Economic Climate Research Articles

Characteristics of the Programs of the World Economic Forum in Davos and the Economy of Armenia

Abstract: The study investigated one of the most important international organizations- WEF for public – private cooperation. It includes the mission, the institutional framework, and flagship programs of the World Economic Forum. From the numerous programs The World Economic Outlook, Climate Sustainability, Technology, Innovation and Artificial intelligence, Geopolitical and Global Security, Health and Social Development, Industry and Trade and Global Poverty are represented in detail illustrated with charts. The next focus of the article is on the strategic importance of Armenia’s participation in the annual forums and achieved goals. This paper examines key themes discussed during Armenia’s engagement at the forum, such as economic development, technological innovation, and regional security. The article concludes by highlighting Armenia's GDP growth in the period 2014-2024 as a result of advancing national interest in the WEF. The World Economic Forum provides a platform for nations to foster collaboration, share ideas, discuss global challenges and try to find solutions. Here diversity of thought is respected and voices can be heard. This organization continues to strive for a better world, where cooperation and trust lead to lasting progress.

What could be? Depends on who you ask: Using latent profile analysis and natural language processing to identify the different types and content of utopian visions.

When people think of a utopian future, what do they imagine? We examined (a) whether people's self-generated utopias differ by how much they criticize, seek to change or escape from an undesirable present; and (b) whether these distinct types of utopian thinking predict system-critical attitudes and intentions to change the status quo. Participants (N = 509) wrote about a future where a social issue they supported was resolved (e.g. economic inequality and climate change). Latent profile analysis revealed a subgroup of change-oriented utopian thinkers with lower system satisfaction and higher action intentions than the other two subgroups. Unexpectedly, the remaining profiles imagined ominous (dystopian thinkers) or 'neutral' (ambivalent future thinkers) futures and expressed mixed social change support. Computerized linguistic analyses further revealed that dystopian thinkers used more hopelessness-related language than change-oriented utopian thinkers. Ambivalent future thinkers were as 'hopeless' as dystopian thinkers but, like change-oriented utopian thinkers, used more fairness-related language. Thus, change-oriented utopian thinkers distinctly imagined a fairer-and possible-future. These results illustrate heterogeneity in how people imagine the future of their societies on specific issues. Critically, the features of these visions predict system-critical attitudes and a willingness to agitate for change.

Modelling the social cost of carbon for Malaysia

The interest in the economics of climate change and the need to quantify a more accurate financial value of the damage caused by every additional metric tonne of greenhouse gas (GHG), known as the social cost of carbon (SCC), is growing. Governments and decision-makers have utilised SCC estimations for more than ten years in benefit-cost analysis, using insights from climate science, economics, demography, and other fields. Malaysia has committed to reduce 45% of its GHG emission intensity by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2030 compared to the 2005 level and achieve net-zero as early as the year 2050. However, current estimations of SCC are high and may negatively impact the Malaysian economy and no longer align with the latest research. To achieve its objective of net-zero emissions, the government of Malaysia must capitalise on the country's potential as a carbon sink by increasing conservation efforts in protected areas and arresting deforestation. It will establish an ideal trajectory for the SCC that aligns with its environmental obligations while supporting sustainability in the face of climate change challenges. A price on GHG emissions can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. This study aims to determine the SCC in Malaysia, fill the gap in the downscaled Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) and develop a new model called the Integrated Climate Model for Malaysia (ICLIM-2024R). The Nordhaus IAM model was downscaled using Malaysian data, including emissions from deforestation and an additional function for carbon sinks. With current policies, the SCC in the business-as-usual scenario (BAU) will be 64 USD/tCO2e in 2025 and 212 USD/tCO2e by 2050. The study recommended pathway is to increase the Totally Protected Area (TPA) of forests, which will yield a lower SCC of 23 USD/tCO2e in 2025 and 152 USD/tCO2e by 2050 compared to BAU, meeting commitments to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) as well as the Paris Agreement. The Malaysian government should urgently leverage its carbon sink potential to set Malaysia's optimal SCC, achieve its net-zero goal, and grow the climate-friendly economy by marketing lower carbon-intensity products.Graphical

Climate change risk trap: low-carbon spatial restructuring and disaster risk in petroleum-based economies

