Clear Zone Research Articles

Antibacterial activities of phytochemicals against Porphyromonas gingivalis with and without experimental fluoride varnish for periodontal disease prevention.

We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals with or without an experimental fluoride varnish against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Five phytochemicals, chrysophanol (CHR), emodin (EMO), anthrarufin (ANT), bavachalcone (BCC), and isobavachromene (IBC), were tested using agar diffusion, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) assays. We also assessed the cell viability and cytotoxicity of phytochemicals. All phytochemicals showed clear inhibition zones in the agar diffusion test. The inhibition zones of all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes were similar to or larger than that of the positive control, excluding that of 1 mM EMO. With or without the fluoride varnish, BCC exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC levels. Cell viability was high in the presence of all phytochemicals except 200 μM EMO. In conclusion, BCC was most effective as a phytochemical alone, while all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes inhibited P. gingivalis growth without cytotoxicity.

Genetic Evaluation of Heteroresistance among Carbapenem‐Susceptible Clinical Isolates of Enterobacterales

Carbapenems currently serve as the last line of defense when treating serious infections caused by multidrug‐resistant Enterobacterales species; however, heteroresistance of these species is thought to cause failure in the treatment with these broad‐spectrum antibiotics. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of carbapenem heteroresistance and associated genotypic modifications among phenotypically meropenem‐susceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. A total of 204 isolates of E. coli (n: 118) and K. pneumoniae (n: 86) from various clinical samples were included in this prospective experimental study. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates were performed by VITEK® (bioMérieux, France). Strains that were found susceptible to carbapenem group antibiotics (meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem) with automated system were further investigated by disk diffusion method. The isolates with discrete colony growth within the clear inhibition zone among phenotypically meropenem‐susceptible strains were tested for heteroresistance with the “gold standard” population analysis profile‐area under the curve (PAP‐AUC) method. In addition, heteroresistant isolates were analyzed for the presence of carbapenemase genes with in‐house PCR method. The heteroresistance prevalence rate was 3.5% for E. coli and 18.1% for K. pneumoniae. The presence of heteroresistance in a total of 10 meropenem‐susceptible isolates (E. coli, n: 4; K. pneumoniae, n: 6) was confirmed by the PAP‐AUC method. The most frequently detected carbapenemase in heteroresistant isolates was OXA‐48 (6/10), followed by NDM‐1 (2/10). Meropenem is frequently preferred as initial empirical monotherapy in most of Gram‐negative infections in adult and pediatric patients. The presence of heteroresistance against meropenem is too important to ignore, and for this reason, it seems beneficial to prefer combined treatment regimens in clinical practice.

Selection of Pectinolytic Yeast from Liberica Green Coffee Beans (Coffea liberica)

Liberica coffee has an inferior quality when compared to arabica and robusta coffee. This flavour can be improved through a fermentation process involving indigenous microbes, one of which is a group of pectinolytic yeasts. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain yeast isolates with pectinolytic activity. Green bean samples were used for yeast isolation using YEPD agar media. Selected yeast isolates were screened for their pectinolytic activity semi-quantitatively using the well-diffusion method and quantitatively using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. A total of six yeast isolates with different colony morphological characters were obtained and referred to as isolates Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, and Y6. The isolates suspected to produce pectinase enzyme due to a clear zone around the well are Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5. Y5 had the highest pectinolytic index, 022 and 0,73 on the second and fifth days of incubation, respectively. The four selected isolates were then screened quantitatively and showed that Y2 had the highest pectinase enzyme activity with a value of 12,66 ± 0,17 U/mL. The results showed that four yeast isolates from Liberica green coffee beans had pectinolytic activity with the highest enzyme activity found in Y2.

