Client Influence Research Articles

Parents at‐risk and their children: intersections of gender role attitudes and parenting practices

AbstractExisting research demonstrates that parent and child gender may influence important aspects of family relationships; however, most research in this area has been conducted with non‐clinical samples. As clinicians, it is important to consider how gender impacts family relationships, particularly among vulnerable families. This study examined the intersections of gender role attitudes and parenting practices among 34 parents involved with the child welfare system and referred for clinical intervention. Using a mixed methods design, themes regarding gender role beliefs and parenting practices were found through qualitative interviews with parents. Findings suggested that fathers felt responsible for financially providing for their families and expressed challenges in communicating with mothers, and mothers described challenges they face because of a lack of father involvement. Parents also discussed a perceived need to monitor daughters closely while fostering the independence of their sons. Results of the qualitative analyses were supported by quantitative findings indicating significant differences in harsh and inconsistent discipline practices and clear expectations for girls compared to boys. The discussion addresses implications for clinicians, including how a feminist family therapy perspective may help promote client influence over traditional gender norms by questioning gender role attitudes and exploring alternate narratives that may impact family dynamics.

노인요양시설의 직장 내 클라이언트 폭력이 요양보호사의 근골격계질환 자각증상에 미치는 영향에 관한 탐색적 연구

노인요양시설의 직장 내 클라이언트 폭력이 요양보호사의 근골격계질환 자각증상에 미치는 영향에 관한 탐색적 연구

Reexamining the influence of large clients on office-level auditor reporting decisions

Purpose – This paper revisits the Reynolds and Francis’ (2001) study via the use of a more current dataset, incorporation of improvements into the accrual model and the use of actual fee data vs estimates. Using the improved analyses, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether more conservative auditors’ reports on larger clients are still evident. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows Reynolds and Francis (2001) in using a regression model with White-adjusted t-statistics for the discretionary accrual model and a logistic model for going concern analysis. The most current discretionary accrual model is used to improve the original model, use actual fee data (not available previously), and add analyses using the two components of total fees (i.e. audit and non-audit fees). Findings – As opposed to Reynolds and Francis (2001), the results show that the Big Five auditors are less conservative with higher-paying clients as they allow their clients to have more discretionary accruals. While Reynolds and Francis (2001) found that auditors are more likely to report going concern opinions for higher-paying clients, the results in this paper does not show any difference in the propensity of auditors to issue going concern opinions. Originality/value – This study replicates Reynolds and Francis (2001) using more recent US data, applying the most recent discretionary accrual model, using the actual fee data, and adding analyses using total fees decomposition.

Can Institutional Investors Bias Real Estate Portfolio Appraisals? Evidence from the Market Downturn

This paper investigates the extent to which institutional investors may have influenced independent real estate appraisals during the financial crisis. A conceptual model of the determinants of client influence on real estate appraisals is proposed. It is suggested that the extent of clients’ ability and willingness to bias appraisal outputs is contingent upon market and regulatory environments (ethical norms and legal and institutional frameworks), the salience of the appraisal(s) to the client, financial incentives for the appraiser to respond to client pressure, organisational culture, the level of moral reasoning of both individual clients and appraisers, client knowledge and the degree of appraisal uncertainty. The potential of client influence to bias ostensibly independent real estate appraisals is examined using the opportunity afforded by the market downturn commencing in 2007 in the UK. During the market turbulence at the end of 2007, the motivations of different types of owners to bias appraisals diverged clearly and temporarily provided a unique opportunity to assess potential appraisal bias. We use appraisal-based performance data for individual real estate assets to test whether there were significant ownership effects on performance during this period. The results support the hypothesis that real estate appraisals in this period reflected the differing needs of clients.

Narrations of Violence – Strength Approach in Youth Work

The case of a delinquent hard-to-reach client shows the possibilities and limits of the strength approach in youth work with delinquent adolescents. Issues such as ‚How does information about the delinquency of a client influence social workers before even have started to attend to a case?' or ‚What is necessary to maintain a positive attitude in morally problematic cases?' are focused in the paper. The methods of strength approach refer not only to the cognition, sensations and action of the client but to those of the professional as well. In this regard the human concept social workers have developed affects the processes and dynamics of empowerment.

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIENT INFLUENCE ON PROPERTY VALUATION IN MALAYSIA: DO CLIENT SIZE AND SIZE OF VALUE ADJUSTMENT MATTER?