Abstract The economic risks from climate change can be separated into two categories: physical risks from increased frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events, and transition risks due to rapid decarbonisation leading to stranded assets and shifts in production and the labour market. On the global level, the two risks are widely recognized as trade-offs by the academic and policy literature: rapid decarbonisation increases transition risks while reducing physical risks, and vice versa for a delayed reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, little is known about the interaction between the two risks on smaller geographical scales. This paper investigates the interactions between physical and transition risks on the sub-national level for petroleum-based economies. Their strong dependency on the export of fossil fuels requires a more far-reaching economic restructuring to meet both local and global emission targets than most other economies, exposing them to high transition risks. At the same time, the profound economic changes resulting from a low-carbon transition lead to a spatial redistribution of assets and labour, when brown assets and jobs get stranded and new green assets and jobs are created elsewhere. Building on the literature on spatial economic restructuring and climate disaster risk, we show that, unlike the common conceptualisation as a trade-off, physical and transition risk can increase simultaneously on the sub-national level. We call this dynamic the climate change risk trap. The paper provides an empirical illustration of this trap using the example of flash flood risk in Kuwait, a wealthy petroleum-based economy in the Gulf region. It shows how decisions on urban planning and low-carbon economic restructuring have increased flash flood risk. The analysis highlights the importance of considering climate disaster risk and environmental impact assessments in low-carbon transition planning to avoid falling into the climate change risk trap.

Virtual land in the metaverse? Exploring the dynamic correlation with physical real estate

PurposeAs blockchain-based virtual worlds gain prominence within the emerging metaverse and Web3, numerous global companies and investors are buying purely virtual land to explore new business potentials and capitalize on digital assets. Given the similarities to physical real estate, this study examines the dynamics of the secondary market for virtual land and relates its returns to those of physical real estate.Design/methodology/approachUsing transaction-level data from a prominent virtual land platform, the authors construct a virtual land market index based on repeat sales index methodology from traditional real estate studies. Wavelet coherence analysis is employed to examine the dynamic correlation between virtual land and various physical real estate market returns. The determinants of this correlation are estimated using stepwise regression analysis. A portfolio analysis explores the implications of adding virtual land to traditional asset portfolios.FindingsThe correlation between virtual and physical real estate market returns is generally low, reaching its lowest during the Covid-19 lockdowns from 2020 to 2022. It spikes during acute economic turmoil such as the initial Covid-19 outbreak or interest rate change announcements. The correlation is primarily driven by consumer and economic climate, the price of the virtual economy token and investor attention. Portfolio analysis indicates that virtual land can enhance risk-adjusted returns within a traditional portfolio, particularly when added to a commercial real estate portfolio.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examines a single virtual land market, despite it being the oldest and one of the largest. Given the rapidly evolving nature of virtual worlds, it is crucial to further test the results and include new virtual land platforms as they emerge.Practical implicationsThe findings provide actionable insights on portfolio implications for investors seeking alternative real-estate-like assets in the digital space. Additionally, this study offers strategic guidance for entering the metaverse, including a comprehensive overview of established virtual presences.Originality/valueWith the advancing digitization of real estate markets, this study is the first to explore the correlation between market returns of virtual land in the metaverse and traditional physical real estate. The findings provide valuable empirical insights for investors, policymakers, entrepreneurs and companies interested in the intersection of digital and traditional property markets.

Resistance as a coping strategy: an exploration of strategies employed by social work students to manage study and other commitments during placement

ABSTRACT Resilience is widely viewed as integral to social work practice because of the emphasis on strengths-based approaches with clients and their ability to overcome challenges. However, it is crucial to recognize that resilience is not solely an individual issue but is deeply intertwined with broader structural inequalities and disadvantages. As academics working in field education, we understand that social work students often face significant challenges, including the financial and emotional strain of completing long, mostly unpaid placements. This article highlights the strategies employed by social work students to cope with these challenges. Drawing on data from 409 social work students across five universities, students reported relying on support from educators and family, enabling them to problem solve during placement. Despite these efforts, many students admitted to struggling and feeling overwhelmed and had to sacrifice their wellness to meet placement requirements. From a critical social work perspective, the findings underscore the difficulties students face in managing their competing demands whilst on placement in the current economic climate and questions the usefulness of measuring resilience in this context. Social work students instead focused on resistance as a strategy to cope with their study and other commitments during placement which has resulted in collective action and lobbying for change.

