Clicking Sound Research Articles

Altyd ’n snaakse woordjie tussen-in: Nama click consonants in post-shift Namaqualand Afrikaans

Several regional varieties of Coloured Afrikaans in the Northern Cape retain lexical items in the aftermath of shift from Khoekhoe-branch languages, predominantly Nama and †Kora. These loaned lexical items are pronounced using click consonants even by entirely monolingual speakers of Afrikaans, implying substrate interference with the Afrikaans phonetic inventory. Unfortunately, very little formal linguistic attention has been paid to these click consonants, and only limited data on their phonetic and phonological properties are available. Documentation of Nama click consonants in monolingual speakers of L1 Namaqualand Afrikaans reveals that the post-shift click inventory is extremely variable, with speakers often employing different click types in different tokens of the same word. A brief phonetic sketch of these loaned click consonants, followed by preliminary phonological and sociohistorical discussion, are compared with similar outcomes from click loan events in the southwestern NTU languages of and Namibia and Botswana. Improved linguistic documentation of click consonants in post-shift speech communities in South Africa is urgently advised.

The effect of the molting cycle on the acoustic characteristics of clicks emitted by Litopenaeus vannamei

In penaeid shrimp, the mandibles are responsible for emitting click sounds when they collide during food intake, which has been used to assess feeding activity by passive acoustic monitoring. However, the acoustic parameters of the clicks could be affected by variations in the thickness of mandible cuticle during the molting cycle. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the molting cycle on the acoustic characteristics of clicks emitted during the feeding activity of Litopenaeus vannamei fed commercial pelleted diet. Shrimp with an average weight of 8.75 ± 1.05 g were individually maintained in 24 tanks in a recirculating water system. A total of 12 animals had their feeding activity individually recorded soon after ecdysis (postmolt group), while another 12 were recorded in the middle of their molting cycle (intermolt group). Recordings took place in anechoic chambers with a hydrophone connected to a digital recorder (sampling rate of 192 kHz), and the click acoustic parameters were characterized in Raven® 1.5 Pro software. After the recordings, the shrimp had their mandibles removed for length measurement and histological analysis of the mandibular cuticle. Body (weight and length) and mandibular measurements did not differ between shrimp groups, but those in the postmolt stage showed significantly lower cuticle thickness. The acoustic characteristics of the clicks were affected by shrimp molting stages, with significantly lower maximum energy (dB) and maximum frequency (kHz) in postmolt shrimp, probably related to their lower mandibular cuticle thickness. These results may contribute to the assessment of shrimp feeding behavior associated with the molting cycle, as well as to the optimization of algorithms controlling acoustic automatic feeders in farming systems.

Recent Advances and Applications of Passive Acoustic Monitoring in Assessing Shrimp Feeding Behaviour Under Laboratory and Farm Conditions

ABSTRACTThe use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has recently been integrated with other noninvasive ethological methodologies to enhance the understanding of shrimp feeding behaviour, as their mandibles emit click sounds during food intake. This review aims to compile recent advances and various applications of PAM in assessing shrimp feeding behaviour under controlled laboratory and farm conditions. It includes a description of key concepts, terms and general methodologies in the field of bioacoustics to facilitate understanding of acoustic characterisation, specific methodologies and the main uses of PAM in shrimp research. Among the primary contributions of PAM in laboratory studies are acoustic characterisation of clicks and mandibular structures associated with their emission for different species; variations in acoustic click parameters related to animal size, feed texture and pellet size; and effects on feeding behaviour caused by shrimp size, stocking density and specific characteristics of artificial diets (texture, formulations, additives and pellet sizes). Finally, future perspectives and recommendations for laboratory studies using PAM are provided. The review highlights the contribution of PAM, which, allied with other ethological methodologies, emerges as a novel tool for researching shrimp behaviour and optimising feed management in aquaculture.

