Clerodendrum Viscosum Research Articles

Corrective role of endophytic exopolysaccharides from Clerodendrum infortunatum L. on arsenic-induced ovarian steroidogenic dysfunction and associated inflammatory responses

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) derived from endophytic fungi against arsenic [As(III)]-mediated metabolic and reproductive ailments. Two endophytic fungi, Diaporthe arengae (CleR1) and Fusarium proliferatum (CleR3), were isolated from Clerodendrum infortunatum (Cle), and used for the extraction of two types of EPSs. GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and α-d-glucopyranose in the EPS1 (CleR1) and EPS2 (CleR3), respectively. FTIR analysis revealed the potential As(III)-chelation properties of both EPSs. EPS1 and EPS2 significantly mitigated As(III)-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by restoring the activities of antioxidative enzymes. EPSs successfully corrected the gonadotropin imbalance and steroidogenic alterations. The downregulation of proinflammatory (NF-κB and TNF-α) and proapoptotic (BAX) mediators and the upregulation of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) markers were also detected following the treatment with EPSs. Histomorphological restoration of reproductive and metabolic organs was also observed in both the EPS groups. Moreover, the As(III)-induced increase in the immunoreactivity of the androgen receptor (AR) was successfully reversed by these EPSs. Molecular docking predicted that HMF and α-d-glucopyranose of EPS1 and EPS2 interact with the active site of AR by limiting its activity. Hence, EPS could be effective for developing new therapeutic strategies for managing As(III) toxicity.

Clerodane diterpene 3-deoxycaryoptinol (Clerodin) selectively induces apoptosis in human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells and upregulates apoptotic protein caspase-3

3-deoxycaryoptinol (Clerodin) is a clerodane diterpene isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum. The present research investigates the anticancer therapeutic efficacy of clerodin in human monocytic leukemic (THP-1) cells for the first time. In vitro assay using THP-1 cells showed the cytotoxic ability of clerodin. Further, Annexin-V(FITC)/PI and intracellular ROS (DCFDA) assays carried out using flow cytometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the apoptotic potential of clerodin. Moreover, the western blot was used to detect mitochondrial apoptosis of THP-1 cells. RT-PCR, ELISA, and western blot analysis clearly indicated that clerodin significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic marker caspase-3 in THP-1 cells. clerodin also selectively targeted the G2/M phase of THP-1 cells, a key feature for anticancer molecules. Importantly, the clerodin did not exhibit cytotoxicity against human peripheral blood cells. These properties of clerodin make it a potential chemotherapeutic agent that can selectively induce apoptosis in leukemia-like cancer cells.

Efficacy of medicinal plants and their derived biomolecules against Plasmodium falciparum

Many apicomplexan pathogens pose significant threats to humans and domestic animals, with the lack of effective drugs and drug resistance representing major challenges in disease management. To address this, the search for new and potent antimalarial drugs is crucial. Plant-based formulations offer a promising alternative for such drug development. Here, we evaluated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of nine plant extracts, traditionally used to treat fever-like symptoms in Bangladesh. We assessed the antimalarial activity of plant extracts by using the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 growth inhibition assay, an invasion assay, and a cytotoxicity assay. Of the nine plants studied, ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Ficus hispida, Streblus asper, and Boerhavia repens exhibited high antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 values of 9.31, 4.13, 9.63 μg/ml (ethanolic) and 15.12, 6.63, 7.58 μg/ml (methanolic), respectively, and minimal toxicity (cell viability >80%). Clerodendrum viscosum displayed antiplasmodial effects with IC50 values of 28.90 μg/ml (ethanolic) and 30.57 μg/ml (methanolic). Adhatoda vasica, Mussaenda corymbosa, and Amaranthus spinosus ethanolic extracts showed antimalarial effects with IC50 values of 61.78 μg/ml, 66.31 μg/ml, and 64.14 μg/ml, respectively. However, methanolic extracts of A. vasica and A. spinosus had IC50 values >100 μg/ml. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of A. vasica, A. spinosus, F. hispida, S. asper, and B. repens significantly reduced parasitemia by inhibiting invasion into erythrocytes. This study highlights the robust antimalarial activity and low cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of F. hispida, S. asper, and B. repens, indicating the presence of antimalarial compounds that warrant further investigation.

