Clidemia Hirta Research Articles

Screening potential plants in the gold mining area for phytoremediation approach

Abstract Heavy metal waste can be caused by anthropogenic activity. This waste can pollute soil and water far from the source. One of the ways to immobilize the heavy metals is using a plant that can accumulate them. This research aimed to screen potential plants that can be used as remediation agents due to ASGM activity in the post-mining area. This study was conducted at PT Napal Umbar Picung (NUP), Tanggamus Regency, Lampung. The study collected the potential hyperaccumulator plant from contaminated areas. Plant samples were dried at 80°C for three days in a ventilated oven. The dried samples were powdered using the Philips Blender 5000 series into fine-grained sizes. The powder samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The highest concentrations of As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the shoot tissues of ASGM at PT NUP were 285.8 mg/kg, 11.7 mg/kg, 258,320 mg/kg, 501.6 mg/kg, 57.4 mg/kg, 806.2 mg/kg, and 4,520 mg/kg. The results showed that the hyperaccumulator plant of Hg was Alpinia galanga. Christella sp. Chromolaena odorata, Clidemia hirta, Melastoma malabathricum, and Nephrolepis cordifolia. This study can conclude that the plants can be used as a phytoremediation approach to heavy metals contamination such as As, Cd, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, and especially Hg.

Vegetation structure of associated flora in Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Binn. (Araceae) habitats, North Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra

Amorphophallus gigas, a native aroid species found in the tropical forests of Sumatra, Indonesia, lacks robust population data despite previous spatial distribution studies. While not officially protected, A. gigas is considered rare in field documentation and faces potential habitat loss due to its proximity to the popular corpse flower. This 2023 study conducted in Halongonan District, North Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia, aimed to gather information on the habitat characteristics and associated flora of A. gigas to guide land conservation initiatives. The research focused on a forested area within three villages: Bargot Topong Julu, Napa Lancat, and Pangirkiran, utilizing a purposive random sampling approach. Plots covering 1 ha each were selected based on Amorphophallus in the generative phase across various land covers. Ecological analysis and indices were derived from collected vegetation data. The survey unveiled varying numbers of generative and vegetative A. gigas individuals across the three study sites. The understorey community at each site exhibited different levels of association with A. gigas, with Selaginella willdenowii, Clidemia hirta, and Leersia virginica showing strong positive correlations. The floral community in A. gigas habitats displayed diverse species richness and diversity across different growth stages and locations. Findings suggest that altitude, slope, pH, light intensity, air temperature, and humidity may influence A. gigas abundance in distinct ways. This study offers valuable insights into the biological and ecological factors influencing the distribution and abundance of A. gigas populations, providing guidance for conservation and management efforts.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANALGESIK FRAKSI DAUN SENGGANI (Clidemia hirta [L] D.Don) PADA MENCIT PUTIH GALUR SWISS WEBSTER

Pain is a sensation that can interfere with activities and reduce the quality of life of the sufferer if left untreated and left prolonged. Senggani is one of the plants that contains flavonoid compounds and steroids that have analgesic activity. This study aimed to test the analgesic activity of senggani leaf fraction (Clidemia hirta [L] D.Don) in white mice swiss webster strain induced acetic acid and determine the fraction that most effectively produces analgesic activity. The type of research conducted is true experimental design based on Complete Randomized Design (RAL). The test animals used were 25 heads divided into 5 groups with 5 replications, namely negative control (CMC 1%), positive control (dexamethasone) and the test group of senggani leaf fraction, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions. The data obtained were analyzed using an alternative test from One Way ANOVA namely Kruskal Wallis with a follow-up test post hoc Mann Whitney test. The results showed that the fraction of senggani leaves in all types of solvents had analgesic activity compared to negative controls (CMC 1%) with a significant difference (p0.05). From these results it is concluded that the senggani leaf fraction can be used as an analgesic.