Client influence on property valuation has been an emerging theme of behavioural research in the real estate discipline. Studies on valuers’ decision-making behaviour imply that client influence is an important source of judgemental bias. Academic interest in client influence research has evolved from identifying the existence of client pressure to studies that explain the mechanism of client influence. A questionnaire survey was administered to valuers to measure their perception with regard to factors affecting client influence in Malaysia. The effect of client size and size of value adjustment requested by clients on valuation were also tested in a behavioural experiment. The survey revealed that valuers in Malaysia perceived client characteristics and valuer characteristics as some of the most important factors affecting client influence on valuations. It was found that factors such as type of client, size of client, integrity of valuer and experience of valuer could potentially impact on the amount and type of influence exerted on valuations. The results of the logistic regression model indicated that neither the client size nor magnitude of value adjustment requested by client affected the decisions of valuers to alter valuation outcome.

Clients’ means of influence on mortgage valuation in Nigeria

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate client influence on mortgage valuation in Nigeria to establish and rank the means of influence clients employ, and the impact of firm characteristics on client influence.Design/methodology/approach– A combination of cross-sectional survey and focus groups research designs was adopted. Questionnaire structured on five-point Likert format was used to collect data from a sample of valuation firms in five Nigerian cities. Descriptive statistics,χ2, and moderated hierarchical linear model were used for data analysis.Findings– Clients’ means of influence on valuation are more of subtle approach than threat or coercion. The most prevalent means are respectively, plea for assistance, promise of continued retainership on banks’ valuer panels, and disclosing the loan amount. Client influence differs across cities; firm characteristics have no influence on client pressure.Practical implications– The research provides basis for valuation bodies to review practice rules and standards and seek for legislation for valuer independence. It can serve as material for teaching and training in professional ethics.Social implications– Biased valuations jeopardises credit risk mitigation process with potential for destabilising banks, finance sector, and consequences for the economy.Originality/value– The study provides empirical evidence of the nature of client influence across several major Nigerian cities. In contrast to existing Nigerian studies that focus on single cities, the study covers several cities. It therefore provides a broad basis for problem-solving and decision-making.

Crying as communication in psychotherapy: The influence of client and therapist attachment dimensions and client attachment to therapist on amount and type of crying.

Nelson (2005) associated 3 types of crying (inhibited, protest, despair) with 3 dimensions of attachment (avoidant, anxious, and secure). To test this theory, trained judges rated the intensity of inhibition, protest, and despair in 347 crying episodes for 40 clients and 14 therapists in 1,074 psychotherapy sessions. Crying occurred once out of every 7 sessions, and usually was characterized by protest or inhibition. Pre-therapy attachment dimensions of both therapist and client influenced crying. Therapists with high attachment avoidance had clients who cried frequently but less over time, whereas therapists with high attachment anxiety had clients who cried with more protest over time. Clients with high attachment anxiety initially cried with more protest and inhibition, but decreased over time, whereas clients with low attachment anxiety increased protest over time. Throughout the course of psychotherapy, therapists who were seen by their clients as establishing a secure attachment elicited more overall crying and a higher intensity of protest, whereas therapists who were seen by their clients as establishing insecure attachments had clients who cried less. Clients who established a secure or avoidant relationship with their therapists, relative to other clients of that therapist, cried infrequently and with inhibition, whereas clients who established a preoccupied relationship cried relatively often. Changes are suggested for Nelson's (2005) typology.

Client influence on valuation: valuers’ motives to succumb

Client influence has become a major concern in property valuation. Focusing on mortgage valuations, the study investigated the motives for Nigerian valuers to succumb to client influence from their own perception. A combination of cross-sectional survey and focus group research designs was adopted. A questionnaire in a 5-point Likert format was used to collect data from a sample of valuation firms and weighted mean was used to rank the variables. Descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test were employed for data analysis. The results showed that corruption and indiscipline in the society, valuers’ fear of losing their clients and greed among valuers, respectively, are the strongest motives for valuers to succumb to client influence. The hypothesis tests confirmed the existence of these and other motives. The study concluded that the motives for valuers to succumb to client influence revolve around the business environment, local economic situation, ethical issues, enforcement of discipline and valuers’ experience. However, there is no justification for valuers to compromise their independence and yield to client pressure to bias valuation. The findings raise questions about the quality of valuation practice in Nigeria, particularly the reliability of valuation outcomes, the credibility of valuation reports and the integrity of valuers.

Does Pressure to Satisfy Clients Influence How Auditors Perceive and Respond to Client Persuasion?

