Cleft Lip And Palate Patients Research Articles

Are there any solutions for improving the cleft area hygiene in patients with cleft lip and palate? A systematic review.

Children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) present high incidence of oral health problems, namely those associated with the accumulation of dental plaque. The objective of this systematic review was to verify if there is any solution to improve the hygiene of the cleft area. A structured systematic review was performed based on articles published in several electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus in the last 20years. The MeSH terms used were cleft lip, palate, harelip, oral hygiene and toothbrush. From 270 potentially relevant articles, 39 articles were selected, corresponding to a total of 3226 CLP patients and 914 matched controls. The selected studies exhibited great heterogeneity regarding the type of the study, study population (average range 0 -49years old; sampling sizes 15-400 CLP patients), evaluation periods, reported variables and oral hygiene routines. Consensual outcomes were the presence of high plaque indexes, high prevalence of dental caries and worse oral hygiene patterns in CLP patients. Additionally, poor education in oral health and low motivation to integrate regular hygiene routines in the daily family life were also evident. There is a clear need to improve the oral hygiene care of CLP children, but few studies were focused on specific preventive approaches. Development of devices especially designed to the hygiene of the cleft area and implementation of standardized prevention and control programmes targeting education, motivation and compliance would contribute to improve oral health in CLP children.

Imaging study of midface growth with bone-borne trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis therapy in growing cleft lip and palate patients

Trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) promotes midface growth in growing cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients with midfacial hypoplasia. The superficial skeletal changes after therapy revealed rotation advancement of the midfacial skeleton associated with differential displacement in each segment, but reports rarely focus on the changes of internal structures, including circummaxillary sutures, the maxillary tuberosity and the maxillary sinus, which may play a crucial role during this process. This study evaluated the computed tomographic (CT) images of 26 growing CLP patients who received bone-borne TSDO therapy. The results revealed that the most prominent new bone formation occurred in the pterygomaxillary suture and pushed the P-point forward. The maxillary first molar exhibited significantly greater advancement compared with the P-point due to the growth of the maxillary tuberosity. The contribution ratio values of the advancement of the maxillary tuberosity and P-point to the maxillary first molar were 26% and 74%, respectively, in UCLP and 25% and 75%, respectively, in BCLP. Furthermore, the maxillary sinus volume was also significantly increased. In conclusion, midface growth with bone-borne TSDO therapy depends on both secondary displacement promoted by sutural bone formation mainly in the pterygomaxillary suture and primary displacement by growth of the maxillary tuberosity and maxillary sinus volume.

The Densitometric Analysis of Protein Pattern in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

Objectives:Cleft lip and palate (CLP) belongs to the congenital anomaly that is clinically seen as cleft in lip, alveolar bone, palate, and nasal septum. The patients suffer from esthetic and various functional defects. CLP is resulted from impaired palatogenesis during the embryonic phase. The etiology of CLP is influenced by genetic, environmental, and combination of both. According to the literature, CLP is highly associated with defect in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) and poliovirus receptor-like (PVRL1) genes. The present study aimed to investigate the total protein profile and to identify protein IRF6 and PVRL1 in plasma of CLP patients.Materials and Methods:Dot-Blot analysis was performed to identify protein target of IRF6 and PVRL1. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed in gel concentration 12% using plasma of CLP patients, their parents, and control population. The gels were stained by Coomassie blue afterward. Gels were analyzed through ImageLab 5.2.1 software.Results:The intensity of major bands in CLP patients was darker than control group, but remains similar to the parents group. The target protein IRF6 and PVRL1 were positively identified through Dot-Blot. Retardation factor value was significantly different in major bands of CLP patients compared to control group.Conclusion:There pattern of protein profile in CLP patients was different compared to non-CLP.

Evaluation of Postsurgical Dentofacial Deformities in Children Operated for Correction of Cleft Lip and Palate-A Cross-sectional Study.