The AnySpeech Project —Open-vocabulary keyword spotting and phonetic transcription in any language

Performing multilingual phonetic analysis is challenging, not least due to the lack of performant tools for performing basic analyses on (non-English) speech data. Without the capacity to perform basic operations such as transcription or search through speech data for understudied languages, critical questions in cross-linguistic phonetic analysis remain elusive [Blasi etal. Trends in Cog. Sci. 26(12), 1153–1170 (2022)]. To this end, we will demonstrate our recent advances towards multilingual representation learning and automatic phonetic transcription, as part of our AnySpeech initiative. Specifically, we will demonstrate two tools. First, the CLAP-IPA model—a phoneme-to-speech model, capable of performing open-vocabulary keyword spotting in any language without any parameter updates, including languages that were not in the training dataset [Zhu et al., NAACL, 750-772 (2024)]. Second, the IPAPack transcription model, a lightweight transcription model, capable of annotating 473 different phones, including those that were lacking in prior models (e.g., click consonants in Bantu languages). We will demonstrate that our models can be easily downloaded and set up on consumer-grade laptops with little effort. We anticipate that our tools will enable researchers to analyze speech recording repositories at scale, unlocking answers to critical questions in cross-linguistic phonetic analysis.

Impaired 40-Hz and intact hierarchical organization mode of auditory steady-state responses among individuals with clinical high-risk for psychosis

BackgroundImpaired gamma band oscillation, specifically 40-Hz auditory steady state response (ASSR) has been robustly found in schizophrenia, while there is relatively little evidence characterizing the ASSR before full-blown psychosis. ObjectiveTo characterize gamma-band ASSR in populations at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). MethodsOne hundred and seven CHR subjects and sixty-five healthy control (HC) subjects were included and completed clinical assessments, the ASSR paradigm of electroencephalography (EEG) and cognitive assessments. Both indices of event-related spectrum perturbation (ERSP) and intertrial coherence (ITC) in response to 20-Hz, 30-Hz and 40-Hz click sounds were respectively qualified and compared between these two groups, as well as the relationship to clinical psychopathology and cognitive function was assessed. ResultsAt 40-Hz click sounds, ERSP in HC group (1.042 ± 0.047) was statistical significantly increased than that in CHR group (0.873 ± 0.036) (p = 0.005)；at 30-Hz, ERSP in HC group (0.536 ± 0.024) was increased than that in CHR group (0.483 ± 0.019), but the difference was trend statistical significance (p = 0.083)；at 20-Hz, ERSP in HC group (0.452 ± 0.017) was not different significantly from CHR group (0.418 ± 0.013) (p = 0.104).ERSP of the HC group was the highest at 40-Hz click sounds, followed by 30-Hz, and the lowest at 20-Hz. The difference between any two of the three ERSP showed statistical significance (30-Hz vs. 40-Hz: p < 0.001; 20-Hz vs. 40-Hz: p < 0.001；20-Hz vs. 30-Hz: p = 0.003). Similarly, ERSP of the CHR group was the highest at 40-Hz click sounds, followed by 30-Hz, and the lowest at 20-Hz. The difference between any two of these three ERSP showed statistical significance (30-Hz vs. 40-Hz: p < 0.001; 20-Hz vs. 40-Hz: p < 0.001；20-Hz vs. 30-Hz: p = 0.002).A statistically significant small positive correlation of 40-Hz ERSP with signal processing speed score was observed in the HC group (ρ = 0.27, p = 0.029). A statistically significant small negative correlation of 40-Hz ERSP with visual learning score was observed in the CHR group (ρ = −0.22, p = 0.023). ConclusionImpaired 40-Hz but undamaged hierarchical organization mode of auditory steady state presented in the CHR populations. Abnormal 40 Hz ASSR for CHR might be associated with cognitive functions, such as information processing speed and visual memory.

Evaluating the Reliability of 'AudiClick': A Click-Based Mobile App for Hearing Loss.

To develop and validate a click-based mobile "Audiclick" app employing click noises for hearing assessments. This prospective comparative study compares the "AudiClick" app as a hearing screening tool to pure tone audiometry. Participants listened to sounds through wired earbud headphones that were connected to an Android or iOS device. The study involved 110 participants aged between 18 to 80 years old. All degrees of hearing loss severity corresponds to pure tone average (p < 0.01) results. The app was also found to be effective at identifying hearing loss (80-99% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy). Test-retest reliability had also shown excellent ICC scores of 0.93. This study demonstrates that a mobile app using click sounds can be as efficient as pure tone audiometry for field screenings, while being more cost-effective and easier to develop.