Evaluation of azo dyes degradation potential of Staphylococcus strains: A strategy for dye-waste management

The current investigation aimed to identify the bacterial isolates that could prove helpful in the degeneration of harmful azo dyes from wastewater. The bacterial strains 1b, 1 m, and 4v could decolorize azo dyes up to 81 %, 79 %, and 87 % within 5 days. The degraded products by thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed Rf values of 0.89, 0.95, 0.90, 0.92, and 0.98 while the control showed an Rf value of 0.94. The comparison of the retention time of control and treated samples by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system convinced that remarkable decolorization had occurred by the bacterial strains. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the control and degraded samples was proof that the bond stretching occurred in the treated samples due to the action of bacterial strains. The release of compounds by bacteria i.e., 3-Aminobutanoic acid, pyrrolo pyrazine-1, 4-dione, and palmitic acid was inspected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. No clear zones showed that the bacterial dye-degraded wastewater had no harm to the normal flora. At last, phytotoxicity was studied on Vigna radiata which had negative results. Given their pollutant degrading capabilities, these bacterial isolates are a good bioresource for green chemistry to exterminate azo dyes from the environment.

Isolation of Lignocellulolytic Bacteria From Erek-erek Geoforest Ijen Geopark, Indonesia

Ijen Geopark is one of the UNESCO Global Geoparks in Indonesia. The Erek-erek Geoforest (EEG) is one of the biosites in the Ijen Geopark. The EEG has an abundant biomass which is composed of lignocellulosic complex. The abundance of biomass has the potential as a source of lignocellulolytic microorganisms that can degrade lignocellulose material. The purpose of this research was to isolate lignocellulolytic bacteria from the Erek-erek Geoforest. This research method was soil sampling, physicochemical analysis of soil, isolation, and purification of bacteria, growth capability in lignocellulose media, and pathogenicity-test. The results showed that a total of 180 were isolated from EEG. There are 93 bacteria growth in lignin media and 142 bacteria growth in cellulolytic with the isolated code EIB (erek-erek Ijen Banyuwangi) under aerobic conditions which had various bacterial morphologies. To ensure the safety of using these isolates, it is necessary to do a pathogenicity test of these bacteria using a blood agar plate. Indicated pathogenic bacteria will form a clear zone around the bacterial colony on the blood media. The pathogenicity test of the highest lignocellulolytic bacteria showed that the 3 ligninolytic and 3 cellulolytic EIB bacteria isolates were non-pathogenic. Further, non-pathogenic bacteria from the soil litter of erek-erek forests can be tested for their potential as biological agents for the industry.

Antibacterial Analysis of Talinum triangulare Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

This study aims to determine whether Talinum triangulare can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The T. triangulare used in this research were the leaves, stems and roots. Simplicia leaves, stems and roots of T. triangulare were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, then filtered and thickened using a rotary evaporator. Testing of T. triangulare against S. aureus and E. coli using the agar well diffusion method. The test solutions used were concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% as well as positive and negative controls as comparisons. The positive control used amoxicillin while the negative used sterile distilled water. The results of the antibacterial activity test were shown by the formation of a growth inhibition zone (ZHP) for S. aureus and E. coli. Statistical tests using One way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc tests in the form of LSD. Research data shows that leaf extract is the most effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli compared to roots and stems. The most effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria is 100%. The increase in concentration is directly proportional to the extent of the clear zone formed around the well. T. triangulare leaf, stem and root extracts were more effective in inhibiting S. aureus than E. coli.

Identification and Study of Thermophilic Bacteria Found in the Sulfur-Infused Hot Springs of South Lampung

Thermophilic bacteria are microorganisms with the capability to produce a specific enzyme known as amylase, which exhibits resistance to heat and is referred to as thermostable. This study aims to isolate, characterize, and assess the enzyme-producing activity of bacteria from the hot springs of Way Belerang, Lampung, specifically amylase. The research procedures encompassed sample collection, isolation of thermophilic bacteria incubated in NA media for 48 hours, amylum testing with iodine after a 24-hour incubation in NA media containing starch/amylose, biochemical tests including TSIA, SIM, SC, urea test, sugar fermentation test, and catalase test. The results of the study yielded two isolates successfully isolated from the hot spring source, and Gram staining indicated that both isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. The assessment of bacterial activity in producing amylase was demonstrated by the presence of clear zones, with the largest bacterial diameter measuring 1.04 mm as measured using a vernier caliper. Characterization of the bacteria identified them as belonging to the Pseudomonas genus for isolates AB2 and AB3. Thus, the bacteria obtained in this study produce amylase enzymes that can be utilized in various industrial applications, including the food, beverage, textile, detergent, paper, pharmaceutical, and other sectors.