Exploration of Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Neuropharmacological and Antidiabetic Activities of Clerodendrum viscosum Root Extract

In the traditional systems of medicine, Clerodendrum viscosum (CV) has important medicinal uses for the treatment of asthma, ulcer, inflammation, pyrexia, diabetes etc. In this study, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacological and antidiabetic effect of root extract of C. viscosum (CV) was investigated. Mice (Swiss albino) of either sex of 25-30 g were distributed into 4 groups as control (normal water), standard (STD), CV 250 mg/kg and CV 500 mg/kg (n=6). Analgesic effect was investigated by acetic acid initiated writhing test, formalin initiated paw licking test and hot plate test. Anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by xylene and croton oil initiated ear edema test and cotton pellet pleurisy test. Pentobarbital mediated sleeping time and hole cross tests were applied to assess neuro-pharmacological activity. Antidiabetic effect was evaluated by in-vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay. In the acetic acid initiated writhing test, formalin test and hot plate test, the alcoholic extract of root showed significant antinociceptive activity (p<0.01) at 500 mg/kg dose. The test extract lowered inflammation in xylene, croton oil and cotton pellet test which was significant (p<0.001). The 500 mg/kg dose significantly (p<0.001) increased onset time of sleeping and significantly reduced sleeping duration (p<0.01) in sleeping time test. It also showed insignificant effect in hole-cross test. The extract exhibited a good alpha amylase inhibitory potential (IC50=1.24 mg/ml). C. viscosum root exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic as well as CNS stimulant effect in model mice used for experimental purpose. More investigations are needed for the evaluation of such activities as well as the potential of this plant. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 164-174, 2024 (July)

Enhancing anticancer activity of Clerodendrum viscosum vent. extracts by solvent fractionation: An in vitro and in silico mechanistic study

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. is a well-known plant in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine systems. While studies showed its crude leaf extract's cytotoxicity against HT-29 and HeLa cells, various non-bioactive compounds present in crude extracts may influence overall bioactivity. This study aimed to separate the most bioactive fractions from Clerodendrum viscosum’s crude extracts that exhibit anticancer potential against HepG2 cells. Crude extracts were fractionated using a solvent-polarity-based process and their anticancer activity was investigated through in vitro, in silico, and network pharmacology approaches. Nonpolar leaf (CVLH) and root (CVRH) fractions showed maximum cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells without affecting noncancer-origin WRL68 cells. Both extracts induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, with CVRH exhibiting a superior effect. GC-MS analysis identified various anticancer phytochemicals differentially present in CVLH and CVRH. Network pharmacology with these phytochemicals predicted Bcl-2 as the primary target, while molecular docking confirmed lupeol, stigmasterol, alpha-amyrin, cycloartenol, and calysterol being the top five phytochemicals exhibiting strong binding against Bcl-2, androgen receptor (AR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Western blot confirmed an elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in HepG2 cells by CVLH and CVRH. In summary, the nonpolar fractions of Clerodendrum viscosum leaf and root crude extracts showed enhanced anticancer activity, suggesting their potential pharmaceutical applications.

Qualitative investigation and screening of antimicrobial activity of stem extract in Clerodendrum infortunatum plant