Population attributable fractions for modifiable risk factors of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality in 48 low- and middle-income countries.

Identifying the modifiable risk factors for childhood mortality using population-attributable fractions (PAFs) estimates can inform public health planning and resource allocation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We estimated PAFs for key population-level modifiable risk factors of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality in LMICs. We used the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data sets (2010-22) from 48 LMICs, encompassing 35 sub-Saharan African countries and 13 countries from South and Southeast Asia (n = 506 989). We used generalised linear latent mixed models to compute odds ratios (ORs), and we calculated the PAFs adjusted for commonality using ORs and prevalence estimates for key modifiable risk factors. The highest PAFs of neonatal mortality were attributed to delayed initiation of breastfeeding (>1 hour of birth) (PAF = 23.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 23.1, 24.8), uncleaned cooking fuel (PAF = 6.2; 95% CI = 6.4, 7.8), infrequent antenatal care (ANC) visits (PAF = 4.3; 95% CI = 3.3, 5.9), maternal lack of formal education (PAF = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.7, 5.3), and mother's lacking two doses of tetanus injections (PAF = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.9, 3.9). These five modifiable risk factors contributed to 41.4% (95% CI = 35.6, 47.0) of neonatal deaths in the 48 LMICs. Similarly, a combination of these five risk factors contributed to 40.5% of infant deaths. Further, delayed initiation of breastfeeding (PAF = 15.8; 95% CI = 15.2, 16.2), unclean cooking fuel (PAF = 9.6; 95% CI = 8.4, 10.7), mothers lacking formal education (PAF = 7.9; 95% CI = 7.0, 8.9), infrequent ANC visits (PAF = 4.0; 95% CI = 3.3, 4.7), and poor toilet facilities (PAF = 3.4; 95% CI = 2.6, 4.3) were attributed to 40.8% (95% CI = 36.4, 45.2) of under-five deaths. Given the current global economic climate, policymakers should prioritise these modifiable risk factors. Key recommendations include ensuring that women enter pregnancy in optimal health, prioritising the presence of skilled newborn attendants for timely and proper breastfeeding initiation, and enhancing home-based care during the postnatal period and beyond.

Resilience and family farming: overview and insights in scientific research

ABSTRACT The significance of family farming in the design of agricultural systems that are more sustainable and resilient to shocks and stresses is becoming increasingly recognized. In this study, we employed a biometric approach to analyze scientific production on family farming and resilience between 2009 and 2023, using the Web of Science database. We found 138 papers, authored by researchers from 64 countries, with a particular emphasis on European and American countries. The publications were mainly concentrated in research areas such as Environmental Sciences and Ecology, Agriculture and Science and Technology, and there was a significant increase in publications over the twenty-year period. Brazil stands out as a leader in publications (n = 25) among the 10 countries with the highest number of articles. The studies conducted by Brazilian researchers focused mostly on the “governance and institutions” dimension. The main topics identified in the articles were “strategies,” “climate change,” “agroecology,” “food security,” and COVID-19. Factors contributing to the resilience of family farming included mainly diversification of agricultural activities, property management, farmers’ traditional knowledge, and agricultural public policies. The increasing number of publications indicates a shift in the approach to family farming, prompted by the need to tackle challenges such as economic shocks and climate change.

Redefining the Meaning of Production Relations in the Context of the Digital Economy

This paper adopts a perspective centered on the digital economic environment to define the concept of traditional production relations. It achieves this by conducting a comprehensive analysis of existing relevant literature. Additionally, the paper explores the boundaries of the connotation of production relations within the context of the digital economy. Furthermore, it proposes a mechanism that elucidates the influence of the digital economic environment on production relations. Lastly, the paper uncovers the underlying patterns governing the evolution of production relations within the digital economic climate.

