Cleome Species Research Articles

Diversity in forms of C4 in the genus Cleome (Cleomaceae).

Cleomaceae is one of 19 angiosperm families in which C(4) photosynthesis has been reported. The aim of the study was to determine the type, and diversity, of structural and functional forms of C(4) in genus Cleome. Methods Plants of Cleome species were grown from seeds, and leaves were subjected to carbon isotope analysis, light and scanning electron microscopy, western blot analysis of proteins, and in situ immunolocalization for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Three species with C(4)-type carbon isotope values occurring in separate lineages in the genus (Cleome angustifolia, C. gynandra and C. oxalidea) were shown to have features of C(4) photosynthesis in leaves and cotyledons. Immunolocalization studies show that PEPC is localized in mesophyll (M) cells and Rubisco is selectively localized in bundle sheath (BS) cells in leaves and cotyledons, characteristic of species with Kranz anatomy. Analyses of leaves for key photosynthetic enzymes show they have high expression of markers for the C(4) cycle (compared with the C(3)-C(4) intermediate C. paradoxa and the C(3) species C. africana). All three are biochemically NAD-malic enzyme sub-type, with higher granal development in BS than in M chloroplasts, characteristic of this biochemical sub-type. Cleome gynandra and C. oxalidea have atriplicoid-type Kranz anatomy with multiple simple Kranz units around individual veins. However, C. angustifolia anatomy is represented by a double layer of concentric chlorenchyma forming a single compound Kranz unit by surrounding all the vascular bundles and water storage cells. NAD-malic enzyme-type C(4) photosynthesis evolved multiple times in the family Cleomaceae, twice with atriplicoid-type anatomy in compound leaves having flat, broad leaflets in the pantropical species C. gynandra and the Australian species C. oxalidea, and once by forming a single Kranz unit in compound leaves with semi-terete leaflets in the African species C. angustifolia. The leaf morphology of C. angustifolia, which is similar to that of the sister, C(3)-C(4) intermediate African species C. paradoxa, suggests adaptation of this lineage to arid environments, which is supported by biogeographical information.

New species of 'Cleome' L. (Cleomaceae) from the Northern Territory, Australia

Four new species of herbaceous flowering plants, Cleome bundeica, C. insolata, C. limmenensis and C. lophosperma, all endemic to the Northern Territory, are described. A modified description of C. microaustralica H. Iltis, within which C. limmenensis was previously included, is provided, as is a key to all formally named species of Cleome occurring in the Northern Territory

Fatty acid composition of seed oil from some Cleome species

Present paper describes seed oil fatty acid composition of Cleome viscosa, C. simplicifolia, C. gynandra, C. chelidonii and C. speciosa. In most of these species linoleic and hexadecanoic acids were found to be prominent. However, palmitic acid was predominant in Cleome viscosa.

Novel aspects of the flowers and floral pigmentation of two Cleome species (Cleomaceae), C. hassleriana and C. serrulata

Palely pigmented inflorescences of cultivated Cleome hassleriana Chodat (spider flower) have a unique two-toned appearance shown in the present study to be due to a loss of petal pigmentation within 24 h of anthesis, accompanied by an equally unique loss of petal mass. A similar loss occurs in deeply pigmented petals but is less evident to the eye because of the high initial content due to the presence, in the petal mesophyll, of globular anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). Inflorescences of the wild species, Cleome serrulata Pursh. (Rocky Mountain bee flower) are also two-toned because of the deeper pink colour of the unopened bud. No AVIs were seen. The pink colour of the bee flower petals is due to the same five acylated cyanidin glycosides as those previously isolated from mauve petals of spider flower. The structural pattern of the spider flower anthocyanins is shared with at least three genera of the Brassicaceae.

A new species of <I>Cleome</I> from northwestern Australia (<I>Capparaceae</I>)

Cleome arenitensis is newly described and compared to the allied C. uncifera. An identification key is provided for the species of Cleome occurring in Australia.

NUMERICAL TAXONOMY STUDY ON SPECIES OF CLEOMACEAE IN EGYPT

ABSTRACT A data matrix comprising 100 characters of morphology, anatomy and seed protein banding recorded comparatively for ten species of Cleome and Gynandropsis (Cleomaceae) was analyzed under three fundamentally different numerical methods. The PRIMER analysis used the Bray Curtis (SOrensen) distance measure together with the single linkage clustering methods. The SPSS program used Ward’sclustering as a distance measure and the average linkage clustering method distance or complete linkage distance. All three dendrograms agree in grouping the ten species into two major groups: A (including C. droserifolia and C.chrysantha) and B (including C. amblyocarpa, C. paradoxa, C. arabica, C. viscosa C. brachycarpa, C. scaposa, C. hanburyana and Gynandropsis gynandra).This indicates that Gynandropsis gynandra ought to be submerged in Cleome as Cleome gynandra