Does Pressure to Satisfy Clients Influence How Auditors Perceive and Respond to Client Persuasion?

Residential Real Estate Appraisal Bias in the Absence of Client Feedback

Client and transaction price feedback, which implicitly includes client feedback, have been found to introduce an upward bias in appraisal judgments. However, new legislation such as the Dodd-Frank Act eliminates client influence on residential appraisers by introducing appraisal management companies as intermediaries between appraisers and lenders. In this study, we investigate whether the transaction price feedback-induced bias persists in the absence of client (lender) feedback. Using experimental design and residential expert appraisers, we find that the biasing effect of transaction price feedback on appraisal judgments has been eliminated. This indicates the effectiveness of the new legislation in reducing lender-induced residential appraisal bias.

The client's influence on collaborative and distributed project success

Today, project teams often work in complex collaborative and distributed settings, especially when multinational firms or international projects are involved. Studies on collaborative and distributed projects have attempted to identify and measure the factors that influence project success. Many models have been proposed, reflecting the rising importance of this research area. However, few authors have explored the client’s contribution to project success. This article presents a theoretical overview of: a) distribution and collaboration practises in technology industries; b) client involvement in project management. The empirical results of a study in Canadian firms are then presented. The results support the positive contribution to project success of certain dimensions of client involvement. A more surprising result suggests that client distance has little impact on the various dimensions of collaboration or involvement. The results highlight how collaboration between the client and the project team contributes to project success: a good client-team relationship appears to be particularly beneficial for projects teams as they cope with complex environments.

The relational field of body psychotherapy

Embodied and relational, vital and reflective, psychotherapists engage in a unique encounter with clients. The psychotherapist and client influence each other moment-to-moment, often without awareness throughout therapy. Interactive regulation operates on the level of body sensations, feelings, imagination,1 thinking and motor activity. This embodied reciprocal and relational engagement is at the heart of the therapeutic process. This relational body–mind perspective is drawn from humanistic psychotherapy, relational body psychotherapy, relational psychoanalysis, findings from infant development research and neuroscience.

Environmentally driven technical innovation by Australian construction SMEs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether technical innovations by construction industry small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with an environmental focus, require any specific circumstances for successful marketplace delivery. Design/methodology/approach – A value tree of significant factors was developed from a literature review. This was tested by a survey of established technical innovators within SMEs in the area of Sydney and environs, using analytic hierarchy process methodology. Findings – The regulatory environment was demonstrated to be much more important to environmental innovators than to others. Conversely the influence of clients and end users was less significant for the environmentally focused innovators. Research limitations/implications – The sample size was necessarily small because the subjects were all peer recognised technical innovators. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences between environmentally focused and other innovations among the survey respondents. Social implications – Performance-based standards were seen to be significant enablers for environmentally focused innovation delivery. A degree of flexibility in building regulations may be crucial to innovation delivery by SMEs. Originality/value – The paper stresses the importance for regulators of reaching an understanding of the restrictions that prescriptive standards may put of those seeking to improve the environmental performance of the construction industry.

Job search motivation of part-time or unemployed Japanese college graduates

AbstractWe clarify how individuals actively interact with socio-cultural contexts to attain regular employment in Japan. Based on a large sample (N = 3,512) of part-time employed and unemployed college graduates (23–39 years old), we found that: Career decision making self-efficacy predicted job search; a lack of both hope and fulfillment motivated job search, while having hope promoted it; wishing for perfect vocation and being free from both inclination towards personal interests and passivity motivated job search. Clients’ desire for “a perfect vocation,” should not necessarily be considered as a career barrier but, perhaps, rather as an asset for motivating job search. Counselors should seek to better understand the influence of clients’ socio-cultural contexts on their career attitudes.

Re-discovering voice: Korean immigrant women in group music therapy

This article discusses group music therapy work with six older Korean immigrant women residing in New York. The women received weekly group music therapy sessions for a 6-month period. With each client belonging to four major subculture groups (Korean, immigrant, older adults, and women), attention was paid to the impact of subculture on group dynamics and the therapeutic process. Particular focus was placed on the influence of clients’ cultural adjustments, their gender role, the types of gender issues which emerged in sessions, and the clients’ use of music as a medium to increase their awareness of and to work through social–political oppression experienced during their cultural adjustment phase. The effective management of acculturative stress using music was also discussed. Music therapists are advised to take into account specific cultural considerations and the gender roles of their clients to better serve them. Clinical recommendations are further discussed in the article.