Renewable Energy in the Western Balkans and EU Policy: Pathway to Regional Net-Zero

Abstract The six Western Balkan countries (WB6), which include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, are in a critical phase of their development and face various economic, political and environmental challenges. Political uncertainties, economic imbalances, and institutional weaknesses have hindered their progress in achieving sustainable development goals. Among these challenges, the energy sector stands out as a priority due to its significant impact on economic growth, climate change, and environmental sustainability. The energy landscape in the region is dominated by conventional and non-renewable energy sources, leading to concerns about energy security and environmental degradation. Dependence on fossil fuels exposes these countries to volatile energy prices and increases their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to develop cleaner and sustainable energy sources to promote economic growth while mitigating the harmful effects of climate change. Hydropower capacity in the WB6 countries is estimated to be significant and offers the opportunity to generate clean energy. A comprehensive overview of the hydropower potential in the WB6 countries considers factors such as river systems, water availability, topography, and technical capabilities. The promotion of renewable energy, especially sustainable hydropower, is central to achieving a sustainable future in the WB6 countries. By harnessing their hydropower potential and addressing environmental and social concerns, these countries can boost their economic growth, combat climate change, and improve their energy security for a prosperous and sustainable future.

EXPLICATING SECURITY IN TRANSBOUNDARY WATER SECURITY DEBATES: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL

The appropriation of the concept of water security by diverse disciplines has contributed to widening the debate on water security rather than deepening it. Hence, water security is often associated with food, health, and ecology; human, environmental, and national issues; economic development, climate change, and others. Moreover, water security is often expressed as water scarcity, as a sub-set of environmental security, and as transboundary water security issues. Nonetheless, a comprehensive understanding of water security requires a close and critical examination of the variants of water security debates. Thus, this paper comprehensively and critically reviews the notion of security in the water security debate.

Roles of Economic Integration and Climate Distance in Agri-Food Trade: Evidence from the Asia-Pacific Region

The Asia-Pacific region has gradually become a driver of global economic growth, with economic integration agreements (EIAs) and climate distance playing increasingly important roles in the agri-food trade in the 21st century. The recent signing and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) have garnered global attention. This study examines the roles of different types of regional trade agreements and climate distance in the agri-food trade in the Asia-Pacific region and constructs a trade system involving 19 member countries of the RCEP and the CPTPP by analyzing panel data from 2003 to 2022. The Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator is employed to estimate an augmented gravity model that considers domestic trade flows, endogeneity issues, reverse causality, globalization effects, long-term effects, and overlapping membership. The empirical findings demonstrate that partial scope agreements and EIAs significantly promote bilateral agri-food trade, whereas temperature distance acts as a barrier and precipitation distance has a negligible effect. Overlapping members of the RCEP and CPTPP exhibit cumulative positive effects three years after the implementation of EIAs, resulting in an approximately 52.1% increase in the bilateral agri-food trade after ten years. Additionally, overlapping membership mitigates the long-term negative impact of temperature distance. This study reveals that the seven overlapping members of the RCEP and CPTPP in the Asia-Pacific region achieve greater benefits more quickly through EIAs, suggesting that overlapping membership can be an effective adaptive strategy for dealing with climate change.

Global economic trade and climate change influence stinging social wasp distribution and appropriate venom immunotherapy

Global economic trade and climate change influence stinging social wasp distribution and appropriate venom immunotherapy

Do renewable energies moderate the effect of climate vulnerability on women’s socio-economic well-being? Evidence from African countries

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the role of renewable energy as a means of promoting women’s economic participation and improving their health by mitigating climate vulnerability.Design/methodology/approachTo shed light on this relationship, the authors assess the capacity of renewable energy to reduce the negative impact of climate vulnerability on women’s economic empowerment and health, using the generalized method of moments estimator for 36 African countries over the period 1990–2021.FindingsThe empirical results show that climate vulnerability reduces economic empowerment and climate vulnerability increases child mortality. These results are mitigated by the use of renewable energy. The use of renewable energy mitigates the negative impact of climate vulnerability on women’s economic empowerment. Renewable energy use also reduces the pressure of climate vulnerability on child mortality. In addition, the authors take into account regional heterogeneities and find distinct effects. The results remain stable after further robustness testing.Originality/valueRenewable energy thresholds are provided at which climate vulnerability no longer reduces women’s socio-economic well-being.