Clerodendrum infortunatum is known as hill glory bower and a plant which is widely distributed throughout the whole world. Up to now, many species of C. infortunatum have been described in various indigenous systems of medicine that are used in preparation of folklore medicines for the treatment of various life-threatening diseases, and much of this plant have been very well studied for their chemical constituents and biological activities. It also is used in Unani, Ayurveda, and siddha system of medicine for many years. From Clerodendrum infortunatum many compounds, including mono-turpentine and its derivatives, sesquiterpene, diterpenoids, tri-terpentine, flavonoid, quercetin, acacetin, gallic acid, sterol and flavonoid glycoside, phenylethanoid glycoside, steroids and steroid glycosides, cyclohexylethanoids, anthraqunine, cyanogenic glycolsides, and others have been isolated and identified. In the present study, Chloroform, pet. ether, and water stem extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum obtained by Soxhlet extraction was screened to detect the presence or absence of several bioactive compounds which are reported to cure different diseases. Anti-microbial analysis of stem extract was carried out against lactobacillus, E.coli and staphylococcus aureus organisms by agar well diffusion method. It was observed that the zone was recorded against this organism. The results indicate that the chloroform, pet.ether and water extracts of C. infortunatum are having anti- microbial efficiency in controlling the microorganisms. So, Clerodendrum infortunatum is the plant which are beneficial on human health.

Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus velezensis from Rhizosphere of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Promote Plant Growth and Resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

In the current study, thirty bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. were evaluated for the properties related to the plant growth promotion and disease resistance. Here, all the selected strains were screened for its antagonistic effect towards the phytopathogen Sclerotium rolfsii and also for the production of bioactive compounds known to promote the plant growth. Among these isolates, CiRb1 and CiRb16 were observed to have a broad range of plant beneficial features and were identified as Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus velezensis respectively. Both the isolates were also demonstrated to produce the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for the growth enhancement in Brassica nigra (L.) and growth inhibition of S. rolfsii. Talc based formulations made out of both B. licheniformis and B. velezensis were further demonstrated to augment the plant growth and protection against S. rolfsii in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. By the GC-MS based analysis, undecane could also be detected in the methanolic extracts prepared from both B. licheniformis and B. velezensis. Here, the selected rhizobacterial isolates were found to promote the plant growth and disease resistance through both direct and VOC mediated mechanisms. The results of the study hence reveal both B. licheniformis and B. velezensis have the potential in field application to promote the growth and control of plant diseases.

Ameliorating effects of Clerodendrum viscosum leaves on lead‐induced hepatotoxicity

AbstractLead (Pb), a common toxicant is ubiquitously present in the environment. Chronic Pb exposure affects almost every organ system of human body including liver. Clerodendrum viscosum is a medicinal plant and its leaves are known to have hepatoprotective, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐hyperglycemic activities. However, the protective effect of C. viscosum leaves against Pb‐induced hepatotoxicity is yet to be studied. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the protective effect of the aqueous extract of C. viscosum leaf (Cle) against Pb‐induced hepatotoxicity in experimental mice. Pb‐acetate was given to Pb and Pb + Cle groups interperitoneally, and Cle was supplemented to Cle and Pb + Cle groups by oral gavage. Serum biomarkers of liver function—butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT), antioxidant enzyme activities in hepatic tissue—superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione reductase (rGR) and catalase (CAT), levels of transcription factor—nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and inflammatory marker—interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were analyzed. Additionally, histological analyses of hepatic tissues of all groups of experimental mice were performed. Pb‐treatment significantly increased ALP, AST, and ALT activities and decreased BChE activity compared to control mice. The antioxidant enzyme (SOD, rGR, and CAT) activities and expression of Nrf2 level were significantly (p < .05) decreased, while IL‐6 level was significantly (p < .05) increased in the hepatic tissue homogenates of Pb‐treated mice compared to the control group. Furthermore, histological examination revealed the disruption of hepatic tissue integrity in Pb‐treated mice. Notably, supplementation of Cle provided significant protection against the changes in the activities of liver function biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes, levels of Nrf2 and IL‐6, and disruption of hepatic tissue by Pb. Taken together the present study suggests that Cle ameliorates the hepatic toxicity caused by Pb.