Breeding biologies, seed production and species‐rich bee guilds of Cleome lutea and Cleome serrulata (Cleomaceae)

AbstractThe summer‐blooming annual forbs Cleome lutea and Cleome serrulata (Cleomaceae) are native across the US Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains, respectively. Their farmed seed is sought to help rehabilitate western rangelands in those regions. This study of the reproductive biologies and pollinator faunas of C. lutea and C. serrulata is the first for this cosmopolitan family, the sister family to the Brassicaceae. Unlike the S‐allele self‐incompatibility systems of some Brassicaceae, both species of Cleome were found to be self‐fertile and capable of some autogamy. Compared with selfing, outcrossing did not enhance seed set, seed viability or seedling vigor for either species (in fact, selfed progeny were more robust). Large, openly visited plants yielded >20 000 seeds each. Like several species of the sister family Capparaceae, flowers of both species first shed their pollen, secreted nectar and became receptive nocturnally. Although no nocturnal visitors were found, both Cleome species attracted a diverse array of diurnal native bees, wasps and butterflies. Among the many floral generalist bees that work Cleome flowers for pollen and nectar are two managed agricultural pollinators, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata. These observations bode well for pollinating C. lutea and C. serrulata in small commercial seed fields. It appears that diverse wild bees would benefit from the addition of native Cleome to restoration seed mixes, with the objective of sustaining native pollinator faunas during the first few years of postfire plant community rehabilitation.

Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence dataThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.

The phylogenetic relationships in Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were examined using two plastid genes, ndhF and matK, to address outstanding systematic questions in the two families. Specifically, the monophyly of the two type genera, Capparis and Cleome , has recently been questioned. Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were broadly sampled to assess the generic circumscriptions of both genera, which house the majority of species for each family. Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods strongly contradict monophyly for both type genera. Within Capparaceae, Capparis is diphyletic: the sampled species belong to two of the five major lineages recovered in the family, which corresponds with their geographic distribution. One lineage contains all sampled New World Capparis and four other genera ( Atamisquea , Belencita , Morisonia , and Steriphoma ) that are distributed exclusively in the New World. The other lineage contains Capparis species from the Old World and Australasia, as well as the Australian genus, Apophyllum . Species of Cleome are scattered across each of four major lineages identified within Cleomaceae: (i) Cleome in part, Dactylaena , Dipterygium , Gynandropsis , Podandrogyne , and Polanisia ; (ii) Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.; (iii) Cleome arabica L., and Cleome ornithopodioides L.; and (iv) Cleome in part, Cleomella , Isomeris , Oxystylis , and Wislizenia . Resolution within and among these major clades of Cleomaceae is limited, and there is no clear correspondence of clades with geographic distribution. Within each family, morphological support and taxonomic implications of the molecular-based clades are discussed.

First North American Record of Powdery Mildew of Cleome hassleriana Caused by Leveillula taurica

This report documents the first record of Leveillula taurica on a species of Cleome (spiderflower) in North America. The introduced plant pathogen Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud (anamorph = Oidiopsis sicula Scalia) occurs on a range of hosts in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), including onion and was identified infecting Cleome hassleriana Chod. (common name: pink queen, family: Capparaceae). Accepted for publication 29 December 2007. Published 19 February 2007.

Physiological, anatomical and biochemical characterisation of photosynthetic types in genus Cleome (Cleomaceae)

C4 photosynthesis has evolved many times in 18 different families of land plants with great variation in leaf anatomy, ranging from various forms of Kranz anatomy to C4 photosynthesis occurring within a single type of photosynthetic cell. There has been little research on photosynthetic typing in the family Cleomaceae, in which only one C4 species has been identified, Cleome gynandra L. There is recent interest in selecting and developing a C4 species from the family Cleomaceae as a model C4 system, since it is the most closely related to Arabidopsis, a C3 model system (Brown et al. 2005). From screening more than 230 samples of Cleomaceae species, based on a measure of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in leaves, we have identified two additional C4 species, C. angustifolia Forssk. (Africa) and C. oxalidea F.Muell. (Australia). Several other species have δ13C values around -17‰ to -19‰, suggesting they are C4-like or intermediate species. Eight species of Cleome were selected for physiological, anatomical and biochemical analyses. These included C. gynandra, a NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) type C4 species, C. paradoxa R.Br., a C3-C4 intermediate species, and 6 others which were characterised as C3 species. Cleome gynandra has C4 features based on low CO2 compensation point (Γ), C4 type δ13C values, Kranz-type leaf anatomy and bundle sheath (BS) ultrastructure, presence of C4 pathway enzymes, and selective immunolocalisation of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Cleome paradoxa was identified as a C3-C4 intermediate based on its intermediate Γ (27.5 μmol mol-1), ultrastructural features and selective localisation of glycine decarboxylase of the photorespiratory pathway in mitochondria of BS cells. The other six species are C3 plants based on Γ, δ13C values, non-Kranz leaf anatomy, and levels of C4 pathway enzymes (very low or absent) typical of C3 plants. The results indicate that this is an interesting family for studying the genetic basis for C4 photosynthesis and its evolution from C3 species.