Cutans over the illuvial horizons of sod-podzolic surface-gleyed soils (Stagnig Retisols) of the Prebeskids Precarpathian

The issue of the genesis of profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathian region is still a subject of active debate due to differences in the interpretation of diagnostic features of soil formation processes. To establish the genetic nature of the background soils of the Prеbeskid Preсarpathian and to supplement the diagnostic criteria of soil formation processes, it is advisable to study the peculiarities of the profile distribution of clayey soils and their chemical properties. Cutans are a direct result of the soil formation process, so the study of their spatial distribution within genetic horizons and elemental composition will allow to supplement the diagnostic features of soil formation processes. Based on the field morphological studies of sod-podzolic surface-gleyed soils, a significant amount of skeletans, silans, humans, and sesquans was diagnosed. The surface cutans (flowing cutans) and pore-channel cutans were also diagnosed within the Stagnic Retisols over the illuvial horizons. The maximum number of cutans was diagnosed in the lower part of the eluvial-illuvial horizon, where pore-channel cutans are almost four times higher than the number of surface cutans. Taking into account the low thickness of the cutans and their close adjacency to the containing rocks, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method was used to study their elemental composition. Based on the analysis, it was found that the elemental composition of the studied cutans has a significantly higher content of Manganese, Ferrum and Aluminium compared to the containing horizons, indicating that they were formed by the predominant action of the gley-eluvial process. The formation of black color of the pore cutan is explained by the much higher concentration of Manganese in it. Further detailed study of cutans within the soil profile will provide information on changes in soil formation factors and the dynamics of soil formation processes caused by both economic use and climate change. Key words: Stagnic Retisols; Prebeskydy Precarpathians; cutan, mangan.

Using Two Water Quality Indices for Evaluating the Health and Management of a Tropical Lake

With increasing pressure on freshwater resources in developing countries due to population growth, further research and potential interventions are crucial. Lake Tana, located in the headwaters of the Blue Nile, serves as a critical example of these precious freshwater resources. This study evaluated the water quality of Lake Tana for both ecological health and drinking purposes using the Arithmetic Weighted Water Quality Index (AW WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI). Samples were collected from 20 lake sampling stations four times between July 2018 and June 2019 to calculate the two water quality indices using ten measured parameters. The average annual AW WQI ranged from good to very poor for ecological health and very poor to unsuitable for drinking water. The CCME WQI categorized Lake Tana’s water quality as poor to fair for both uses. According to the water quality indices, the water quality was most impacted by turbidity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, and phosphorus. However, except for ammonium, these factors were immaterial for lake management because the lake was nitrogen-limited, and the turbidity resulted from sediment stirred up by waves from the lake bottom, which cannot be managed easily. Dissolved oxygen is related to turbidity. Moreover, the WQIs did not identify two pesticides in the lake that negatively affected the fish. Thus, WQI indices may document water quality changes over time. Therefore, in addition to a favorable economic and political climate, improving lake water management requires insights from experts, the scientific literature, and possibly additional monitoring in addition to what is provided by the WQIS.

Influences of emotional intelligence on resilience in the South African entrepreneurial sector: a systematic literature review

The South African entrepreneurial sector is essential to the country's economic growth, job creation, and innovation. South African entrepreneurs encounter competitive business environment, limited resources, and socioeconomic gaps. Building resilience is critical for them to overcome challenges, adapt to change, and sustain their businesses in the face of adversity. This paper aims to explore the connection between resilience and emotional intelligence in the context of South African entrepreneurship. A systematic literature review and text analysis was carried out. This systematic literature analysis analysed 37 peer-reviewed sources that explored the impact of emotional intelligence on resilience in the South African entrepreneurial sector. Textual analysis was used to discover themes, patterns, and implications for increasing entrepreneurial resilience. Inclusion criteria included English-language research published during the last decade that focused on emotional intelligence and resilience in entrepreneurship. Non-peer-reviewed papers, grey literature, and those that did not directly address the South African context were excluded. Key findings show that emotionally intelligent leaders are better able to manage stress, build trusted relationships, and adjust to changing circumstances, which improves corporate results and ensures sustainability in a changing economic climate. This paper concludes that emotional intelligence is critical in determining the resilience and success of entrepreneurs in the South African entrepreneurial sector. Recommendations stemming from the results encompass integrating emotional intelligence training courses into entrepreneurial curricula, cultivating a nurturing and emotionally astute workplace, and encouraging self-awareness and emotional regulation proficiencies among prospective and established entrepreneurs in South Africa.