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the various dentofacial deformities in children who were surgically managed for cleft lip and palate (CLP).Materials and methodsThe study was carried out in 100 surgically managed cleft lip palate children between the ages of 4 years and 15 years. After eliciting a detailed history, a thorough intraoral and extraoral examination was done and details were recorded in a printed proforma with photographs.DesignCross-sectional study.Statistical analysis usedAll the data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software for evaluation using the Chi-square test.ResultsA wide range of surgical, dental, and functional problems among the surgically managed CLP patients were seen.ConclusionThe timing of direct lip repair showed a significant influence on the severity of dentofacial deformities. Lip repair before the age of 1 increases the severity of the deformity.How to cite this articleJoybell C, Krishnan R, et al. Evaluation of Postsurgical Dentofacial Deformities in Children Operated for Correction of Cleft Lip and Palate—A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):165–177.

Modification of maxillary splint for simultaneous protraction and esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients struggle from multiple limitations, both functionally and esthetically, impeding their social and psychological development. These patients adapt fairly to the functional requirements, but esthetic aspect is always compromised, which play a significant role in their overall development and their acceptance in the society. Early rehabilitation of the esthetic component in the form of replacement of the missing anterior teeth has a positive impact on the quality of life of these patients, which is usually neglected in the early phase of orthodontic treatment. This paper attempts to address the esthetic aspect of CLP patient with a clinical modification of conventional treatment modality.

Prevalence of cervical vertebrae anomalies in patients with cleft lip and palate

Abstract Objective To investigate the prevalence of cervical vertebral anomalies (CVA) in a group of patients presenting with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and to compare with a non-cleft population. Material and methods The sample comprised of 150 lateral cephalograms of non-syndromic patients with CLP and 150 non-cleft age-matched controls. The age range of both groups covered 6 to 20 years. An expert radiologist blinded to the cleft status evaluated the cephalograms for CVA and categorised them into normal, fusion, dehiscence and multiple cervical anomalies. The cleft group was subdivided according to the types of cleft (UCLP/ BCLP/ CPO) and gender (male/female). The CVA prevalence was compared between the cleft and non-cleft patients. Results The prevalence of CVA was 37.7% and 20.7% in cleft and non-cleft patients, respectively. The difference was statistically significant with a p-value <0.01. Of the types of clefts, a left UCLP had the highest prevalence of CVA (47.2%), with fusion (35.8%) most commonly seen. On comparing CLP with CPO, no significant variation was observed between the types of anomalies. Conclusions A high prevalence of CVA was observed in cleft patients compared with non-cleft subjects. The prevalence of CVA was similar between males and females. The practitioner should carefully evaluate the lateral cephalogram of CLP patients for CVA, which otherwise may remain undetected and lead to neurological symptoms later in life.

Oral hygiene of children with cleft lip and palate: Efficacy of the cleft toothbrush - A designed add-on to regular toothbrushes.

The anatomical and morphological alterations associated with cleft lip and palate (CLP) favour the buildup of dental plaque. To assess the efficacy of a new add-on to regular toothbrush-the Cleft Toothbrush, in removing the dental plaque of CLP patients, compared to a regular toothbrush. Forty-five children with CLP were randomly organized into two groups: A (n=26, 2-6years old) and B (n=19, 7-12years old). They were evaluated at days 0, 15, 30, and 60. After brushing their teeth with a regular toothbrush or with the Cleft Toothbrush, the dental plaque was recorded using an adapted Plaque Index (aPI). Data analyses were performed in IBM SPSS(c) , and all statistic inference comparisons were made using non-parametric tests. In the first 15days, children used a new regular toothbrush and aPI-C (teeth adjacent to the cleft) was recorded. The Cleft Toothbrush, used by all children from day 15 to day 30, showed high efficacy in removing dental plaque in the cleft area, evidenced by significantly lower aPI-C values, compared to those observed with the regular toothbrush (P<0.001). When given free option of brushing technique, from day 30 to day 60, most of the children (38 out of 45) chose the Cleft Toothbrush. The Cleft Toothbrush showed high efficacy in removing dental plaque in the cleft area, and presented high level of acceptance by parents and children, compared to a regular toothbrush. This is expected to improve the health status of the local adjacent tissues, a requirement for their rehabilitation.

