Cleft Grafting Research Articles

Low Temperature Is Critical for Jujube Grafting Success in Frost-prone Northern New Mexico

The increased popularity of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) combined with the difficulty of grafting have limited supplies of grafted trees in the United States. From 2011 to 2020, grafting was practiced for cultivar amplification after importation and cultivar trials in frost-prone northern New Mexico. Grafting success was related to not only grafting techniques but also climate factors. Bark grafting, whip/tongue grafting, and cleft grafting were commonly used in nurseries. Low temperatures had a critical role in jujube grafting success in marginal regions and were more important than the grafting technique. If frost occurs before or near the leafing time, then grafting should be delayed until the rootstocks are determined to be healthy and alive. If frost occurs after grafting, then grafting failure and/or thin and small plant percentages increased. If only branchlets appear after grafting, then pinching branchlets could stimulate new shoot growth.

Standardization of asexual propagation techniques in rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) for humid tropical region of India

Rambutan (Nephilium lappaceum L.) a potential exotic crop, fetching high value demand in the tropical markets of the world. In India the states like Kerala and Karnataka are pioneer in cultivation of Rambutan. It is a natural habitat of warm and humid climate of South East Asia gradually finding its spread and cultivation across continents of both the spheres, but in order to sustain the demand of this crop, there is an urgent need to find out the best method of propagation. In order to assess and determine a suitable vegetative propagation protocol for true to type plant multiplication in Coorg region of Karnataka, different types of budding and grafting techniques were evaluated in Rambutan. Three different methods of budding (i.e. patch budding, forkert budding and chip budding) was employed, among the three methods patch budding was proven to the best with significantly higher rate of budding success (70.00 %), minimum days taken for sprouting (36.86 days) and with a lower rate of mortality (6.28 %). In a separate concurrent experiment, approach grafting method showed superior results among three different methods (viz. approach grafting, cleft grafting and veneer grafting) studied. It showed maximum rate of graft success (72.86 %), higher number of sprouted bud (4.29) and minimum days taken for sprouting (46.29 days) and also had a very low mortality rate (5.87 %).

​Standardization of Grafting in Bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Background: Commercial cultivation of bitter gourd is affected by biotic stresses like mosaic disease, fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode as well as abiotic stress like drought. Grafting with resistant rootstocks can be a tool to control these problems. In vegetable production, grafting is exploited commercially in many parts of the world. The cultivated area of grafted solanaceae and cucubitaceae plants has increased tremendously in recent years because of the advantages of grafted plants. Commercial use of vegetable grafting is a relatively recent innovation in India and scientific information on grafting in bittergourd is meager. In this context, identification of suitable rootstocks and standardization of grafting techniques that do not have adverse effect on yield and fruit quality not only lay foundation for further evaluation on tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses but also enhance the area and production of bitter gourd especially in sustainable production systems. Methods: Grafting in bitter gourd was carried out with three grafting methods such as hole insertion grafting, one cotyledon grafting and cleft grafting using growth regulators viz., alar and CCC to control height of rootstocks in order to identify suitable method, growth regulator and its concentration. The grafting experiment was done independently to four cucurbitaceous rootstocks viz., sponge gourd, pumpkin, bottle gourd and bitter gourd using bittergourd var. Preethi as scion. Height and diameter of the rootstocks before grafting were recorded and then the growth regulators alar and CCC each at 10 mgL-1 and 50 mgL-1 along with distilled water as control were sprayed on rootstocks in order to prevent the lodging of the root stocks and then grafted using different methods. Days taken for graft union and percentage success were also evaluated after grafting. Result: Our study of grafting bitter gourd scion into four cucurbitaceous rootstocks utilizing three methods and two growth regulators at two different concentration along with control exhibited significant difference in graft success among the methods as well as concentration of growth regulator in all four experiments. This work can be further utilized for imparting resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses in bitter gourd by selecting suitable rootstocks.