A Study on Global Climate Mitigation and National Resource Management Based on the Green GDP Accounting Model

This article investigates the potential of Green GDP (GGDP) to replace conventional GDP as a global economic metric. By accounting for environmental degradation and natural resource depletion—factors typically excluded from traditional GDP calculations—GGDP offers a more comprehensive measure of long-term economic performance. Utilizing a linear regression model, this study examines the relationship between economic activity and climate change, with a focus on carbon emissions and water consumption. The findings reveal an inverse correlation between GGDP and rising global temperatures, suggesting GGDP’s potential to mitigate climate change by integrating the environmental costs of economic growth. A case study of China further illustrates how adopting GGDP could lead to improvements in air quality, more efficient resource management, and alignment with the country’s environmental objectives, including its commitments under the Paris Agreement. Although the transition from GDP to GGDP may face resistance, particularly in nations heavily reliant on fossil fuel consumption and resource exploitation are significant. This study underscores the necessity of incorporating environmental considerations into economic evaluations to foster a sustainable future, where economic growth can be achieved in harmony with ecological preservation. GGDP thus provides a more holistic and sustainable framework for assessing global economic performance.

Green Entrepreneurship for Sustainability Business: A Bibliometric Analysis

Objective: The purpose of this research is to identify important topics, trends, and significant contributions in the field of green entrepreneurship research for sustainable business practices. Theoretical Framework: As a sustainable company model, green entrepreneurship is well-positioned to tackle environmental issues and promote economic stability. The analysis makes use of ideas of entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainability to shed light on how green business models support both social and financial goals, sustainable development goals. Method: Bibliometric data from the Scopus database covering the years 2002–2024 were used in the analysis. VOSviewer and Biblioshiny in R Studio were used to examine 341 data to map the intellectual structure of green entrepreneurship. The analysis focused on authorship, citation patterns, and keyword co-occurrences. Results and Discussion: The results show a significant rise in publications about green entrepreneurship after 2020, which is consistent with the growing interest in sustainable practices and climate action around the world. Economic impact, educational policy, climate change, and green technology were among the six topic clusters that surfaced. The study demonstrates a spatial and institutional concentration of knowledge production by highlighting contributions from nations like the USA, UK, and China as well as organizations like Universidad de Lima. Research Implications: The study indicates that the sector may grow if digital innovation and green entrepreneurship are combined, and if SME engagement is increased. For business strategy to incorporate sustainability, policy assistance in the form of partnerships and incentives is essential. Originality/Value: This study offers a thorough analysis of the development and importance of green entrepreneurship, establishing it as a major force behind the global sustainability agenda. It provides important insights into environmental stewardship and sustainable development by pointing up research gaps and future initiatives.

Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasi dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Perusahaan Agribisnis LQ45: Stufi Kasus PT. Astra Agro Lestari.Tbk

The current economic climate is experiencing rapid growth, prompting companies to compete in enhancing their services to attract and retain consumers. The role of human resources as a key driver in companies becomes increasingly crucial, where leadership style and work motivation play significant roles in optimizing employee performance. This study aims to identify the impact of transformational leadership style and work motivation on employee performance at agribusiness companies listed in LQ45, specifically PT. Astra Agro Lestari Tbk, both simultaneously and partially, and to determine which variable has a dominant effect between the two. This research employs an explanatory research approach with a survey method, where data are collected through questionnaires, interviews, literature reviews, and documentation. The sample consists of 40 respondents, and data analysis is conducted using multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that: (1) Transformational Leadership Style (X1) has a t-value of 0.319, which exceeds the t-table value of 0.279, with a significance value of 0.00, which is less than α= 0.05, demonstrating that transformational leadership style has a significant impact on employee performance at PT. Astra Agro Lestari Tbk; (2) Work Motivation (X2) has a t-value of 1.615, which is greater than the t-table value of 0.279, with a significance value of 0.002, also less than α= 0.05, indicating that work motivation significantly affects employee performance; (3) The analysis reveals an F-value of 112.362 with a probability of 0.000, which is below 0.05, indicating that both transformational leadership style and work motivation simultaneously have a significant effect on employee performance.