Sound and Noise Sources in Sonotubometry: An Investigation of Eustachian Tube Assessment

This research aims to enhance the understanding of the acoustic processes occurring during sonotubometry, a method used to assess the Eustachian tube (ET) function. Recent advancements in digital signal processing enable a more comprehensive data analysis. In this project, a silicone model of the ET was developed to systematically study the existing noise and sound sources. These measurements were then compared with recordings from human subjects. Three distinct ’noise sources’ were identified, which can influence the assessment of the ET opening using transmission measurements of the imposed signal: sound leakage from the speaker, a clicking noise at the initiation of ET opening, and rumbling/swallowing noise. Through spectral analysis, it was also possible to ascertain the spectral and temporal occurrence of these sound and noise types. The silicone model exhibited remarkable similarity to the healthy human ET, making it a robust experimental model for investigating the acoustics of sonotubometry. The findings underscore the significance of delving deeper into the analysed sound, as the noise occurring during sonotubometry can be easily misconstrued as an actual ET opening. Particularly, careful consideration is warranted when evaluating data involving clicking and swallowing noise.

Auditory Encoding of Natural Speech at Subcortical and Cortical Levels Is Not Indicative of Cognitive Decline.

More and more patients worldwide are diagnosed with dementia, which emphasizes the urgent need for early detection markers. In this study, we built on the auditory hypersensitivity theory of a previous study-which postulated that responses to auditory input in the subcortex as well as cortex are enhanced in cognitive decline-and examined auditory encoding of natural continuous speech at both neural levels for its indicative potential for cognitive decline. We recruited study participants aged 60 years and older, who were divided into two groups based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, one group with low scores (n = 19, participants with signs of cognitive decline) and a control group (n = 25). Participants completed an audiometric assessment and then we recorded their electroencephalography while they listened to an audiobook and click sounds. We derived temporal response functions and evoked potentials from the data and examined response amplitudes for their potential to predict cognitive decline, controlling for hearing ability and age. Contrary to our expectations, no evidence of auditory hypersensitivity was observed in participants with signs of cognitive decline; response amplitudes were comparable in both cognitive groups. Moreover, the combination of response amplitudes showed no predictive value for cognitive decline. These results challenge the proposed hypothesis and emphasize the need for further research to identify reliable auditory markers for the early detection of cognitive decline.

Dental Attrition and its Association With the Signs and Symptoms of TMJ Dysfunction and Radiographic Condylar Changes – An Observational Study

ABSTRACT To determine the level of dental attrition and its relation to signs of TMJ dysfunction adding to condylar alterations analyzed by conventional TMJ Tomography and to propose the correlation between dental attrition and signs of TMJ dysfunction and condylar changes. Patients for the study were selected from the regular outpatient Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, with performed criteria. The radiographic examination of TMJ is performed by the PLANMECA OPG machine using the tomographic program. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test to determine the relation between attrition and temporomandidular disorders [TMD] signs and symptoms. The study group comprises 60 subjects who are having dental attrition, and they are divided into three groups according to their age: Group I, 20-40 age; Group II, 41-60 age; Group III, more than 60 age 80% of the samples had one or more tooth with significant attrition with grades of two or more on a 0-4 scale The prevalence of changes in condylar morphology was more in individuals above 40 yrs (33.33%) as compared to those below the age of 40 with a total prevalence of 41.67%. The most common symptom reported is tooth sensitivity, joint sounds, and muscle tenderness. The last reported are scalloped tongue, buccal mucosa ridging, referred pain, and limitation of mouth opening. Out of the 25 subjects who showed condylar changes, 10 subjects had symptoms of TMD. The symptoms reported are strain in the mouth opening, tenderness in jaw movements, and TMJ clicking sounds. Attrition is not a predictable sign of TMJ dysfunction, yet a finite association was defined between attrition and signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction. Studies involving larger samples compared with additional radiographic modalities are recommended.