Multiplicação vegetativa da espécie Eugenia involucrata, nativa da Mata Atlântica

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate air layering, cutting, and grafting, with different indolebutyric acid (IBA) rates, for the vegetative propagation of Eugenia involucrata. Air layering was carried out for two consecutive years with five different IBA rates. Cutting was tested for woody and herbaceous cuttings, using four IBA rates, in three seasons. The grafting methods – cleft graft and splice graft – were tested in two seasons. For the air layering, cutting, and grafting trials the experimental designs were randomized complete blocks, completely randomized in a 3x4 factorial arrangement, and completely randomized, respectively. Plants were evaluated for rooting, survival percentage, and shoot development. In air layering, low rooting rates of 0 to 50% were observed, the use of IBA showed no consistent results, and no resulting propagules survived after being transplanted. The cutting technique showed low survival, rooting, and leaf retention rates, with no consistent effect of IBA rates. Grafting showed 35 to 50% graft fixation, with no significant difference between the splice and cleft grafting techniques. The air layering and cutting techniques are not efficient for the propagation of E. involucrata, as they do not favor the survival and rooting of seedlings. Grafting, by both techniques, is the most efficient method for E. involucrata propagation.

Radiographic Volumetric assessment of secondary alveolar cleft grafting using stem cells tissue-engineering

Radiographic Volumetric assessment of secondary alveolar cleft grafting using stem cells tissue-engineering

Economic and quality study of purple passion fruit grafted on a fusarium wilt tolerant rootstock

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of Passiflora maliformis as rootstock on the physical characteristics of fruits, productivity, and profitability of the purple passion fruit. The study was carried out from May 2020 to April 2021, under a 3 × 3 factorial design distributed in blocks with three repetitions. The treatments were represented by three scions of elite accessions of purple passion fruit PutEdu01, TesEdu11 and a commercial scion, and three rootstocks, ungrafted, autografted and P. maliformis. Conventional cleft grafting was used. The fresh fruit mass, the shell weight, the pulp weight, the fruit diameter, the polar diameter of the fruit, the percentage of pulp and skin were evaluated. As economic variables, production costs, income, and their cost benefit ratio were determined. The quality of the fruits derived from the grafted accessions in P. maliformis was within the fresh marketing standards, presenting a pulp yield of more than 50%. The combinations of the purple passion fruit TesEdu11 accessions and the commercial one grafted onto P. maliformis as the elite accession PutEdu01 without grafting were financially attractive because they presented a cost-benefit ratio greater than one at two years after starting the crop.

Effect of Grafting on Growth and Shelf Life of Tomatoes (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) Grafted on Two Local <i>Solanum</i> Species

The Rio Grande variety of tomato is widely grown because of its high productivity during the cold and dry seasons, and its resistance to Verticillium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporium) and to stem canker (Alternaria). Grafting tomato onto compatible rootstocks resistant to these diseases offers a better potential to overcome soil-borne diseases, abiotic stresses, improve growth, yield and fruit quality. However, in Cameroon, there is little or no information on grafting between Rio Grande tomato and selected eggplant rootstocks. The objectives of this study were: 1) To determine the compatibility between Rio tomato grafting and a popular local eggplant (Nkeya) rootstock; 2) To verify the effect of grafting on flowering time; 3) To evaluate the effect of eggplant rootstocks on growth, fruit shelf life and fruit quality of Rio tomatoes. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Rio Grande (To) was the ungrafted treatment used as a control. To/Ko, To/To and To/Nk were the grafted treatments eventually transplanted to the field. Growth data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS software. Descriptive analyses were performed for the other parameters. The results revealed that, 1) The cleft grafting method used was successful with success rate varying between 90 and 100%; 2) Grafting influenced flowering date (DAT, p = 0.05) as well as tomato growth parameters including stem height (H, 1.49 × 10-10 p 0.00014) and collar diameter (SD, 4 × 10-14 p 0.009). The To/To treatment was significantly different from the ungrafted cultivar To, which had no significant difference in stem diameter. A significant difference in plant height was also observed between the ungrafted treatment To and the To/Ko and To/Nk treatments. In addition, only the collar diameter of To/Nk was different from To. Also, there was no significant difference between To/To and To, but a significant difference between To/Ko and To/Nk compared to To. Conversely, grafting improved the lifespan of To/Ko. Ultimately, the grafting method used was successful, but further studies are needed to overcome the problem of graft incompatibility in order to improve the agronomic performance of grafted plants.