Effectiveness of glyphosate potassium 660 g/L herbicide in controlling weeds at productive tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)

Tea ranks among Indonesia's prominent export commodities, and international market competition necessitates the cultivation of tea plants with maximum efficiency to sustain production levels. An eminent challenge in preserving the productivity of tea plants is the pervasive growth of weeds, which engender competitive pressures on tea plants, consequently diminishing crop yields. This research was conducted during January to May, 2023 to test the effectiveness of Glyphosate Potassium 660 g/L herbicide in controlling various types of weeds in tea plantations. Glyphosate potassium herbicide works by inhibiting the 5-enolpiruvil-shikimat-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme which plays a role in the formation of aromatic amino acids in plants. The research was conducted at the PTPN VIII Rancabali tea plantation, Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments and four replications, resulting in 28 experimental plots. Treatments included the application of Glyphosate Potassium 660 g/L herbicide with doses of 0.75 L/ha, 1.125 L/ha, 1.5 L/ha, 1.875 L/ha, 2.25 L/ha, manual weeding, and control (without treatment). The results showed that the herbicide with Glyphosate Potassium 660 g/L active ingredient at doses ranging from 0.75 L/ha to 2.25 L/ha was effective to control broadleaf weeds such as Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga parviflora, and Diodia sarmentosa, grassy weeds such as Setaria plicata and Axonopus compressus and other weeds (Drymaria cordata, Synedrella nodyflora, Erechtithes valerianifolia and Clidemia hirta) until the observation at 12 Weeks After Application (WAA) without causing phytotoxicity on the tea plants.

Antibacterial efficacy of Clidemia hirta leaf extract against pathogenic fish bacteria

Bacterial diseases pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems, and the use of antibiotics to address these problems can have harmful effects on both fish and their environment. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for safe natural alternatives to treat fish diseases. This research investigates the antibacterial properties of an extract from Clidemia hirta against various bacterial strains, including A. salmonicida, P. aeruginosa, E. ictaluri, A. hydrophila, V. alginolyticus, and E. tarda. Phytochemical analysis of the extract identified the presence of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids. The antibacterial effectiveness of the C. hirta extract was assessed using the agar diffusion method at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/mL. The findings indicated that the extract significantly inhibited the growth of A. salmonicida (16.5 mm to 23.3 mm), P. aeruginosa (17.3 mm to 23.5 mm), E. ictaluri (15.3 mm to 23.5 mm), A. hydrophila (15.3 mm to 21.8 mm), V. alginolyticus (16.8 mm to 22.8 mm), and E. tarda (15.0 mm to 22.8 mm). In summary, the extract from C. hirta shows potential as a natural agent to control pathogenic bacteria affecting fish.

Defaunated and invaded insular tropical rainforests will not recover alone: Recruitment limitation factors disentangled by hierarchical models of spontaneous and assisted regeneration

Abstract Most tropical forests are now severely degraded and their ability to recover is highly dependent on frugivores which ensure seed dispersal for most woody plants. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises major concerns about tropical forest succession, but few field studies have been conducted to disentangle recruitment limitations during disrupted succession. This study took place on Réunion (Mascarenes) where all large native frugivores have been extinct since human colonisation in 1665 and where multiple invasions threaten native ecosystems. We set up 20 experimental blocks on a lava flow dated back to 1800, in plant‐impoverished post‐defaunation vegetation bordered by old‐growth forests. We assessed fecundity, seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of the complete fleshy‐fruited plant community and used Bayesian analyses to disentangle the impact of multiple factors on these key processes. In the same blocks, we sowed four native trees assumed to be disperserless to test their capacity to establish, controlling for two additional post‐dispersal limitations (seed predation and competition with invasive plants). On the flow, small‐seeded native plants were fairly dispersed but did not recruit, probably due to strong competition with invasive plants; the few native species that recruited somehow were mostly medium‐seeded plants that were still dispersed; large‐seeded plants were absent from seed rain (which shows that invasive frugivores did not replace extinct ones) and subsequently from spontaneous recruitment. Instead, some alien plants, notably the tiny‐seeded highly dispersed Clidemia hirta and the medium‐seeded Psidium cattleianum largely dominated seedling recruitment. Native plants recruited better at the forest margin, including some large‐seeded species nearby mother trees. Sown large‐seeded species were able to emerge and survive in all plots whatever the treatment, which demonstrates that dispersal loss was the primary cause of regeneration failure on the flow. Synthesis. The strong modulation of the establishment capacity of native plants by seed mass shows that invasive plants win by forfeit of large‐seeded plants after native frugivores loss. Our study emphasises the fundamental role of dispersal loss and competition with invasive plants in the disruption of ecological succession, as well as the urgency of restoring seed dispersal and strengthening biosecurity regulations.