Antifungal effect of Aloe barbadensis Miller gel extract on Candida albicans: Development of an eco-friendly herbal antifungal finish on cotton fabric for medical application

The application of natural antimicrobial agents has garnered significant interest within the healthcare and medical textile industries because they are functionally active textiles that can inhibit the excessive proliferation of microorganisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal properties of Aloe barbadensis Miller ethanol extract to develop an eco-friendly A. barbadensis Miller ethanolic gel treated cotton fabric against vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. The antifungal activity of A. barbadensis Miller ethanol extract against C. albicans was evaluated by the well diffusion method, and the highest concentration (5 mg/ml) showed a maximum mean zone diameter of 24.00 ± 1.00 mm. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded as 3.12 mg/ml by the broth macrodilution method. The cotton fabric (100% cotton) was treated with 4 mg/ml of A. barbadensis Miller ethanol extract using the pad-dry-cure method. The treated fabric exhibited a clear zone of inhibition against C. albicans using the agar diffusion method. The wash durability test showed that treated cotton fabric retained antifungal activity up to 15 washing cycles with a fungal growth reduction rate of 15%. In conclusion, A. barbadensis Miller ethanol extract showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity on C. albicans; furthermore, treated fabric also exhibited effective antifungal activity against vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans in vitro.

Role of wall roughness on interaction of leakage flow and main flow in a mixed flow pump with tip clearance

Due to machining precision, spraying coating, cavitation, and erosion, walls of pump flow passage components have different roughness, which will affect the flow state near the wall and even the main flow. In the present work, four types of roughness Ra = 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μm are set to investigate the influence of wall roughness on the interaction of leakage flow and main flow in a mixed flow pump with tip clearance. Results show that the interaction area of leakage flow and main flow can be divided into three regions: (a) tip clearance zone, (b) shear flow zone, and (c) primary vortex zone. In the tip clearance zone, as roughness increases, the velocity magnitude and its derivative at the same wall distance gradually decrease, and the velocity angle at blade tip continuously increases in the inner circular boundary layer. As the roughness increases, the leakage flow gradually decreases, especially in the center chord region. In the shear flow zone, the velocity gradient rapidly decreases along the direction of pressure side to suction side, and finally, it becomes stable. As roughness increases, the velocity gradient intensity decreases, and the main reason is that the differences of velocity magnitude and velocity direction between the inner circular boundary layer and potential region decrease. In the primary vortex zone, the tip leakage vortex core indicated by the Liutex vortex method coincides with the low-pressure core location. As the roughness increases, the tip leakage vortex core becomes closer to the next blade. The pressure coefficient and vorticity of the tip leakage vortex core decrease with increasing of roughness, and the slopes remain constant on different cross sections with value of 5.9 × 103 and 2.4 × 103 m−1, respectively.

QUALITY OF ECO ENZYME PRODUCED THROUGH A FERMENTATION PROCESS IN VARIOUS "TEMPE" YEAST CONCENTRATIONS

Organic waste that accumulates and is not adequately managed causes disease and environmental problems. Therefore, one method to solve the problems is to convert it into eco enzyme, a liquid created from the fermentation of organic waste, specifically vegetable and fruit peels, sugar, and water. Anaerobic fermentation is utilized to produce eco enzymes, with yeast added to shorten the fermentation time. The goal of this research is to determine the effect of "tempe" yeast concentration on the quality of eco enzymes. Eco enzyme was made from brown sugar, fruit peels (oranges and melons), and water in a 1:3:10 ratio. "Tempe" yeast concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %w/v were used in the fermentation process for producing eco enzyme. The eco enzyme products were examined by analyzing pH value, acetic acid content, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) value, organoleptic properties (aroma and color), and protease enzyme activity. The pH and TDS values of eco enzyme products increased as the concentration of "tempe" yeast increased. The results showed that eco enzyme products have pH values in the range of 3.5-4, acetic acid content of 0.81-1.08 %v/v, TDS value of 1000-2000 ppm, with fermented and orange aroma and a bright yellow color. According to the results, the addition of 3 %w/v "tempe" yeast in the production of eco enzyme was selected as a sample tested for protease enzyme activity and a clear zone was identified around the colony, indicating that there was protease enzyme activity.