Primary metabolism and initial development of grafted black pepper seedlings

The production of black pepper seedlings through grafting is a promising strategy to mitigate the effect of environmental stresses, such as drought, that limit its cultivation. However, studies on compatibility between grafts and rootstocks are still scarce, especially considering the wild species of the genus Piper and the cultivated genotypes of black pepper. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between primary metabolism and the development of black pepper seedlings obtained through intra- and interspecific grafting. The method used was that of cleft lateral grafting, as graft the Bragantina cultivar, better known in the world as ‘Panniyur 1’, and ‘Kottanadan’ cultivar and three wild species (Piper hispidum, Piper aduncum and Piper tuberculatum) were used as root-stock. As a control, ´Bragantina` was grafted onto itself (homograft). The experiment was carried out for 110 days and the seedlings were evaluated for development, gas exchange, and carbohydrate allocation. The rootstock influences the development and primary metabolism of seedlings. P. aduncum showed greater initial compatibility among wild species, due to less impediment to carbohydrate flow. P. tuberculatum showed early incompatibility, as the grafts died. The seedlings grafted on P. hispidum and 'Kottanadan' had initial compatibility with an average of 78% survival and 60% budding, but they may have late incompatibility due to limitation of carbohydrate flow.

Anatomical and Histological Studies of Grafted Tomato with Interspecific Solanaceous Rootstocks

A study was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,India during 2019-2020 to assess the anatomical and histological changes within the graft union of tomato and identify compatible rootstocks for improved propagation of the crop. This experiment involved rootstocks of three wild tomatoes including Solanum torvum, S. sisymbrifolium and S. capsicoides and scions of two tomato hybrids including TNAU tomato hybrid CO3 and Shivam. The grafting was done using the cleft grafting method. The anatomical and histological sections of six graft combinations and two tomato scion samples were viewed microscopically at 7, 14 and 21 days after grafting (DAG). Among the six tomato graft combinations, S. torvum rootstock showed complete development of vascular connection at 21 DAG followed by S. sisymbrifolium rootstock, whereas S. capsicoides rootstock showed only callus growth at 14 DAG. Scion growth dominated the rootstock growth in S. torvum rootstock leading to mismatch of scion-rootstock stem thickness and delayed epinasty symptom at the later stages of plant growth. Of the rootstocks of the three species studied, S. sisymbrifolium rootstock was compatible for tomato grafting though it exhibited delayed vascular connection between the scion and rootstock.

Alveolar Cleft Reconstruction Using Double Iliac Corticocancellous Bone Plates Grafting Technique in Mixed Dentition Phase

The primary goal of maxillary alveolar cleft reconstruction in patients with cleft lip/palate at the phase of mixed dentition is to build bone in the cleft area which in turn allows closure of the oronasal fistula, establishes arch continuity, and improve maxillary stability. This study aimed to evaluate the double iliac corticocancellous bone plates grafting technique for initial alveolar cleft grafting. This prospective study was conducted on 12 consecutive patients with unilateral complete alveolar cleft and previous cleft lip and palate corrective surgery. For all patients, the iliac crest graft was harvested and cut into 2 cortical bone plates and adapted labially and palatally. Both plates were fixed with screws then the gap between the 2 plates was filled with cancellous bone. The grafted side was compared to the contralateral side 9 months postoperatively regarding labio-palatal alveolar width and bone density, while the 9 months postoperative graft height was compared to the immediate postoperative height using computed tomography scans. All grafted sides showed similarity to the contralateral sides regarding both alveolar width and bone density with minimal crestal bone resorption. The double iliac corticocancellous bone plate grafting technique seems to be a reliable method for alveolar cleft reconstruction with adequate bone quality and contour.