Biological activity and GC-MS determination of bioactive components of Clerodendrum viscosum (Vent.) from Siraha District, Nepal

Biological activity and GC-MS determination of bioactive components of Clerodendrum viscosum (Vent.) from Siraha District, Nepal

Qualitative Investigation and Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Extract of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Plant

Qualitative Investigation and Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Extract of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Plant

Studies Phytochemical Screening of Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn

The leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn, a member of the Verbinaceae family, contain compounds with biological activity. The current study set out to evaluate various extraction techniques in order to find the optimal ones for extracting flavonoid components from various solvents. Four different solvents were used to extract the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. To determine the percentage (%) yield of each extract, plant material was extracted using a variety of organic solvents in ascending order of polarity, including Petroleum ether (60–80°), Chloroform, Acetone, and Methanol. Each extract was subjected to a thin layer chromatography analysis to determine the amount of components it contained. Using various extraction techniques and (80%) ethanol, N.R. Fransworth extracted a flavonoid-rich fraction for comparative analysis.

Piscicidal Effects of Extracts of Karenja Plant Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre and Vat plant Clerodendrum viscosum (Vent.) on singhi Fish Heteropneustes Fossilis (Bloch)

The piscicidal properties of the seed, leaf and bark of the indigenous plants, karenja Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre and vat Clerodendrum viscosum (Vent.) were studied on the predatory fish Singhi, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) under laboratory conditions. Distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol and absolute ethyl alcohol extracts of the plant parts of the plants were tested in this experiment. The altered behaviour due to the effects of the extracts was noted, initially hyperactivity, losing stamina and in the later period, after a few hours, the affected fishes becoming sluggish and inactive. Mortality data varied depending upon the toxicity of the plant parts, extracts and concentrations. On the basis of concentrations, the relative toxicity of the piscicides on H. fossilis for P. pinnata was found to be in the order of seed > bark > leaf and for C. viscosum, seed > leaf > bark. The toxicity of seed and leaf extracts of C. viscosum was greater than P. pinnata but opposite for bark extract for the fish. On the basis of LC50 values the toxicity of both the plant parts were similar as to seed > bark > leaf. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 7(1 &2):65-78 , 2012.

In vitro Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Potential of Different Solvent Extracts Derived from Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn against Cervical Cancer.

Cervical cancer is a prevalent and deadly malignancy in females, with chemotherapy often proving ineffective due to significant side effects and the development of chemo-resistance. This study investigates the medicinal potential of Clerodendrum infortunatum linn. , a genus with approximately 500 species in the Lamiaceae family. Limited research exists on the species of Clerodendrum infortunatum and its various solvent extracts. The study aims to assess the anti-cancer properties of different solvent extracts from this plant on human cervical cancer cells. The study examines the plant's phytochemical components and their potential to inhibit cancer growth. Aerial parts of the plant were extracted using the Soxhlet method, and the presence of Rutin, Quercetin, and Gallic Acid in specific solvent extracts was validated through High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). In vitro assays, including MTT, Apoptosis, Cell Cycle analysis, Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species assessment, and Gene expression PCR, were conducted to investigate the plant's anti-cancer properties further. The outcomes of the phytochemical assessment indicated that Rutin was predominantly present in the water extract, with quercetin being more concentrated in the decoction, and the hydro-alcoholic extract showing elevated levels of gallic acid. Notably, the decoction extract demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity, primarily through early apoptosis and arrests in the S-phase and G2M phases. Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited a reduction in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. The gene expression analysis disclosed an impact on the BCL-2 gene. Notably, Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited the ability to initiate early apoptosis, halt the cell cycle at the S and G2M phases, and diminish levels of reactive oxygen species significantly. The gene expression analysis revealed an influence on the BCL-2 gene. To sum up, this research underscores the encouraging cytotoxic and antioxidant attributes of Clerodendrum infortunatum, implying its potential for cervical cancer treatment.

Cycloisolongifolene-8,9-Dehydro-9-Formyl Inhibits Lipoxygenase and Might Play a Role in the Wound-Healing Property of Clerodendrum infortunatum and Tagetes erecta

Cycloisolongifolene-8,9-Dehydro-9-Formyl Inhibits Lipoxygenase and Might Play a Role in the Wound-Healing Property of Clerodendrum infortunatum and Tagetes erecta

Polyphenol Mediated Suppression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cell Proliferation by Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Root.