Study of Antimicrobial Quality of Tobacco Leaves Extract (Nicotiana tabacum) on Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli.

ABSTRACT: Tobacco is a perennial herb and its belong to family Solanaceae. Tobacco leaves have some antimicrobial substance such as alkaloids, phenol and some essential oils. The leaves extract of this plant show some microbial Quality and influence on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The aim of this work to determine the effectiveness of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves extract in inhibiting on Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial test performed on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. Test result indicate the leaves extract of tobacco showed positive result in Aeromonas hyrdophilla. Tobacco extract can inhibit Aeromonas hyrdophilla growth and a clear zone are found, in case of E. coli it showed negative result in both the cases. Tobacco extract cannot inhibit E. coli growth and the diameter of the inhibitory zone is not clear. The result shown that tobacco leaf extract can be source of an active antimicrobial substance.

Streptococcus mutans와 Porphyromonas gingivalis에 대한 상백피(Morus alba root bark) 에탄올 추출물의 항균 효과

This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Morus alba root bark (MAEE) against two critical oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The Griess reaction and WST-1 assays were used to analyze the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of MAEE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The antibacterial activity of MAEE was evaluated using a disk diffusion assay and a growth inhibition assay by determining minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). MAEE treatment dose-dependently inhibited NO production and had no cytotoxic effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, MAEE exhibited potent antibacterial activity and more potently generated a clear zone in the presence of S. mutans than P. gingivalis. The MICs of MAEE for S.mutans and P. gingivalis were 0.4 and 0.4~0.8 mg/mL, and its MBCs were 0.4 and 0.8 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, MAEE significantly inhibited the growths of both pathogens, but no dose-dependency was observed. The OD600 of S. mutans treated with MAEE at 3.2 mg/mL for 24 h was 0.146 compared to a control OD600 of 0.509. Absorbance at 600 nm for P. gingivalis treated with MAEE at 3.2 mg/mL for 24 h was 0.154 compared to a control OD600 of 0.486. In conclusion, MAEE showed potent antibacterial activity against both oral pathogens but affected S.mutans stronger than P. gingivalis. The study indicates that MAEE might help prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Effectiveness of Wuluh Starfruit Leaf (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) Extract on The Growth Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

Background: Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) contains vitamin C, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. This active compound is reported to prevent the growth of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of starfruit leaf extract (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans. Method: This type of research is true experimental with a post-test-only control design, where this research uses the Kirby-Baur diffusion method with samples of Streptococcus mutans bacteria and uses wuluh leaf extract with concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6 .25%, 3.125%. And DMSO solution as a negative control. Results: The formation of a clear zone shows the ability of starfruit leaf extract to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, with an average inhibitory diameter of 12.05 ± 0.7188, 9.50 ± 0.3464.8, 65 ± 0.2380, 7.80 ± 0.4546, 6.78 ± 0.8016. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that Averrhoa bilimbi Linn can inhibit Streptococcus mutans.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Methanolic fraction of Shea nut on selected Skin Pathogens and Characterization of the Bioactive Compounds

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa nut against dermatophytes and characterize its bioactive compounds. Isolates used in this study were Candida albican ATCC14503, Trichophyton rubrum ATCC28188, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC9533 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25925. Antimicrobial assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out using agar plug, agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Bioactive compounds were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tanins and saponins as active phytoconstituents of V. paradoxa's antimicrobial activity. Methanolic extract at 200 mg/ml showed mean clear zone of 25.0 mm and 29.0 mm against S. aureus and C. albican respectively. For T. rubrum, no growth observed after 14 days while T. mentagrophyte showed radial growth at day 12 of incubation. Highest activity of standard antibiotics against S. aureus was obtained with Meropenem (25.0 mm). Griseofulvin, itraconazole and fluconazole at 150, 25 and 100 mg/ml respectively inhibited T. rubrum while for T. mentagrophyte, at 350, 25 and 200 mg/ml respectively after 14 days incubation. MIC for S. aureus and C. albican were observed at 150 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. T. rubrum and T. mentagrophyte in comparison to conventional antifungals revealed Itraconazole among other antifungals exhibited lowest MIC value (25 mg/ml) against both fungi. However, MIC for extract was recorded at 150 mg/ml against T. rubrum while T. mentagrophyte did not indicate any MIC effect. Some bioactive compounds present in extract includes, E- 15 Heptadecenal, possess antifungal activity, Methyl palmitate possess anti-inflammatory, Palmitic acid possesses antifungal activities. The species of dermatophytes used in this present study has never been reported. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Dermatophytes, Bioactive, Antibiotics, Antifungal