MouseClicker: Exploring Tactile Feedback and Physical Agency for People with Hand Motor Impairments

Assistive technology (AT) design is critical in enabling functionality for people with disabilities, blending essential elements of both practical utility and user experience. Traditionally, AT has successfully addressed core functional needs, such as enabling cursor movement and clicking actions with devices like computer mice. However, a comprehensive approach to AT design also necessitates a thorough consideration of sensory feedback, including tactile sensations, ergonomics, and auditory cues like button click sounds. These aspects are not merely supplementary but are integral to the device’s functionality, enhancing user interaction and long-term comfort, especially for individuals with motor impairments. In this work, we present MouseClicker, a mechatronic AT to surrogate physical agency over a computer mouse and to foster the haptic sensory experience of clicking on it tailored specifically for an individual with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) who faces challenges in using a standard mouse due to severe hand motor impairments. Our design aims at replicating the holistic experience of clicking a mouse, from its functional mechanical actions to its nuanced tactile and auditory feedback. This work details the MouseClicker’s design and reports on an exploratory user study aimed at identifying optimal vibrotactile feedback parameters – such as location, and intensity – that represent mouse button clicks. MouseClicker presents a step forward in AT design by integrating the functionality, sensory feedback, and the overall experience of taking control over non-AT devices.

Size matters: Variability in the acoustic parameters during feeding activity of Penaeus vannamei in different size classes

Penaeid shrimp emit click sounds during feeding activity generated by the collision of mandibles. These sounds have been used as a basis for research of feeding behavior and acoustic-based automatic feeders in shrimp farming. However, the use of automatic feeders is generally recommended for shrimp larger than 2 g or more. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the click acoustic parameters during feeding activity of Penaeus vannamei from post-larvae up to 12 g in laboratory. Twelve progressive weight classes (0.01 to 12 g) along nursery and grow-out phases were recorded in tanks internally covered with an acoustic foam. Recordings were carried out using an omnidirectional SoundTrap 300 STD hydrophone (sampling rate: 288 kHz; 16 bits). At the end of the recordings, shrimp were measured (body weight and cephalothorax length) and had their mandibles dissected for length measurements. The clicks emitted by shrimp during acoustic recordings were automatically detect using Raven® software, and 100 clicks per weight class were randomly selected for acoustic sound characterization (low, high and peak frequency, maximum power and duration time). The clicks start to be emitted by P. vannamei at the average weight of 0.01 g, with a band frequency between 15.4 and 70.5 kHz and low maximum power (23.2 dB). The low and peak frequency showed an abrupt decrease until shrimp reached 1.16 g, while maximum power and high frequency presented an opposite pattern. The click sound duration time did not show a clear variation among the different weight classes evaluated. Acoustic parameters showed a significant linear relationship with mandible length, indicating a direct influence of this structure on sound emission. The regression derivative analysis estimated that click maximum power stabilized from 1.48 g onwards, while low, high and peak frequency stabilized from 3.08 g shrimp onwards. The results suggest that it would be possible to anticipate and optimize the use of acoustic-based automatic feeders in P. vannamei farming.

An investigation of Persian response signals from an interactive perspective

Abstract Response signals (RS) have emerged as a powerful interaction tool, but they have yet to be fully understood. The current study analyzes 16 h of daily conversations using discourse-pragmatic frameworks to discuss certain aspects of the most prevalent primary and secondary Persian RSs. An RS is identified as a brief interactive response to a prior speaker’s statement, typically expressing (dis)confirmation, (un)acceptance, or backchannel (including assessment and continuer feedback). The research also differentiates and compares the functional and distributional differences and similarities between confirmation and backchannel signals. Following that, it takes a semasiological approach and discusses how the emergence, overlap, and markedness of certain functions for an item can be determined by the persistence of its original propositional meaning as well as the item’s grammaticalization and cooptation. The paper thus reviews the markedness of the backchannel function for na ‘no’ compared to this function’s development for ɂāre ‘yes’. Last but not least, cross-linguistic phonological tendencies, such as the integration of the phoneme /ɂ/ or /h/ in positive RSs and click sounds in negative ones, are supported by Persian RSs and their variants.