Development of a gRNA-tRNA array of CRISPR/Cas9 in combination with grafting technique to improve gene-editing efficiency of sweet orange.

Here, we developed a reliable protocol for the fast and efficient gene-edited Anliu sweet orange plants production. The application of in vitro shoot grafting technology significantly reduced the growth cycle of transgenic seedlings, and the survival rate of cleft grafting was more than 90%. In addition, the mutation efficiency of the grafted geneedited sweet orange was significantly improved by short-term heat stress treatments. Thus, the combination strategy of grafting and heat stress treatments provided a reference for the fast and efficient multiplex gene editing of sweet orange.

Graft survival of Pinus engelmannii Carr. in relation to two grafting techniques with dormant and sprouting buds.

Developing methods for successfully grafting forest species will be helpful for establishing asexual seed orchards and increasing the success of forest genetic improvement programs in Mexico. In this study we investigated the effects of two grafting techniques (side veneer and top cleft) and two phenological stages of the scion buds (end of latency and beginning of sprouting), in combination with other seven grafting variables, on the sprouting and survival of 120 intraspecific grafts of Pinus engelmannii Carr. The scions used for grafting were taken from a 5.5-year-old commercial forest plantation. The first grafting was performed on January 18 (buds at the end of dormancy) and the second on February 21 (buds at the beginning of sprouting). The data were examined by analysis of variance and a test of means and were fitted to two survival models (the Weibull’s accelerated failure time and the Cox’s proportional hazards model) and the respective hazard ratios were calculated. Survival was higher in the top cleft grafts made with buds at the end of latency, with 80% sprouting and an estimated average survival time of between 164 and 457 days after the end of the 6-month evaluation period. Four variables (grafting technique, phenological stage of the scion buds, scion diameter and rootstock height) significantly affected the risk of graft death in both survival models. Use of top cleft grafts with buds at the end of the latency stage, combined with scion diameters smaller than 11.4 mm and rootstock heights greater than 58.5 cm, was associated with a lower risk of death.

A systematic review on regenerative alveolar graft materials in clinical trials: Risk of bias and meta-analysis

BackgroundAlveolar cleft grafting is a necessary procedure to restore bone defects. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are regarded as a golden standard for investigating the efficacy of treatments. Nevertheless, risk of bias (RoB) can still affect the validity of these trials. We aimed to conduct a systemic review of all control trials (CTs) using regenerative materials for alveolar cleft reconstructions to evaluate their RoB and perform a meta-analysis of new bone formation. MethodsCochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE AND Google Scholar were searched up to October 2020. Thereafter, the articles underwent quality assessment (according to the Jadad scale and the Delphi list) for the evaluation of the RoB. ResultsA total of 15 trials met the inclusion criteria, none of which reached a full score. Of these, 20% didn't randomize the trails, 73,33% failed to describe the way of randomization, and none reported the double-blinded criteria. Furthermore, allocation concealment (99.9%), intention to treat (100%), and patient awareness (100%) were inadequately described. The meta-analysis found no significant difference between regenerative materials and iliac crest graft. ConclusionThis review showed high RoB in CTs implying quality improvement of CTs is necessary. Meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the regenerative materials and autogenous grafts.

Amenability of priority indigenous fruit trees of West and Central Africa to grafting