The role of external aetiological factors in dental anomalies in non-syndromic cleft lip and palate patients.

The hypothesis tested was whether proper tooth development in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is affected by early orthopaedic treatment (EOT), primary surgical interventions and palatal defects after primary palatoplasty. The prospective study groups comprised 369 CLP children (aged 11.0 ± 4.5years) and 500 healthy children (aged 11.1 ± 3.8years) aged > 6years without any diseases associated with increased risk of dental anomalies. Patients were examined clinically and radiologically. Primary treatment details and outcomes were extracted from the hospital records registry and analysed to evaluate the role of possible external aetiological factors in dental abnormalities. Selective tooth aplasia was the commonest dental abnormality with upper lateral incisors missing in 33.9% of CLP patients and 3.4% of controls. Central incisor agenesis was restricted to early primary periosteoplasty cases. Lateral incisor aplasia on the cleft side was significantly associated with palatal defect (P = 0.0003) and primary lip surgery type (P = 0.008). The prevalence of developmental enamel defects (DEDs) correlated with primary surgical procedure (P = 0.002), palatal defect and lack of EOT (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Surgical trauma during early primary periosteoplasty, reduced blood supply associated with palatal defects and absence of EOT significantly increase the prevalence of frontal tooth anomalies. The prevalence of dental abnormalities in CLP patients depends on treatment protocol.

Enamel Hypomineralization in Children With Clefts and the Relationship to Treatment: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study.

The aim of this study was to determine whether molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is greater in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who underwent primary alveolar grafting (PAG) as compared with CLP waiting for secondary alveolar grafting (SAG) and with controls. A retrospective analysis of intraoral photographs of 13 CLP patients who underwent a PAG, 28 CLP prior to SAG, and 60 controls without CLP was performed. Mantel-Haenszel χ tests were used to compare the 3 groups for differences in MIH scores, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare the groups for differences in average MIH scores. A 5% significance level was used for all tests. Molar incisor hypomineralization scores were significantly higher for the PAG and SAG groups compared with the control group (P < 0.001). The PAG group had significantly higher incisor MIH (P = 0.016) compared with the SAG group. Molar incisor hypomineralization average scores were significantly higher for the 2 graft groups compared with the controls (P < 0.0001). The PAG group had significantly higher average MIH score and average MIH score for incisors compared with the SAG group (P = 0.03). Cleft lip and palate patients have significantly greater MIH compared with controls, and CLP patients with PAGs have significantly greater MIH in the incisor region compared with CLP patients with SAGs, indicating that subjects with PAGs have more severely affected dentition.

Impact of Temporomandibular Disorders and Sleep Bruxism on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Individuals With Complete Cleft Lip and Palate.

The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and sleep bruxism (SB) affect the quality of life (QoL) of the individuals in general. However, the literature lacks studies on individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of TMD and SB on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of individuals with CLP. Thirty-six individuals, both genders, aged between 30 and 50 years, at routine treatment in the Dental Prosthesis Sector of Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies-University of São Paulo were selected and divided into the following groups: G1-unilateral complete CLP (n = 22) and G2-bilateral complete CLP (n = 14). Three questionnaires were applied: Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), SB self-report and Research Diagnosis Criteria for TMD. Fisher test, Mann-Whitney test, and t test were applied to verify values between TMD, SB, gender, and OHIP-14 (P < 0.05). The mean OHIP-14 score was of 5.80, and females had higher (8.58) OHRQoL than males (3.31). There was association with gender and OHRQoL (t test, P = 0.006), TMD with OHRQoL (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.036), and TMD and SB (Fisher test, P = 0.006). Temporomandibular disorder was diagnosed in 30% of the individuals. Of these, 16.66% did not present SB, while 13.88% presented it. The association TMD versus SB showed statistically significant differences and 83.33% of the individuals reporting SB also had TMD. Based on this study, the authors can conclude that: TMD impacts OHRQoL in CLP patients, females are more affected in their OHRQoL than males, SB was strongly associated with TMD.