Listen to your key: Towards acoustics-based physical key inference

Physical locks are one of the most prevalent mechanisms for securing objects such as doors. While many of these locks are vulnerable to lock-picking, they are still widely used as lock-picking requires specific training with tailored instruments and easily raises suspicion. To overcome the limitations of lockpicking, we propose a novel attack vector that leverages the audio recording of the key insertion in order to infer the shape of victim’s key, namely, bittings (or cut depths) which form the secret of a key. In particular, we show that computing the timing interval between audible click sounds that occur during key insertion enables inferring the bitting information, i.e., shape of the physical key. Such an audio-based attack has several advantages—unlike lock-picking, it minimizes the attacker’s physical access to the lock, thus reducing the risks of them being apprehended. Second, as the attack only requires a microphone to launch the attack (e.g., a smartphone microphone), it significantly lowers the bar for the required expertise of the attacker. Despite the advantages, there are several challenges in extracting the required key-related signal from the audio. In this talk, we will discuss how we overcome the challenges and present initial results depicting the feasibility of audio-based key inference. This talk is based on two conference papers submitted to ACM HotMobile 2020 and USENIX Security 2021 on the same topic.

Effects of Stimulus Rate and Periodicity on Auditory Cortical Entrainment to Continuous Sounds.

The neural mechanisms underlying the exogenous coding and neural entrainment to repetitive auditory stimuli have seen a recent surge of interest. However, few studies have characterized how parametric changes in stimulus presentation alter entrained responses. We examined the degree to which the brain entrains to repeated speech (i.e., /ba/) and nonspeech (i.e., click) sounds using phase-locking value (PLV) analysis applied to multichannel human electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Passive cortico-acoustic tracking was investigated in N = 24 normal young adults utilizing EEG source analyses that isolated neural activity stemming from both auditory temporal cortices. We parametrically manipulated the rate and periodicity of repetitive, continuous speech and click stimuli to investigate how speed and jitter in ongoing sound streams affect oscillatory entrainment. Neuronal synchronization to speech was enhanced at 4.5 Hz (the putative universal rate of speech) and showed a differential pattern to that of clicks, particularly at higher rates. PLV to speech decreased with increasing jitter but remained superior to clicks. Surprisingly, PLV entrainment to clicks was invariant to periodicity manipulations. Our findings provide evidence that the brain's neural entrainment to complex sounds is enhanced and more sensitized when processing speech-like stimuli, even at the syllable level, relative to nonspeech sounds. The fact that this specialization is apparent even under passive listening suggests a priority of the auditory system for synchronizing to behaviorally relevant signals.

Lost in translation

Abstract Here, we provide new perspectives on the relationship between the extinct Angolan language Kwadi and the Khoe languages of southern Africa. Using an innovative approach which combines newly collected data from two Kwadi rememberers with a reanalysis of historical recordings and fieldnotes, we were able to reconstitute the Kwadi phoneme inventory and relate Kwadi to Proto-Khoe and its daughter branches Khoekhoe and Kalahari Khoe through regular sound correspondences. Our reconstruction of 127 lexical roots in form and meaning provides further evidence for a Khoe-Kwadi language family and shows that the lexical and phonological proximity between Proto-Khoe-Kwadi and Proto-Khoe is closer than would be expected from the significant differences that Khoe and Kwadi display in the domains of morphology and syntax. Taken together, our study contributes to a better understanding of diachronic sound change in languages with phonemic click sounds and introduces novel ways to incorporate different historical data sources.

Perspectives on complex click consonants of Khoekhoegowab

The paper offers an alternative way of describing what is called complex click consonants in Khoesan languages. Using data obtained from key informants and focused groups from the Karas, Hardap and the Kunene regions of Namibia as well as relevant literature we argue that co-articulated clicks should be treated as one sound represented by one grapheme. We argue that plain clicks in Khoekhoegowab are not glotalised as perceived because the glotalisation comes from the accompanying vowel. Using articulatory, acoustic and auditory phonetics we also problematize the notion of ‘complexity’ in the click complexes by showing that these click consonants play the same morphophonological role as consonants found in non-click languages. Thereafter the implications of this for cluster and unitary analysis are also discussed.

Monaural and dichotic forward masking in the dolphin's auditory system.