The Existence of Undergrowth at Forest Garden Stands in Grand Forest Park, Lampung Province

The existence of undergrowth has an important role as an ecosystem both from an ecological and economic perspective. However, the composition and diversity of undergrowth in an area depends on the land use system. This research aimed to know the species composition and diversity of undergrowth at forest garden stands. Data collection was carried out with a vegetation survey using nested rectangular plots with a sampling intensity of 1%. The data collected included undergrowth species, the number of individuals for each species, and tree species as components of forest garden stands. Data were analyzed by calculating density, frequency, important value index, and Shannon diversity index. The results showed that the undergrowth that exists under forest garden stands were 38 species dominated by 12 species, namely Acalypha australis, Asystasia gangetica, Clidemia hirta, Starchytarpeta jamaicensis, Mikania micrantha, Peperomia pellucidia, Setaria barbata, Andropogon aciculatus, Alpinia galanga, Diplazium esculentum, Paederia foetida, and Crassocephalum crepidioides. The forest garden stands were composed of 43 tree species dominated by 4 tree species, namely Durio zibethinus, Aleurites moluccana, Myristica fragrans, and Gnetum gnemon. The level of undergrowth diversity was in the medium category with an H value of 1.540, indicating the diverse of undergrowth species.

Bioprospecting antiobesity and anticholesterol activity of ethanolic extract of Clidemia hirta leaves grown at Merapi Mountain National Park in a high fat diet-induced obese Swiss Webster mice

Clidemia hirta is one of the invasive species. Its presence is undesirable in conservation areas such as Merapi Mount National Park. Bioprospecting its antiobesity activity could not only be the alternative solution to solve obesity problems but also to control their presence in Merapi Mount National Park. This study aims to determine the antiobesity activity of the ethanolic extract of C. hirta against the Swiss Webster strain male mice induced high-fat diet. Dried leaves were extracted using ethanol 96% with the maceration method for 48 hours. The extract was investigated for its secondary metabolites’ quantification for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, and total polyphenol content. Then the antiobesity test was carried out by dividing six treatment groups consisting of 4 mice. The treatment group was divided into normal control, negative control, positive control (orlistat 60 mg/kg body weight), and extract doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg body weight. The parameter observed was the activity of mice, feces, feed residue, body weight, and total blood cholesterol levels for each group of mice during the treatment for 28 days. The results showed that extracts contained 35.56 ± 1.99 mg QE/g, 2.651 ± 5.10 mg TAE/g, 4.500 ± 0.49 mg GAE/g, 0.305 ± 0.85 mg AE/g. Ethanolic extract of C. hirta leaves showed antiobesity and anticholesterol activity compared to positive control. Clidemia hirta is a potential plant to be developed as a product for antiobesity and anticholesterol.

Herbaceous angiosperms, pteridophytes and shrubs cocktail for rapid ground cover for soil and water bioengineering in the Caribbean

Among the Nature-based Solutions currently spreading worldwide, soil and water bioengineering techniques, are used to stabilize hill slopes, earth embankment, and riverbanks. They consist in the use of living plants, sometimes coupled with dead materials, to control erosion and restore ecosystems.These approaches remain to be adapted to Neotropics and particularly to the Caribbean Islands biodiversity hotspot. The success of soil and water bioengineering designs depends on the selection of suitable native plant species and considering the hydrodynamic and geotechnical processes. In the Caribbean, data are available concerning woody species but are still lacking for the other constitutive components of riparian plant communities. The objective of this study was to identify the riparian forest understory species best suited for use in SWBE at their establishment phase. In a three-month ex situ experiment, we measured the survival rate, biomass production and root growth of propagules (cuttings and bulbils) of eleven native Caribbean species (5 herbs, 4 pteridophytes, 2 shrubs) occurring naturally in a variety of riparian environments. All the herb and shrub species studied displayed growth vigour adequate for a successful inclusion in soil and water bioengineering techniques. Among herbs, Commelina diffusa, Hymenachne amplexicaulis and Sphagneticola trilobata performed the best. Gynerium sagittatum and Dieffenbachia seguine, despite their slower growth and root development, remain suitable. Regarding the two shrubs, Ludwigia octovalvis gave better results than Clidemia hirta. Among the pteridophytes, Adiantum latifolium, Thelypteris reticulata and particularly Lycopodium cernuum appeared poorly suited to soil and water bioengineering. Acrostichum danaeifolium was the best-performing pteridophyte. These first experimental results focusing on the propagation and establishment of native herbs, pteridophytes and shrubs, allowed to identify a diversity of species of interest as cuttings for soil and water bioengineering and practical clues for their use in the Neotropics.