The Effects of Maxillary Expansion on Late Alveolar Bone Grafting in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

The purpose of this study was to answer the research question of whether maxillary expansion provides enough postgraft stimulation to decrease the volume loss of alveolar bone grafts in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who missed the appropriate treatment time. This study was designed as a prospective controlled clinical trial. Thirty patients in the permanent-dentition stage with unilateral CLP were divided into 2 groups: In group I (mean age, 19.33±5.16years), slow maxillary expansion was performed before secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG); in group II (mean age, 19.93±3.99years), slow maxillary expansion was performed 6weeks after SABG. The iliac crest was preferred as a donor site for autogenous bone graft harvesting. Cone beam computed tomography images were taken 1week, 6months, and 12months postoperatively. The volume and density of the alveolar bone graft were calculated using Mimics software (version 13.1; Materialise, Ann Arbor, MI), and SPSS software (version 19.0; IBM, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis. The bone graft volume loss was significantly higher in group I than in group II after 6months of healing (P=.003). The increase in bone density was significantly higher in group II than in group I after 6months of healing (P=.017). Although the mean loss of volume was lower and the mean density of the bone graft was higher in group II, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of mean graft volume and mean bone density 12months after the operation. For groups I and II, the mean bone graft volume loss was 46.3% and 34.6%, respectively, and the mean increase in bone density was 16% and 49%, respectively, after 12months of healing. Maxillary expansion after late SABG may be taken into consideration as a treatment choice in selected unilateral CLP patients to provide bone graft stimulation.

Three-dimensional radiological evaluation of secondary alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate patients: a systematic review.

To systematically review the existing literature on the three-dimensional (3D) radiological evaluation of secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients, with specific interest in 3D imaging protocols and assessment methods. A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library wasconducted. Included publications concerned 3D imaging for evaluation of SABG in CLP patientswhile articles about primary or tertiary bone grafting or using of two-dimensional images only were excluded.Study quality was evaluated using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies or the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing risk of bias. The search yielded 1735 citations, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria. We noticed a large variability in imaging protocols and bone graft evaluation methods between studies. Most articles were observational studies with medium to low methodological quality, except for the one randomised clinical trial having a low risk of bias. There is a lack of prospective, controlled trials based on a consistent imaging protocol with a sufficiently long follow-up period. A pressing need exists for the development of a consistent optimized imaging protocol for diagnosis and followup of SABG in CLP patients. Although 3D evaluation methods seem to be more precise than two-dimensional methods, we should be careful when comparing theoutcomes arising from different 3D measuring techniques.

Reliability of Self-Reporting by Parents using Visual Analog Scale Scoring System in Non-Plastic Surgical Hospital Based Setting An Analysis of Outcome in Cleft Lip andor Palate Patients

Reliability of Self-Reporting by Parents using Visual Analog Scale Scoring System in Non-Plastic Surgical Hospital Based Setting An Analysis of Outcome in Cleft Lip andor Palate Patients

Birth Prevalence of Orofacial Clefts in Kuwait From Hospital-Based Registration: Retrospective Study.

Cleft lip and palate (CLAP) are the most common craniofacial anomalies and birth defects globally. Despite the fact that a tertiary care registry of clefts has existed in Kuwait since 2008, to date there is no published data regarding the prevalence of orofacial clefts in this population. To tabulate the pattern of orofacial clefts from tertiary care center registration during 2009 through 2014 and to estimate the prevalence and trend using population-based records. Data from all CLAP cases (born in Kuwait) registered in the central cleft center registry of the Al-Amiri hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait, from January 2009 to December 2014 were obtained. Data regarding the type, severity, gender as well as nationality, parental consanguinity, and associated syndrome were obtained from medical records. Birth prevalence was tabulated against the population statistics for the period obtained from the central department of statistics. A total of 202 CLAP patients were recorded in the study period with a mean birth prevalence of 0.57 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] .57 ± .23). The registry recorded 108 (53.2%) males and 94 (47.8%) females. Children born to Kuwaitis represented 53.7% of cases while those born to non-Kuwaitis represented 45.3%. The most common oral cleft was CLAP (47.3%), followed by cleft palate (30.5%), cleft lip (20.2%), and other facial clefts (2%). Other congenital anomalies were recognized in 33% of all cases. There were no statistically significant differences in oral cleft prevalence across gender or nationality. The prevalence of oral cleft in Kuwait appears to be similar to those of other Middle Eastern populations.