Functional Group and Phytochemical Properties Detection of Peperomia Pellucida Leaves Extract

Since prehistoric times, medicinal plants, often known as medicinal herbs, have been identified and employed in traditional healing practises. Because of the existence of phytochemical ingredients, medicinal plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds and are a key source of molecules with therapeutic qualities. Wild herb leaves were taken from the green region of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, specifically Peperomia pellucida, also known as 'sireh cina' in Malaysia. The dried wild herb leaves were crushed. For 48 hours, the powdered materials were treated to a solid-liquid extraction method utilising hot water and ethyl acetate as a solvent. For all examined samples, a phytochemical screening test of hot water and ethanolic leaves extract confirmed the presence of antioxidant chemicals such as flavonoid and phenolics. Meanwhile, resins were only found in ethanolic leaves extract, and steroid was not found in any of the studied samples. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the organic component in greater depth by evaluating the chemical ingredients in the crude extracted samples of ethyl acetate. The study of FTIR spectra revealed that the hydroxyl group, alkanes, alkyl groups, benzoic compounds, and phenols were the primary functional groups. The identification of functional groups indicates a possible source of antioxidants and highlights a potential prospect for the development of natural products from these wild plants in the drug discovery business. Disc diffusion analysis of antibacterial properties exhibited significant clear zone formation against Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacteria.

Characterization of Priestia megaterium S1, a polymer degrading gut microbe isolated from the gut of Tenebrio molitor larvae fed on Styrofoam.

This study reveals that Tenebrio molitor larvae are fed with two different feeds i.e., barley bran along with Styrofoam, and barley bran without Styrofoam, the survival percentage of mealworms shows 86 and 89%, respectively. Five isolates namely S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 were isolated from the gut of Styrofoam-feeding Tenebrio molitor larvae and tested for Hydrophobicity percentage, clear zone assay and turbidity measurement. S1 isolate showed best (turbidity percentage of 19.65%, 13.54% hydrophobicity percentage, and 37% zone of clearance) when compared to other isolates, respectively. 16S rRNA characterization of S1 isolate revealed that the isolate belongs to Priestia megaterium S1(ON024787). Biodegradation of PE and PS beads by Priestia megaterium S1 makes physical and structural changes over 180days, after microbial adhesion to the beads. Growth parameters have shown that the Priestia megaterium S1 thrives more effectively in the pH (6.5), temperature (28°C) and at 1.5% LDPE/HDPE/PS concentration there is maximum utilization of carbon and a high percentage survival rate. Significant colonization of the isolate after 30 days over beads of LDPE (52.47%), HDPE (49.26%), and PS (48.11%), respectively. Experimental data revealed that Priestia megaterium S1 have PE and PS beads degradation capacity, proven by weight loss studies, at 6th-month percentage weight loss of LDPE (36.1%), HDPE (31.9%), and PS (28.6%), the percentage loss of carbon and hydrogen shows higher when compared to control. One month Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) showed that LDPE (7.4mg/l), HDPE (7.2mg/l), PS (6.7mg/l), and simultaneous studies on CO2 evolution over LDPE treatment is 5.05g/l, HDPE (4.26g/l), and PS (3.91g/l), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) prove the occurrence of biodegradation on the surface of beads. This work highlights that Priestia megaterium S1 plays a vital role in effectively degrading PE and PS beads.

Molecular Characterization and Evaluation of Amylase Producing Bacteria from Soil

In the current work, we used molecular approaches to collect and characterise bacteria that produce amylase from soil. Based on clear zones, three species were separated using iodine agar plates. Then, these bacterial isolates were characterised by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, the bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus cerus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus stratosphericus. In addition, numerous growth parameters were tuned to produce the most amylase possible. For both 24 and 48 hours, the isolates' maximum optical density for growth was seen at pH 7.0. Compared to nitrogen and peptone, all three of the bacterial isolates produced the greatest amount of amylase when maltose was utilised as the carbon source. Further investigation is needed to determine which novel isolates in this site have the highest amylase activity. Our findings indicate that this enzyme has a variety of potential industrial applications.