Weed Availability as A Ruminant Forage Source on Coffee Farmers' Land in Kandang Village, Indonesia

The study aimed to calculate the availability of weeds as a source of forage for livestock in coffee farmers' land, Kandang Village, Seberang Musi District, Kepahiang Regency, Indonesia. The study employed the survey approach, with observations in the field and a questionnaire distributed to 81 families as the research sample. The research sample comprises 42 hectares of land. Weed samples were collected on a 1 m x 1 m square plot. The 17 squared plots were set randomly on the research site to identify weed species, production, nutrient content, and land-holding capacity of ruminants. The results of the study showed that there were 14 types of weeds in the field, namely Setaria plicata, Asystasia gangetica, Imperata cylindrica, Mikania micrantha, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Arachis pintoi, Kyllinga monocephala Rottb., Digitaria adscenden, Peperomia pellucida, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Borreria alata, Clidemia hirta, and Mimosa pudica. Weed production was estimated at 26.4 tons/ha/year. Five types of weeds contain good nutrition to be used as feed for ruminants. The weeds were S. plicata with water content (11.87), ash (7.11), fat (0.50), protein (11.15), crude fiber (26.43); B. alata, water content (9.52), ash (8.92), fat (1.66), protein (13.14), crude fiber (19.67); C. crepidioides, water content (15.80), ash (21.03), fat (1.47), protein (19.46), crude fiber (9.37); M. micrantha, water content (11.40), ash (6.53), fat (2.08), protein (12.93), crude fiber (17.35) and A. gangetica, water content (11.405), ash (9,135), fat (1,635), protein (13,645), crude fiber (23,91). The land-holding capacity of ruminants reaches two livestock units per year.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Senduduk Bulu (Clidemia hirta L.) terhadap Perkecambahan dan Pertumbuhan Gulma (Praxelis clematidea)

Weeds are plants whose existence is not expected by farmers because they interfere with cultivated plants. But there are weeds that can produce phenolic compounds such as Clidemia hirta L which can be used as bioherbicides. This study aims to determine the effect of Clidemia hirta L. leaf extract on the germination and growth of Praxelis clematidea weeds. The research was carried out from June 2021 to September 2021 at the Weed Science Laboratory and Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 6 treatments with concentrations of Clidemia hirta L leaf extract, namely 0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0; and 7.5%. Each treatment was repeated 6 times to obtain 72 experimental units. The observed variables are germination, crown height, root length, dry weight, and weed poisoning level. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the 5% level. The results showed that the germination of Praxelis clematidea weed was significantly inhibited by the treatment of Clidemia hirta L leaf extract with a concentration of 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0; and 7.5%. While concentrations of 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%, and 7.5% Clidemia hirta L. leaf extract inhibited the growth of Praxelis clematidea weeds in the greenhouse. Key words: Clidemia hirta L., extract, Praxelis clematidea, germination, growth

Evidence of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasion in degraded Bornean forests

AbstractIntact tropical forests are generally considered to be resistant to invasions by exotic species, although the shrub Clidemia hirta (Melastomataceae) is highly invasive in tropical forests outside its native range. Release from natural enemies (e.g., herbivores and pathogens) contributes to C. hirta invasion success where native melastomes are absent, and here we examine the role of enemies when C. hirta co‐occurs with native Melastomataceae species and associated herbivores and pathogens. We study 21 forest sites within agricultural landscapes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, recording herbivory rates in C. hirta and related native Melastoma spp. plants along two 100‐m transects per site that varied in canopy cover. Overall, we found evidence of enemy release; C. hirta had significantly lower herbivory (median occurrence of herbivory per plant = 79% of leaves per plant; median intensity of herbivory per leaf = 6% of leaf area) than native melastomes (93% and 20%, respectively). Herbivory on C. hirta increased when closer to native Melastoma plants with high herbivory damage, and in more shaded locations, and was associated with fewer reproductive organs on C. hirta. This suggests host‐sharing by specialist Melastomataceae herbivores is occurring and may explain why invasion success of C. hirta is lower on Borneo than at locations without related native species present. Thus, natural enemy populations may provide a “biological control service” to suppress invasions of exotic species (i.e., biotic resistance). However, lower herbivory pressures in more open canopy locations may make highly degraded forests within these landscapes more susceptible to invasion.Abstract in Malay is available with online material.