Salivary microRNAs as new molecular markers in cleft lip and palate: a new frontier in molecular medicine.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs of about twenty-two nucleotides that regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional control. The purpose of the present study was to identify and describe the salivary miRNAs in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients comparing them with a control healthy group. Twelve patients (mean age 11.9 ± 2.42 years; 6M/6F) formed the study group. The control group was created selecting twelve healthy subjects matched for age and sex with study group. We recorded differences in miRNA expression profile between the saliva of CLP patients and the control group. Specifically, miR-141, miR-223, and miR-324-3p were mostly deregulated between the study and control groups. Interestingly, these three miRNAs are the regulators of the following genes correlated to cleft palate and lip development: MTHFR, SATB2, PVRL1. The present study showed that collecting saliva samples is a non-invasive procedure and is well accepted by CLP patients. MiRNAs can be easily isolated and identified. The differences in regulation of miR-141, miR-223 and miR-324-3p between the two groups of salivary samples suggest that these molecules are valid prognostic biomarkers and therapy dynamic response indicators, also for the accuracy and non-invasive sampling and dosing system.

Effect of Long-Term Use of Facemask With Miniplate on Maxillary Protraction in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the effect of a long-term use of facemask with miniplate (FM-MP) on maxillary protraction in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. The subjects were 21 CLP patients (16 unilateral CLP and 5 bilateral CLP patients), who were treated with identical lip and palate surgical method and FM-MP therapy performed by single surgeon and single orthodontist. Lateral cephalogram was taken before (T1; mean age, 11.1 years) and after maxillary protraction (T2; mean age, 16.9 years). The mean duration of FM-MP was 68.0 months. After 17 cephalometric variables were measured, statistical analysis was performed. During T1-T2, the maxilla showed significant forward movement (ΔA-vertical reference plane, 4.8 mm, P < 0.001; ΔSNA, 1.9 degree, P < 0.001; ΔA-N perp, 1.9 mm, P < 0.05), although the mandible exhibited a forward growth (ΔSNB, 1.2 degree, P < 0.05). Despite downward movement of the posterior maxilla with counterclockwise rotation (Δpalatal plane angle, -1.5 degree, P < 0.05), the mandible did not exhibit clockwise rotation but counterclockwise rotation (ΔSN to mandibular plane angle, -1.4 degree, ΔBjork sum, -1.4 degree, Δocclusal plane to SN plane angle, -1.5 degree, ΔFMA, -1.0 degree, all P < 0.05) and showed decrease in Gonial angle (-1.2 degree, P < 0.01). Although there was labioversion of the maxillary incisor (ΔU1 to SN, 4.1 degree, P < 0.05), the mandibular incisor did not exhibit significant linguoversion (ΔIMPA, -1.3 degree, P > 0.05). Long-term use of FM-MP is effective on maxillary protraction in adolescent CLP patients without clockwise rotation of the mandible, the main drawback of conventional facemask with tooth-borne anchorage.

The Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale for 18-Year-Old Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients

To develop a reliable and easy-to-use method to assess the nasolabial appearance of 18-year-old patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP). Retrospective analysis of nasolabial aesthetics using a 5-point ordinal scale and newly developed photographic reference scale: the Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale (CARS). Three cleft surgeons and 20 medical students scored the nasolabial appearance on standardized frontal photographs. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Inclusion criteria: 18-year-old patients, unilateral cleft lip and palate, available photograph of the frontal view. history of facial trauma, congenital syndromes affecting facial appearance. Eighty photographs were available for scoring. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the CARS for 18-year-old patients when used by cleft surgeons and medical students. The interobserver reliability for the nose and lip together was 0.64 for the cleft surgeons and 0.61 for the medical students. There was an intraobserver reliability of 0.75 and 0.78 from the surgeons and students, respectively, on the nose and lip together. No significant difference was found between the cleft surgeons and medical students in the way they scored the nose ( P = 0.22) and lip ( P = 0.72). The Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale for 18-year-old patients has a substantial overall estimated reliability when the average score is taken from three or more cleft surgeons or medical students assessing the nasolabial aesthetics of CLP patients.

Impact of Prosthetic Rehabilitation on Quality of Life in Patients with Significant Dental and Orofacial Tissue Loss: A Mixed-Methods Study.

To assess the impact of prosthetic rehabilitation on quality of life (QoL) in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and in edentulous patients with implant-supported complete dentures (ICD). CLP (n = 20) and ICD (n = 26) patients completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). Nine patients with an OHIP-14 score above the 75th percentile were interviewed. Data were interpreted using inductive content analysis and triangulation. ICD patients scored higher than CLP patients in overall OHIP-14 score and in most domains (P < .05). After rehabilitation, CLP patients reported improvement in psychosocial functions but worsening in physical functions. ICD patients had improvement in all domains, but were less satisfied. The mixed-methods study design can detect the origins and interactions of factors in treated patients with complex problems.

Electromyographic Analysis of Masticatory Muscles in Cleft Lip and Palate Children with Pain-Related Temporomandibular Disorders.

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the electrical activity of temporalis and masseter muscles in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and pain-related temporomandibular disorders (TMD-P). Methods The sample consisted of 31 CLP patients with a TMD-P (mean age 9.5 ± 1.8 years) and 32 CLP subjects with no TMD (mean age 9.2 ± 1.7 years). The children were assessed for the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Electromyographical (EMG) recordings were performed using a DAB-Bluetooth Instrument (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) in the mandibular rest position and during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Results The rest activity of the temporalis and masseter muscles was significantly higher in TMD-P group compared with non-TMD children. A significant decrease in temporalis muscle activity during MVC was observed in TMD-P patients. There was a significant increase in the Asymmetry Index for temporalis and masseter muscle rest activity in the TMD-P group. Conclusion Cleft children diagnosed with TMD-P have altered masticatory muscle activity, and this can affect their muscle function.

Evaluation of the presence of MMP-2, TIMP-2, BMP2/4, and TGFβ3 in the facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common defect affecting the face. The treatment consists of surgical reconstruction of the anatomical structures of the cleft. Part of the surgical treatment is reconstruction of the alveolar bone by means of autogenic bone grafting (osteoplasty). This study aimed to evaluate the levels of expression of extracellular matrix remodeling factors in the facial tissue of children with a complete unilateral (CU) and a complete bilateral (CB) CLP to assess whether the wound healing process is adequate. Twenty-two CLP patients were enrolled in this study. Tissue samples were collected during alveolar osteoplasty for unilateral (n = 12) or bilateral (n = 10) cleft palate, (age range from 6 years 8 months to 12 years 2 months). Control material was obtained in the case of tooth extraction (age range from 6 years 9 months to 14 years 5 months). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2/4), and transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3). Numbers of positively stained cells were graded semi-quantitatively. Data were analysed using the Kraskel-Wallis rank test and the Bonferroni correction. The total number of MMP2-positive cells was significantly lower in the CBCLP and in the control group than in the CUCLP (p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The total number of TIMP2-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group (p < 0.001; p < 0.003 after the Bonferroni correction). The overall number of BMP2/4, TGFβ3-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group (p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The decrease of the relative amount of statistically significant BMP2/4, TGFβ3, MMP-2, TIMP-2 containing bone cells in CBCLP patients identifies affected alveolar bone regeneration and remodeling process.