Influence of clients’ personality and individual characteristics on the effectiveness of a career counselling intervention

Clients’ personality traits and individual characteristics, such as age, gender, reason for seeking counselling, and further compounding problems in their personal or academic lives, may pose risk factors that render career decision making difficult and may also impact the overall effectiveness of a career counselling intervention. Neuroticism and conscientiousness as well as clients’ age and gender directly affected clients’ satisfaction with life and certain aspects of their career indecision scores before participating in our short-term career counselling intervention. Career counsellors can use personality and career-specific and career-non-specific instruments to tailor career counselling interventions to meet clients’ individual needs.

Public Security Forces with Private Funding: Local Army Entrepreneurship in Peru and Ecuador

In Latin America's young democracies, actors in the private sector may infl u- ence military security work through resource transfers, with implications for state ac- countability and democracy in the region. This analysis fi nds that in Ecuador and Peru local army commanders—who frequently decide when and where army operations are conducted—make decisions not according to technical evaluations of security require- ments but rather on the basis of how much local clients pay. The article's local political economy perspective enables us to identify client infl uence, even in cases in which cli- ent and national security interests overlap. The study also helps bridge two literatures: research on Latin American civil-military relations, which has devoted a great amount of attention to military autonomy vis-a-vis the government without systematically ana- lyzing third-party infl uence on armed forces, and scholarship on security privatization, which has examined such third-party fi nancing but without underscoring the fact that clients can engage with the military directly, bypassing the national government. Following military rule in Latin America (1970s-1990s), the region's armed forces have largely returned to the barracks to focus on security work, and yet there is a dearth of analysis of what missions these militaries perform and who benefi ts from the missions. This article fi nds that by buying militaries' services, actors other than the national government can affect the behavior of Latin Amer- ican armed forces. Through an in-depth look at the Ecuadorian and Peruvian armies, the study shows that army unit commanders—who decide when and where army operations are conducted—make decisions not drawing on their technical evaluations of security requirements but rather in response to local cli- ent payments, mainly from private companies in extractive industries. The ar- ticle's local political economy perspective enables us to identify client infl uence, even in cases in which client and national security interests overlap. The study helps bridge two literatures: research on Latin American civil-military relations,

Transaction based indices for the UK commercial real estate market: an exploration using IPD transaction data

The nature of private commercial real estate markets presents difficulties for monitoring market performance. Assets are heterogeneous and spatially dispersed, trading is infrequent and there is no central marketplace in which prices and cash flows of properties can be easily observed. Appraisal based indices represent one response to these issues. However, these have been criticised on a number of grounds: that they may understate volatility, lag turning points and be affected by client influence issues. Thus, this paper reports econometrically derived transaction based indices of the UK commercial real estate market using Investment Property Databank (IPD) data, comparing them with published appraisal based indices. The method is similar to that presented by Fisher, Geltner, and Pollakowski (2007) and used by Massachusett, Institute of Technology (MIT) on National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (NCREIF) data, although it employs value rather than equal weighting. The results show stronger growth from the transaction based indices in the run up to the peak in the UK market in 2007. They also show that returns from these series are more volatile and less autocorrelated than their appraisal based counterparts, but, surprisingly, differences in turning points were not found. The conclusion then debates the applications and limitations these series have as measures of market performance.

Factors in Client–Clinician Interaction That Influence Hearing Aid Adoption

The influence of client-clinician interactions has not been emphasized in hearing health care, despite the extensive evidence of the impact of the provider-patient interaction on health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify factors in the client-clinician interaction that may influence hearing aid adoption. Thirteen adults who had received a hearing aid recommendation within the previous 3 months and 10 audiologists participated in a study to generate, sort, and rate the importance of factors in client-clinician interaction that may influence the hearing aid purchase decision. A concept mapping approach was used to define meaningful clusters of factors. Quantitative analysis and qualitative interpretation of the statements resulted in eight concepts. The concepts in order of their importance are (a) Ensuring client comfort, (b) Understanding and meeting client needs, (c) Client-centered traits and actions, (d) Acknowledging client as an individual, (e) Imposing undue pressure and discomfort, (f) Conveying device information by clinician, (g) Supporting choices and shared decision making, and (h) Factors in client readiness. Two overarching themes of client-centered interaction and client empowerment were identified. Results highlight the influence of the client-clinician interaction in hearing aid adoption and suggest the possibility of improving hearing aid adoption by empowering clients through a client-centered interaction.