Optimasi pelarut etanol air dalam proses ekstraksi terhadap kadar senyawa steroid ekstrak daun senduduk bulu (Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don)

Medicinal plants are closely related to the chemical content contained in these plants, especially biologically active substances. The content of chemical compounds found in Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don is a compound of tannin (catecholamine dan pirogalotannin), dioxiantraquinone, steroid, saponin, glicoside dan fenol. Steroids on plants show cholesterol-lowering effects, anticarcinogenic, bioinsecticide, antibacterial, antifungi and antidiabetic. The purpose of this study was to determine the highest concentration of steroid compounds with a comparison of ethanol-water concentrations in Clidemia hirta leaf extract. Experimental design in this study used Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). Qualitative analysis of Clidemia hirta extract was performed by thin layer chromatography with a stationary phase of silica gel F254 and a mobile phase of toluene : ethyl acetate : ethanol (3:1:1). The determination of steroid concentrations is carried out by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) in densitometric. Quantitative data on steroid concentration of Clidemia hirta leaf obtained from each experiment were analyzed with the Simplex Lattice Design approach. The highest concentration of steroid compounds in the ethanol of Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don leaves extract after optimization is found in 100% ethanol solvent.

Species Diversity and The Importance of Charismatic Medicinal Plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, Johor

Medicinal plants in peat swamp have not received much attention in Malaysia in recent years due to land conversion in this peat swamp area. This study aimed to record species diversity of medicinal plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, to develop an interactive website containing medicinal plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve and to collect feedback on user experience using the website by using an online survey. Data about species diversity was measured by Shannon-Wiener Index by doing random sampling with 10 m x 5 m quadrat. There are 21 species (14 families) of medicinal plants were identified. Clidemia hirta, Spondias dulcis andVitex pinnatawere among the highest number of individuals of each species that could be found. Fever, wound treatment, and stomachache, were the most common illness that uses these medicinal plants. Decoction method was the most typical way to prepare this herbal medicine. Koompassia excelsa is one of the new records of medicinal plants found in this Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve which can lower cardiovascular risk, act as an antioxidant and help in wound healing. An interactive website was developed using StoryMap ArcGIS to document the collection. Based on feedback for the website, most of the respondents agreed that the website has good content and user-friendly. This documentation is crucial to preserve our natural resources for the future generation.

Potential Extracts of Melastomataceae Species from Mount Merapi National Park as Sunprotection Material with Antioxidation and Antiglycation Activities

Ethanol extracts from the leaves of Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don., and Melastoma affine D. Don., growing in Mount Merapi National Park, Indonesia, had high  antioxidant activity similar to ascorbic acid. Natural substances with high  antioxidant activity potentially inhibit UV-induced skin photoaging. This study  aimed to investigate the sun protection factor (SPF) and antiglycation activity of  C. hirta and M. affine ethanol extracts to identify and obtain candidate  hotoprotective ingredients for sunscreen products. Proximate analysis of extract  simplicial was performed for standardization, and their secondary  metabolites quantified to understand their bioactivities. Flavonoids, alkaloids,  and saponins were quantified using the aluminum chloride, bromocresol green,  and vanillin-sulfuric acid methods, respectively. Phenolic compounds  and tannins were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The C. hirta  extract showed a higher SPF value in UV spectrophotometry, and antiglycation  activity through bovine serum albumin-glucose (BSAglucose) method, than the  M. affine extract. An antioxidant assay using the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl  (DPPH) radical scavenging method confirmed that the C. hirta and M. affine extracts were more potent and had slightly lower antioxidant activity,  respectively, than ascorbic acid. The high bioactivity of C. hirta extract was likely  due to phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins, because these metabolites  were more abundant in C. hirta extract than in M. affine extract.  These results indicated that the ethanol extract of C. hirta leaves has the  potential to be developed as an ingredient of sunscreen products for skin  photoprotection.&nbsp

NATURAL DYE’S PHOTODEGRADATION EFFECT TOWARDS OPTICAL PROPERTIES FOR SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS

Photodegradation effect to natural plant waste under solar irradiation was investigated. Five plants waste namely, Averrhoe Bilimbi, Eugenia Clavifora, Elaies Guineensis, Terminalia cattapa and Clidemia hirta were selected from all over the states. Main purpose of this research was to study the stability of natural dye in presence of sunlight radiation for future solar cell applications. FTIR and UV-Vis absorption were used to investigate the optical properties of dye. Eugenia Clavifora was clearly revealed that it took more than 10 weeks to degrade and required 64% of degradation percentage. Optical energy gap was observed at 2.04 eV before exposure, while 2.15 eV after exposure of sunlight. Efficiency of Eugenia Clavifora hybrid solar cells was leading at the highest performance of 1.33%. This clearly shows that Eugenia Clavifora can be used as a natural photosensitizer thus enhancing the efficiency of any solar cell applications.