ABSTRACT Grafting scions of trees with desirable features is an important step for the domestication of indigenous forest fruit trees. Two experiments were carried out in the World Agroforestry (ICRAF) experimental nursery at Yaoundé (Cameroon) to assess the graft success of five forest fruit tree species identified as priority species for domestication in West and Central Africa namely Irvingia gabonensis, Garcinia kola, Cola nitida, Ricinodendron heudelotii and Monodora myristica. In experiment 1, various grafting methods (i.e. side tongue, top cleft, side veneer, and whip-and-tongue) were tested. In experiment 2, three Irvingia species rootstocks (i.e. I. grandifolia, I. gabonensis and I. wombolu) were tested for the grafting of scions of I. gabonensis. Experiment 1 shows that the grafting method significantly affected the percentage of graft success all the tested species except G. kola where all methods resulted in a very high percentage of graft success. The top cleft grafting method had the highest percentage of success, whatever the species. Experiment 2 shows that the type of rootstock significantly influenced the graft success of I. gabonensis scions, with I. wombolu rootstocks showing the highest percentage of graft success at 45.5 ± 7.75%. Our results can guide future propagation programs for these priority fruit tree species for domestication purposes.

EFFICIENCY OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CAJÁ-DE-JABUTI UNDER CONCENTRATIONS OF INDOLEBUTYRIC ACID AND GRAFTING METHODS

ABSTRACT The objectives of the tests were to evaluate concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) combined with different types of cuttings and grafting methods on the vegetative propagation of cajazeira-dejabuti (S. testudinis). The experiment with stem cuttings was conducted in a greenhouse with an intermittent misting system. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 6 factorial arrangement consisting of five cutting types: apical, medial, basal, stratified, and tanchan, and six IBA concentrations: 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1, with four replications of ten cuttings. The experiment with the root cuttings followed a randomized block design composed of six IBA concentrations (0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1) with four replications, evaluating after 120 days the percentages of live, sprouted, rooted, and calloused cuttings, and the number and dry mass of roots and sprouts. Five grafting methods (chip budding, shield budding, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and splice grafting) were tested by evaluating the graft success and sprouting percentages at 30 and 60 days after grafting, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The IBA concentrations of 0, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1 increased the number of sprouts in tanchan cuttings. The tanchan cuttings showed the highest survival and percentage of sprouts regardless of the IBA concentration. The IBA concentration of 2,200 mg kg-1 promotes higher rooting rates in root cuttings. Splice grafting provides higher graft success and sprouting rates.

Effect of rootstock variety, cut surface and grafting time on graft success of Mangifera indica L. var. wirasangka

Mangifera indica L. var. wirasangka is a local variety of Tegal Regency. It is rarely planted due to the limited number of seedling. The research aimed to develop an effective shoot grafting method. The study was conducted experimentally with a factorial completely randomized design of three factors. The first factor was mango variety for rootstock (keong mango and santok mango). The second factor was cut surface shape (cleft, splice, and side-veneer graft). The third was time of grafting (morning and afternoon). The observed data were the number of shoots, the shoot length, the number of leaves, and the percentage of success graft. Data were analysed using Analyses of Variance and LSD test. The results showed that variety of rootstock did not affect the success graft, but affected the growth of scion. The cut surface affected the success graft and growth of scion. In contrast, grafting time did not affect the success graft and growth of scion. Cleft graft were most effective for grafting of wirasangka mango. Based on the result it was recommended that the success shoot grafting of wirasangka mango can use keong and santok varieties, grafted using the cleft surface and done in the morning or afternoon.

PROPAGATION OF MANGO SEEDLINGS OF THE CULTIVAR “TOMMY” BY GRAFTS IRRADIATED

Due to difficulties of vegetative propagating of any pants, many tests were performed with ionizing radiation aiming the modification of the characteristics of the plants for obtaining of the improved genotypes and of smaller size. Rootstock “Espada” cultivar, were used to obtain mango seedlings of “Tommy” cultivar. The cuttings were irradiated with different doses of gamma radiation: 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 Gy, in a source of Cobalt-60 type Gammacell-220, installed in the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, CENA-USP. After irradiation, was performed the grafting type cleft graft. Was made the first evaluation of height of the plants from the budding grafting after 24 months. Data were subjected by statistic program (SAS) and the means were compared by Tukey test (p <0.05). From the results obtained can be concluded that the doses of 2.5 Gy stimulated growth of the plants and the lethal dose was 10.0 Gy because don’t have development of plants.

Cleft Alveolar Bone Graft Materials: Literature Review.

