Cleome Spinosa Research Articles

Study on induction of irradiated mutants by gamma rays and their utilization in flower plants breeding. I.

Nowadays ionizing-radiation treatment is becoming one of the influential techniques in plant breeding programs. Since 1959 the author tried continuously to expose the dry seeds of various annual and biennial flower plants, including total 49 species (one hundred and more varieties and strains), to acute gamma rays from 60Co at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai, intending to ascertain the reliable influence of radiation effect upon the plants growth and to obtain any useful mutants for breeding materials.As the result, some noticeable biological phenomena were found out. Firstly, there appeared distinguishable interspecific differences of radiosensitivity among them. Many plants examined were classified conveniently into the following five groups, regard to their radiosensitivity for survival: much resistant (for examples, Malthiola incana, Cheiranthus cheiri), resistant (Brassica campeslris, Brassica oleracea), medium (Glycine Max, Cleome spinosa), susceptible (Porlulaca gradiflora, Lychnis coronaria), and much susceptible (Capsicum annum, Cosmos sulphureus). Secondly, some interesting and noteworthy variants were obtained in X1 generation or the successive descendants. The conspicuous examples are fasciation of main stems (Cosmos bipinnalus), defasciation of broadly flattened stalks (Celosia cristata), color change of petals(Moricandia sonchifolia), formation of polyfoliaged leaves (Trifolium repens), and duplication of petals (Cheiranthus cheiri). Although a part of these variants were sterile and went out soon, some of the remainder were viable and still now are segregating the peculiarly characterized seedlings in their progenies.

Studies on the Modes of Penetration of Several Peronosporaceous Fungi on Their Hosts and Other Plants.

1. In the present experiments have been observed the points of penetration of several Peronosporaceous fungi inoculated on the under surfaces of the leaves of their hosts and other plants.The fungi and their hosts on which the inocula were collected are as follows:Peronospora Brassicae GÄUM. Brassica chinensis L., B. chinensis L. var. KOMATSUNA MATSUM. et NAKAI, B. chinensis L. var. oleifera MAKINO, B. pekinensis RUPR., B. oleracea L., B. Rapa L.P. parasitica (PERS.) FR. Capsella Bursa-pastoris MOENCH.P. sp. Cleome spinosa JACQ.P. Stellariae-uliginosae SAWADA. Stellaria uliginosa MURR.P. Viciae sativae GÄUM Vicia sativa L.P. Trigonotidis S. ITO et TOKUNAGA Trigonotis peduncularis BENTH.P. variabilis GÄUM Chenopodium album L. var. centrorubrum MAKINOP. Spinaciae LAUBERT Spinacia oleracea L.Bremia Saussurae SAWADA Hemistepta carthamoides O. KUNTZEPlasmopara nivea (UNGER) SCHRÖT. Cryptotaenia japonica HASSK.P. viticola (BERK. et CURT.) BERL. et de TONI Vitis Thunbergii SIEB. et ZUCC. var. typica MAKINOPseudoperonospora Humuli (MIYABE et TAKAHASHI) WILSONHumulus japonicus SIEB. et ZUCC.2. In all of the eight species of the genus Peronospora, penetrations were observed to occur on the whole through the boundary line of the epidermal cells. Penetration through the stomata or through the free surface of the epidermal cells did occur in some cases, though in a very small proportion. For instance, on inoculating Brassica chinensis L. var. KOMATSUNA MATSUM. et NAKAI with Peronospora Brassicae GÄUM. collected from this plant, the ratio of the penetrations through boundary line, stomata and free surface were calculated to be 95.6-98.9%, 0.8-3.9% and 0.0-0.8% respectively in experiments repeated three times.3. The points of penetration of Peronospora Brassicae GÄUM. are not affected by the removal of the wax on the leaves of its hosts. Also those of P. Brassicae GÄUM., P. variabilis GÄUM. and P. Spinaciae LAUBERT were ascertained to be in different to the grade of maturity of the leaves of their hosts.4. Bermia Saussurae SAWADA also mostly penetrates through the boundary line of the epidermal cells. But the stomatal penetrations seem to be considerably frequent, though the percentage was not calculated.5. In contrast with the case of the Peronospora species, penetrations of Plasmopara viticola, Plasmopara nivea and Pseudoperonospora Humuli were observed to occur only through stoma.

Alternation of Sexes and Intermittent Production of Fruit in the Spider Flower (Cleome spinosa)

Alternation of Sexes and Intermittent Production of Fruit in the Spider Flower (Cleome spinosa)