Antibacterial film-forming spray containing Caesalpinia sappan L. extract obtained through eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction

The heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. contains brazilin, which exhibits excellent antibacterial activity. Its extract shows potential for incorporation into topical antibacterial products. This study aimed to optimize the conditions of an eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction method to maximize brazilin content and antibacterial activity. It also optimized the film-forming antibacterial spray containing C. sappan heartwood extract using a Box–Behnken design. Ethanol concentration, microwave power, and microwave time were varied for microwave-assisted extraction. The optimized conditions of 28 % ethanol, 800 W microwave power, and 70-s microwave time maximized the extraction yield, brazilin content, and clear zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimized extract was then incorporated into a film-forming spray. The film-forming spray formula's hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, glycerin, and ethanol contents were varied. Based on the design space, the optimized formulation comprised 0.6 % hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 1.25 % glycerin, and 28 % ethanol. Approximately 97 % of the brazilin was released from the formulation during an 8-h release experiment. Moreover, approximately 25 % of the brazilin accumulated in the synthetic human skin-like membrane during an 8-h permeation experiment. In summary, this study successfully prepared, characterized, optimized, and verified a film-forming spray containing the optimized C. sappan heartwood extract obtained through microwave-assisted extraction.

Uji Antimikroba Ekstrak Kapang Endofit RLC 5 Akar Tanaman Kayu Jawa (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.)

Java root (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.) contains many saponins, steroids and alkoloids which are known to have potential as antimicrobials. This study aims to examine the antimicrobial activity of isolates of endophytic molds from the roots of Javanese wood plants with RLC code 5 against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The research was carried out by rejuvenating RLC 5 isolates for 7 days and then carrying out macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Fermentation was carried out for 21 days to reach the stationary phase in producing secondary metabolites, then extraction was carried out from the fermented RLC 5 isolate using a vacuum rotary evaporator. The metabolite screening test was carried out by testing for flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids and steroids. Antimicrobial testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method to see the clear zones that formed. The results showed that the endophytic mold RLC 5 is a mold of the genus Penicillium which is capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites in the form of saponins, alkaloids and steroids. The antimicrobial properties of the supernatant extract of the RLC 5 mold isolate were stronger than the biomass extract, with inhibition zones respectively of 9.03 mm, 11.09 mm and 19.83 mm against Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 12.51 mm and 13.03 mm against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Thus, RLC 5 mold has the potential to become a fungicide and biostatic antibiotic for pathogenic microbes. Keyword : Antimicrobial, Endophytic mold, Lannea coromandelica, Java Wood Plant, RLC 5 isolate

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Bridelia micranth Lombok pada Escherichia coli

The aim of this research is to identify the antibacterial activity of Bridelia micranth Lombok extract on the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. The independent variable in this study was the concentration of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract. The concentration of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract in this study was varied from 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The dependent variable is the ability of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract as an antibacterial. The antibacterial ability of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract was measured based on the diameter of the clear zone with three repetitions. As a comparison, an antibacterial is used, namely amoxicillin. Data analysis in this research was carried out descriptively, and then non-parametric tests were carried out to test the homogeneity of the data. In this study, the antibacterial ability of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract was discovered. At a concentration of 20%, the average diameter of the inhibitory zone was 2.5 mm which was categorized as none (resistance), 40% concentration was 9.83 mm in the non-existent category (resistance), 60% concentration was 13.66 in the weak category (intermediate), and at a concentration of 80% 16.5 mm is in the medium (sensitive) category. The research results indicated that Bridelia micrantha leaf extract had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria. When compared with amoxicillin, the ability of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract as an antibacterial is still lower. Amoxicillin was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli by 18.13 mm, while the highest ability of Bridelia micrantha leaf extract was 16.5 mm. Based on Ministry of Health regulations, antibacterials can be used if the inhibition zone is between 14-18 mm. So, Bridelia micrantha leaf extract can be used as an antibacterial, but it needs to be tested further before being applied to the public.