Clerodendrum infortunatum L. has long been used in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka for tumours, cancer, and certain skin diseases. The present study aimed to assess the anticancer properties of the aqueous extract of C. infortunatum L. root (AECIR) through the activation of the apoptotic pathway on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and thus give it a scientific validation. Further, the contribution of polyphenols in antioxidant activity and cell cytotoxicity was investigated. Powdered plant material was boiled with water (100°C) to obtained AECIR. The DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant potential. The activity of AECIR on HepG2 and normal rat fibroblast (CC1) cell growth was determined using MTT assay. The morphological changes related to apoptotic pathway was examined by Ethidium Bromide/Acridine Orange (EB/AO), Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and DNA fragmentation assay. The AECIR demonstrated antioxidant potential with an EC50 of 350.2 ± 1.5 ug/mL for DPPH assay. The HO•, H2O2 and •NO free radical scavenging activity was observed with EC50 of 19.7 ± 2.3, 11.7 ± 0.1 and 273.1 ± 0.9 ug/mL, respectively. The antiproliferative effect of AECIR on HepG2 cells was observed in a time and dose dependent manner with an EC50 of 239.1 ± 1.3 μg/mL while CC1 cells showed a nontoxic effect with an EC50 1062.7 ± 3.4 μg/mL after 24hrs treatment. A significant decrease in antioxidant activity (p<0.001) and 90% HepG2 cell viability was observed with polyphenol removed AECIR compared to the polyphenol present AECIR. The EB/AO uptake, depletion of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and DNA fragmentation assay results revealed that the apoptosis was induced by AECIR. The obtained result of the present study demonstrates that the antioxidant potential and antiproliferative activity of AECIR is attributed to the presence of polyphenols. Furthermore, the findings provide the scientific base for anti-cancer potential of AECIR.

Phyto-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Clerodendrum infortunatum L. leaf extract and evaluation of antibacterial potential

This scientific endeavor aims at green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Clerodendrum infortunatum leaf aqueous extract. After synthesis they were characterized using different analytical techniques like UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM imaging. Furthermore, their antimicrobial activity via agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis also shows the activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC 40), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1114), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 432). UV–Vis spectroscopy has shown the characteristic peak of ZnO at 356 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the role of phenols, proteins, carboxylic acid and its esters in fabricating ZnONPs. IR spectral peak at 671 cm−1 confirmed the presence of ZnO. The characterization result of SEM support that the synthesized nanoparticles are spherical in shape with 32 nm of size. Best inhibition was shown against E. coli with MIC value of 0.156 mg/ml. Overall, this work demonstrates the ecofriendly and cost-effective synthesis of ZnONPs along with good antibacterial activity compared with previous reports. C. infortunatum extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (CIAQ-ZnONPs) can be utilized effectively for therapeutic and biomedical applications.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential and GC-MS profiling of leaf extracts from Clerodendrum infortunatum L.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceClerodendrum infortunatum L. is commonly distributed in tropical and subtropical countries and is widely used in the indigenous systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, and Homeopathy. The plant has important uses in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders which includes asthma, cough, chest complaints, pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, gastric ulcer, cancer, diabetes, skin diseases etc. Aim of the studyRegarding the extensive healing properties of C. infortunatum in folk medicine, we aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant and analyze its bioactive components. Materials and methodsSequential extracts were prepared from C. infortunatum leaves using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were evaluated using membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation assays. Toxicity of the extracts was tested using brine shrimp lethality assay. GC-MS analysis has been carried out to analyze and characterize various bioactive constituents present in the plant. ResultsEach of the tested extracts showed significant (p < 0.05) in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Sequential ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the strongest membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation activities with IC50 values of 331.3, 308.3 and 279.2 μg/mL for heat and hypotonicity induced membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation assays, respectively. Sequential methanol extract also exhibited strong activity in heat and hypotonicity induced membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation assays with IC50 values of 371.5, 331.6 and 284.6 μg/mL, respectively. The extracts demonstrated a range of toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality assay with LC50 values of 51.4, 59.7, 47.3, 37.1, 68.1 and 77.3 μg/mL for n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water extracts respectively. The GC-MS analysis of direct n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts detected 32 different compounds. The major compounds (> 5%) were phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, estragole, methyl stearate, lanosterol, 9-methoxybicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-triene, benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) 4 hydroxy methyl ester, 22,23-dibromostigmasterol acetate, 3-methyl-4-(phenylthio)-2-prop-2-enyl-2,5-dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide, benzenemethanol, α-methyl-α-propyl- and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester. ConclusionsThe findings of our study revealed that C. infortunatum is rich with diverse bioactive phytoconstituents and the scientific evidences support the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant.