Terpenoids from Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del

A new diacetyl triterpene lactone, drosericarpone (2), was isolated from the hexane extract of the herb Cleome droserifolia, together with buchariol (1, a sesquiterpene oxide, isolated for the first time from Cleome species) and stigmasterol glucoside (3). The structures of 1-3 were identified by spectroscopic means.

Cleome socotrana (Capparaceae) and allied species in the Horn of Africa region

Four species of Cleome with small flowers, 6 stamens, petals without appendages, spreading to erect capsules, and hairy seeds, are recognized in the Horn of Africa region: C. socotrana in the Socotra archipelago (Yemen), C. hadramautica, sp. nov., in southern Yemen, C. omanensis, comb, nov., in the Mahrah Region of Yemen and in Oman, and C. albescens in northern Somalia. C. socotrana is lectotypified and a key to the species treated is provided.

Quaternary ammonium compounds in the Capparaceae

Fifty-five species and varieties of Capparaceae distributed in 17 genera have been examined for the presence of betaines and other quaternary ammonium compounds. Prolinebetaine and/or 3-hydroxyprolinebetaine were detected in all the species examined of Crataeva, Ritchiea, Maerua, Boscia, Capparis, Cladostemon, Cadaba, Thilachium, Morisonia and Steriphoma, whereas glycinebetaine was the only betaine found in Cleome species; betaines were not detected in the species tested of Gynandropsis, Buhsia, Emblingia (now generally placed in Emblingiaceae), Oceanopapaver, Pentadiplandra and Physena (now generally placed in Physenaceae). The presence of prolinebetaine ethyl ester and tetramethylammonium salts in all four species of Maerua previously classified as Courbonia and their absence in all the other Maerua species tested provides strong evidence for the justification of the generic status of Courbonia.

Exudate flavonoids from aerial parts of four Cleome species

The aerial parts of four Cleome species (Capparaceae) were investigated for their surface flavonoids. Ten methylated flavonoids were isolated and identified as 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone (isokaempferide), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyoxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,3′-dimethoxyflavone (jaceosidin), 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (penduletin), 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone (axillarin), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,3′-5′-trimethoxyflavone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,7,3′-tetramethoxyflavone (chrysosplenetin), 5,3′-dihydroxy-3,6,7,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′-pentamethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone.

Biomass production of two species of Cleome exhibiting C 3 and C 4 photosynthesis

Striking interspecific differences in the net biomass production between the field grown Cleome gynandra L. ( Gynandropsis gynandra L.), a C 4 plant, and the C 3 species, Cleome viscosa L., were observed. Cleome gynandra possessed characteristically faster initial growth rate, and leaf area development attained its maximal growth much sooner compared to the C 3 species. The greater net biomass production and leaf area development of C. gynandra were correlated with quicker morphological development and the completion of the life cycle. It is believed that the advantage of the rapid initial growth in C. gynandra can be associated with a significant shortening of the duration of the life cycle.

Studies in the Capparidaceae-VII Old World Cleomes Adventive in the New World

There are three Old World species ofCleome that are weedy in the New World:C. viscosa (Polanisia viscosa),C. gynandra (Cleome pentaphylla, Gynandropsis gynandra, G. pentaphylla) andC. rutidosperma (C. eiliata). Their very similar New World distribution is centered in the Carribean region, with sporadic occurrences in United States and Brazilian ports. Each species is distinctive enough to be placed in its own section. SectionRutidosperma Iltis is here established for the last named species. The two most common vernacular names used in the New World forC. gynandra (and to a lesser degree also forC. viscosa) were introduced, together with the species, from Africa. Usage of these names in the New World has by now been extended by transference to several indigenous American species. The holotypes ofCleome rutidosperma DC. andCarapa procera DC. (Meliaceae), originally cited as coming from the Antilles, were apparently collections of H. Smeathmann from Sierra Leone, West Africa. In view of the very early date of Smeathmann’s collection (ca. 1786) and its early use in theProdromus, recognition of this error should aid in the interpretation of other enigmatic names or distributions of supposedly West Indian species.

Some Species of Cleome

Some Species of Cleome