Short-latency auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded non-invasively in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. The stimuli were two sound clicks that were played either monaurally (both clicks to one and the same acoustic window) or dichotically (the leading stimulus (masker) to one acoustic window and the delayed stimulus (test) to the other window). The ratio of the levels of the two stimuli was 0, 10, or 20dB (at 10 and 20dB, the leading stimulus was of a higher level). The inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) varied from 0.15 to 10ms. The test response magnitude was assessed by correlation analysis as a percentage of the control (non-masked) response. At monaural stimulation, the test response was of a constant magnitude (5-6% of the control) at ISIs of 0.15-0.3ms and recovered at longer ISIs. At dichotic stimulation, the deepest suppression of the test response occurred at ISIs of 0.5-0.7ms. The response was slightly suppressed at short ISIs (0.15-0.3ms) and recovered at ISIs longer than 0.5-0.7ms. The relation of parameters of the forward masking to echolocation in dolphins is discussed.

Smartphone-based ear-electroencephalography to study sound processing in everyday life.

In everyday life, people differ in their sound perception and thus sound processing. Some people may be distracted by construction noise, while others do not even notice. With smartphone-based mobile ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG), we can measure and quantify sound processing in everyday life by analysing presented sounds and also naturally occurring ones. Twenty-four participants completed four controlled conditions in the lab (1h) and one condition in the office (3h). All conditions used the same paired-click stimuli. In the lab, participants listened to click tones under four different instructions: no task towards the sounds, reading a newspaper article, listening to an audio article or counting a rare deviant sound. In the office recording, participants followed daily activities while they were sporadically presented with clicks, without any further instruction. In the beyond-the-lab condition, in addition to the presented sounds, environmental sounds were recorded as acoustic features (i.e., loudness, power spectral density and sounds onsets). We found task-dependent differences in the auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) to the presented click sounds in all lab conditions, which underline that neural processes related to auditory attention can be differentiated with ear-EEG. In the beyond-the-lab condition, we found ERPs comparable to some of the lab conditions. The N1 amplitude to the click sounds beyond the lab was dependent on the background noise, probably due to energetic masking. Contrary to our expectation, we did not find a clear ERP in response to the environmental sounds. Overall, we showed that smartphone-based ear-EEG can be used to study sound processing of well defined-stimuli in everyday life.

Focus Groups to Inform the Development of a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMDs).

Understanding symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) can help doctors and patients document, monitor, and manage the disease and help researchers evaluate interventions. Patients with TMDs experience symptoms ranging from mild to severe, primarily in the head and neck region. This study describes findings from formative patient focus groups to capture, categorize, and prioritize symptoms of TMDs towards the development of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM). We conducted ten focus groups with 40 men and women with mild, moderate, and severe TMD. Focus groups elicited descriptions of symptoms and asked participants to review a list of existing patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from the literature and patient advisor input and speak to how those PROs reflect their own experience, including rating their importance. We identified 52 distinct concepts across six domains: somatic, physical, social, sexual, affective, and sleep. Focus groups identified the ability to chew and eat; clicking, popping, and other jaw noises; jaw pain and headaches; jaw misalignment or dislocation; grinding, clenching, or chewing, including at night; and ear sensations as most important. Participants with severe TMDs more often reported affective concepts like depression and shame than did participants with mild or moderate TMDs. Findings support PROM item development for TMDs, including selecting existing PROMs or developing new ones that reflect patients' lived experiences, priorities, and preferred terminology. Such measures are needed to increase understanding of TMDs, promote accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, and help advance research on TMDs.

A pilot study to compare auditory and visual reaction time in male and female young adults

Background: It was explained that there are very few studies that exist in the literature that assessed the reaction time in young adults. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of the present study was to assess and compare the auditory and visual reaction time among male and female young adults. The secondary objective was to compare auditory and visual reaction time’s right- and left-hand responses. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 male and female young adults were part of the study after obtaining informed consent. Auditory and visual reaction time was assessed using the RT apparatus manufactured by Anand Agencies, Pune. The instrument can assess visual reaction time for the green and red light and auditory reaction time for tone and click sounds of both right- and left-hand responses. Results: Age and weight were significantly different between males and females, whereas height was not significant. The auditory and visual reaction times were not significantly different between the male and female participants. Conclusion: The present study reveals that there is no significant difference between the auditory and visual reaction time among male and female young adults. There is a need for more detailed studies to testify to the results.