Determination of trace elements concentration and transfer factor in medicinal plants growing in the wetland of Payyanur Region, Kerala, India

The present investigation is an attempt to measure the presence of trace elements concentration in selected medicinal plants and their associated soils present in the wetland of Payyanur, Kannur. Medicinal plants such as Acorus calamus, Psidium guajava, Clerodendrum viscosum, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Azadirachta indica, Pipper nigrum, Curcuma amada, Curcuma longa, and Barringtonia acutangular are selected as samples for the study. The concentration of Co, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and As, were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The study of the transfer coefficient reveals that higher concentrations of harmful trace elements are present in Clerodendrum viscosum (Hg and As) and Psidium guajava (Cd and Pb)The result of the investigation is presented and discussed in this manuscript.

Studies on Phytochemistry and Wound Healing Activity ofLeaf Extract Ointment of Clerodendrum infortunatum inCanines

The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of ointments containing leaf extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum for treating wounds in canines in field cases. The 50% ethanolic and methanolic extract of the plant was subjected to preliminary phytochemistry and GC-MS analysis to assess the presence of active phytoconstituents. The wound healing was assessed with percent wound contraction on 0, 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, and 20th day and epithelization period in 30 canines presented with a history of wound at VCC, private clinics, and dog shelters run by NGOs. The 10% w/w ointment of both the extract was used and it was compared with commercially available Povidone Iodine ointment USP 5% (Betadine®). The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, amino acids, phytosterol, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Whereas, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 21 compounds in ethanolic extract and 24 compounds in methanolic extract. The wound contraction in the methanolic extract ointment treated group was most significant and also demonstrated an epithelization period of 17.5 ± 1.210 days as compared to 22.8 ± 0.525 and 20.9 ± 0.669 in Povidone Iodine ointment and ethanolic extract ointment treated groups, respectively. The finding of the study suggests that the ointment made from the extract of Clerodenrum infortunatum leaves possesses promising wound healing activity.

Assessment of Plants Biodiversity in Innerline Reserve Forest, Hailakandi, Assam, India

The study deals with the “Assessment of Plant biodiversity of Innerline Reserve Forest, Hailakandi (Assam)” India. that was carried out in six sites. A total of 54 species of trees belonging to 32 families with 2,303 individuals, 17 species of shrubs belonging to 13 families with 2,195 individuals and 27 species of grasses and herbs belonging to 13 families with a total of 1,595 individuals were encountered. Quadrate size of 400 m2 for trees, 100 m2 for shrubs, 20 m2 grasses and herbs. Compared to all the six sites, Site-III shows the highest Basal area (243.67 m2). In terms of IVI, Tectona grandis was found to be the most dominant tree species, Clerodendrum infortunatum was found to be the most dominant shrub species and Oplismenus compositus was found to be the most dominant grasses and herb species. In aspects for all the sites it can be concluded that Site-III showed the highest value for Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (Hˈ) (3.2) for trees species, Site-V showed the highest value for Shannon- Weiner Diversity Index (Hˈ) (2.27) for shrubs species and Site-III showed the highest value for Shannon- Weiner Diversity Index (Hˈ) (2.32) for grass &amp; herb species.