIAR Y RESILIENCIA EN ESTUDIANTES DE 3°, 4° Y 5° AÑO DE SECUNDARIA

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar la relación que existe entre el clima social familiar en sus tres dimensiones y la resiliencia en los estudiantes de tercero, cuarto y quinto año del nivel secundario de una corporación educativa del norte del Perú. El estudio realizado fue de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo-correlacional, con una población de 394 estudiantes de 13 a 19 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Clima Social Familiar FES de Moos y la Escala de Resiliencia (ER) de Wagnild y Young. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existe relación entre el clima social familiar y la resiliencia (rs =.175, p &lt;.05). Asimismo, la dimensión del clima social familiar “relaciones interpersonales” presenta una correlación significativa (rs =.123, p &lt;.05) y “desarrollo personal” muestra una correlación altamente significativa con la “resiliencia” (rs =.211, p &lt;.01). Sin embargo, la dimensión “estabilidad” y la “resiliencia” no presentan correlación significativa. A partir de los datos analizados se concluye que el clima social familiar se encuentra asociado con la resiliencia en los adolescentes de la población estudiada.

Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study.

BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood worldwide, and causes significant impairments in overall functioning. In order to develop effective prevention and intervention programs, knowledge of the determinants that have an impact on the onset and development of ADHD symptoms is essential. So far, little is known about factors affecting ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents over time. Therefore, this study investigates potential psychosocial risk and protective factors for ADHD symptoms based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a German population-based study.MethodsData on children and adolescents (n = 1,384 aged 11 to 17 years) were collected at three measurement points (baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-ups) covering a period of two years. We used latent growth modelling to investigate effects of parental mental health problems (risk factor) and self-efficacy, family climate and social support (protective factors) on symptoms of ADHD based on cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. Sociodemographic factors, pre- and postnatal factors, and comorbid symptoms of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were considered as covariates.ResultsAt baseline, male gender, younger age, stronger aggressive behavior, and stronger parental mental health problems were related to more ADHD symptoms. Longitudinal analyses showed that female gender, migration status, increasing symptoms of generalized anxiety, increasing aggressive behavior and increasing parental mental health problems were associated with stronger increase of ADHD symptoms over time. However, improving family climate was related to decreasing ADHD symptoms over time. We further found moderator effects for social support.ConclusionThe findings of the study provide important information concerning risk and protective factors in the context of ADHD. Hence, the results may be integrated into the planning and implementation of future prevention and early intervention strategies that target affected children and adolescents.

Intergenerational Transmission of Work Values in Czech Republic, Spain, and Turkey: Parent-Child Similarity and the Moderating Role of Parenting Behaviors

Although public debates emphasize a weakening of work values and ethics over the last few decades, little attention has been paid to the transmission of work values between parents and children. It is still unclear what kind of parental behavior is critical and if culture influences the intergenerational transmission of work values. Based on socialization and value transmission theories, we explore the question by comparing three countries with different cultural characteristics: Czech Republic, Spain, and Turkey. We used data from the CUPESSE project collected from young adults aged 18 to 35 and their parents. Turkish young adults and parents reported higher levels of moral- and gender-based work values than their Spanish and Czech counterparts. Parent-child similarity in work values was the highest among the Turkish families and the lowest among the Czech families. Overall, we find that stronger moral and redistributive work values and weaker gender role–based work values are associated with high levels of parental warmth and autonomy granting and low levels of perceived psychological control. Results suggested that family climate, rather than specific paternal and maternal parenting behaviors, have more substantial effect on the value transmission. We discuss implications that consider the role of cultural orientation and gender roles.

Further insight into adolescent personal identity statuses: Differences based on self-esteem, family climate, and family communication

Introduction: During adolescence, youngsters are faced with the challenging task of forming an identity. This process can be either supported or hindered by adolescents' family context. The present study used a six-process model of personal identity including the five identity processes described by the dual-cycle model of identity (exploration in breadth, commitment making, exploration in depth, identification with commitment, and ruminative exploration) as well as a sixth identity process of reconsideration of commitment, commonly described in the three-factor model of identity. In the current investigation, we sought to evaluate how adolescents in identity statuses derived from this six-process model differed based on psychological adjustment, perceived family climate, and family communication. Method: A total of 1105 Swiss adolescents (Mage = 15.08; 51% female) completed self-report questionnaires at one time point. Using a person-centered approach, identity statuses were empirically derived and unique profiles for each identity status were identified. Results: We identified six identity statuses: Achievement, Foreclosure, Ruminative Moratorium, Reconsidering Achievement, Troubled Diffusion, and Carefree Diffusion. Statuses with the highest degree of commitment showed the most optimal profiles of psychological adjustment and perceived family climate, whereas those with the lowest levels of commitment demonstrated the least optimal profiles. Adolescents in the Reconsidering Achievement status, however, reported high levels of both parental support and psychological control. Conclusion: The use of the six-process model of identity allowed for the derivation of six identity statuses and provided further insight into how adolescents in different identity statuses confront identity-related issues in the context of their family.

Evaluating climate change behaviors and concern in the family context

Although research suggests that family dynamics likely play a role in shaping children’s behaviors, few studies focus on environmental behaviors, and none to our knowledge investigate how parents shape climate change mitigation behaviors among their children. We begin to fill this gap through a quantitative case study using matched household-level survey data from 182 coastal North Carolina families (n = 241 parents aged 29–77; n = 182 students aged 11–14) associated with 15 middle school science teachers. Family climate change discussions, parent behaviors, and children’s climate change concern levels predicted the degree to which children will participate in individual-level climate mitigation behaviors. These results provide evidence that promoting climate-related conversations within households may promote climate action even when parents are apathetic about climate change. Similarly, parental behaviors, but not their concern levels, were important predictors of adolescent behaviors. This study highlights novel ways that family dynamics may promote climate change mitigating behaviors and a new pathway to promoting climate mitigation at familial, and ultimately, societal levels.

Mothers' postsecondary entry during early childhood: Short- and long-term effects on children

This study explored the implications of low-income mothers' entry into post-secondary education (PSE) during their children's first five years of life. Using propensity score matching to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979, we examined associations between maternal entry into PSE during early childhood and children's short- and long-term (ages 7 and 13, respectively) academic and socioemotional outcomes. We found that mothers' entry into PSE during early childhood had no short-term effects on children. There were, however, long-term positive effects on academic outcomes among children with a coresident father figure, and negative effects on behavior. We also tested explanatory mechanisms and found that maternal PSE entry had positive long-term effects on household income, but income did not mediate effects on long-term child outcomes. Further, maternal PSE had no effects on the home learning environment, mothers' educational expectations for children, maternal presence at home, or family climate.