Analysis of bioactive compounds from the leaves part of Melastoma malabatrichum, Clidemia hirta, Chromolaena odorata, and Ageratum conyzoides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The broad-leaved weeds Melastoma malabathricum, Clidemia hirta, Chromolaena odorata, and Ageratum conyzoides are characterized as potential weeds due to their high nutritional value and abundance of chemical components for different bioactivities. GC-MS analysis was used in the current study to identify potential bioactive components, mainly for insecticidal activity. Extraction from the leaves of these weeds was done using different solvents like ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The findings of the GC-MS analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract, which has the largest peak area (93.23%), contains the major of the compounds present in the M.malabathricum leaf extract. GC-MS analysis of C.hirta revealed that the major compound is in the ethyl acetate extract with a 50.05% peak area. C.odorata showed the major compound in the ethanol extract with a 70.13% peak area. A.conyzoides shows that the major compound is in acetone extract with a 29.42% peak area. These are the compound name respectively. Methyl 7-octadecenoate for M.malabatrichum, 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl for C.hirta, Palmitic acid, ethyl ester for C.odorata and α-Santalene for A.conyzoides. Some types of compounds found are known to have the potential as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, insecticidal, and others.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Harendong Bulu (Clidemia Hirta) asal Maluku terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus

<p><em>Pleroma urvilleanum (Clidemia hirta) is a plant that is widely found in Maluku, which contains chemical compounds, including tannins (catechols and pyrogalotanins), dioxyanthraquinones, steroids, saponins, glycosides and phenols which of these contents can function as antibacterial. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Pleroma urvilleanum(Clidemia hirta) leaf from Maluku with various concentrations of 5%, 25%, 50% and 75% against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The research design used is an experimental laboratory using the agar diffusion method by means of wells. The results of the study showed that at a concentration of 5%, it has an inhibitory power of 20 mm with a strong category. While at a concentration of 25% it has an inhibitory power of 29 mm, at a concentration of 50% it has an inhibitory power of 34 mm and at a concentration of 75% has an inhibitory power of 35 mm with a very strong category. Conclusion: ethanol extract Pleroma urvilleanum (Clidemia hirta) leaf from Maluku has antibacterial activity against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and the higher the concentration, the greater the antibacterial activity.</em></p><p><em>Keywords: Antibacterial activity</em>, <em>Harendong bulu (Clidemia hirta)</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Moluccas</em></p>

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS GULMA PADA AREAL PERTANAMAN KELAPA DI DESA HATIVE BESAR

Coconut is one of the plantation crops that has decreased production in Ambon City. One of the causes of the decline in coconut production in every planting area in Ambon City is weeds. The decline in coconut production drastically from year to year in Hative Besar Village it is necessary to know the dominant weed types in the coconut plantation area in Hative Besar Village, Ambon City. The hypothesis proposed in this study is that there are dominant weeds in the coconut platation area. This study used the square method to collect data by direct observation in the fields 6 samples of weeds were taken from 6 samples of coconut plants. Qualitative and quantitative data were taken. The data needed ini this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. The dominant weed in the coconut plantation area in Hative Besar Village, Ambon City is the broad leaf weed Clidemia hirta

Composition, structure, and level of weed diversity in oil palm plantation in Pagar Merbau Village, Tanjung Morawa, Indonesia

Weed vegetation growth affects the growth and production of oil palm plants. To control weeds in plantation land, especially by using herbicides or bioherbicides, weed vegetation analysis is needed. This research was conducted to determine the composition, structure, and level of diversity of weeds in oil palm plantations owned by the community of Pagar Merbau village, Tanjung Morawa District. The method used is a descriptive method with sampling technique done by porposive sampling. The results of the analysis showed that weeds found were 7 families, 10 species, and 3153 individuals. Weed species found were: Clidemia hirta, Borreria alata, Mimosa invisa, Setaria barbata, Ageratum conyzoides, Paspalum conjugatum, Ottochloa nodosa, Cyclosorus aridus, Calopogonium mucudoines, Ophioglossum reticulatum. Ottochloa nodosa is a type of weed that has the highest importance value index 66.52% (1323 individuals) and Setaria barbata is a type of weed that has the lowest important value index of 1.00% (4 individuals). Weed diversity index in this oil palm plantation is in the moderate category (H '= 1.3741). The weed control system to be carried out in this oil palm plantation must consider the dosage and types of herbicides and bioherbicides used so that it does not have the potential to reduce the level of diversity of weeds of grass or broadleaf weeds.