Since the early stages of alveolar bone grafting development, multiple types of materials have been used. Iliac cancellous bone graft (ICBG) remains the gold standard. A review of literature is conducted in order to describe the different bone filling possibilities, autologous or not, and to assess their effectiveness compared to ICBG. This review focused on studies reporting volumetric assessment of the alveolar cleft graft result (by computed tomography scan or cone beam computed tomography). Grafting materials fall into 3 types: autologous bone grafts, ICBG supplementary material, and bone substitutes. Among autologous materials, no study showed the superiority of any other bone origin over iliac cancellous bone. Yet ICBG gives inconsistent results and presents donor site morbidity. Concerning supplementary material, only 3 studies could show a benefit of adding platelet-rich fibrin (1 study) or platelet-rich plasma (2 studies) to ICBG, which remains controversial in most studies. There is a lack of 3-dimensional (3D) assessment in most articles concerning the use of scaffolds. Only one study showed graft improvement when adding acellular dermal matrix to ICBG. Looking at bone substitutes highlights failures among bioceramics alone, side-effects with bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite materials, and difficulties in cell therapy setup. Studies assessing cell therapy-based substitutes show comparable efficacy with ICBG but remain too few. This review highlights the lack of 3D assessments in the alveolar bone graft materials field. Nothing dethroned ICBG from its position as the gold standard treatment at this time.

Evaluation of Platelet Rich Fibrin Sandwiching technique with mixture of alloplastic bone graft and Hyaluronic Acid in repair of Recurrent Oronasal Fistula

Aim: is to evaluate efficacy of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) sandwiching technique associated with hyaluronic acid (HyA) mixed with alloplastic bone graft in closure of recurrent oronasal fistula after previously alveolar cleft grafting. Subjects and Methods: Our study conducted on 24 patients with recurrent unilateral oronasal fistula complaining of oronasal leakage. They were divided into two random equal groups. Group I, alveolar cleft defect was packed with alloplastic bone graft ( osteon II collagen) between two layers of PRF gel. While, in group II, alveolar cleft defect was packed with a mixture of alloplastic bone graft (osteon II collagen) and HyA between the two layers of PRF gel. All patients were observed clinically and radiographically (CBCT) for evaluation after three and six months postoperatively. Results: Our clinical results revealed that, all patients had uneventful wound healing except 4 cases in group I and one case in group II which had wound dehiscence and graft exposure at 1-week postoperatively. The radiographic results by CBCT scans showed a better new bone formation and good osseous union obliterating the oronasal defect.in group II than group I. There was a significant difference between bone density and bone resorption values in both groups at all intervals. Conclusion : Our results demonstrated that PRF sandwiching technique combined with a mixture of alloplastic bone graft and HyA could provide a favorable bony and soft tissue barriers for closure of recurrent oronasal fistula in alveolar cleft patients.

Grafting Success of Berberis Integerrima Cv Bidaneh on Wild Type Barberries

ABSTRACT The seedless barberry, ‘Bidaneh,’ is one of the most important cultivated small fruits in Iran. This cultivar is propagated only by suckers, and so, the establishment of large-scale orchards is not possible in a short period of time. During this research, different grafting methods were evaluated on the grafting success rate of ‘Bidaneh’ on wild types of barberry. More than 1000 grafts including cleft grafting (with hard shoots and green/semi-hard shoots), omega grafting, T-budding, and chip budding (at mid-spring and late summer) methods were performed for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019). The results showed that the grafting methods have significant effects on the percentage of callus formation and graft success (P < .01). The chip budding method resulted in the maximum callus formation (36.7%), and graft success (30%). The rate of callus formation and graft success in the cleft grafting with semi-hard shoots was 2% and 18%, respectively. No callus formation and graft success were found in the cleft in hard stem and omega grafting methods. The graft success was zero in T-budding, despite of 18.33% callus formation. The results revealed the success of grafting of ‘Bidaneh’ on wild barberry species for the first time. However, increasing the graft success rate requires further research.