Clear Zone Of Inhibition Research Articles

Preparation of mouthwash by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and triphala: alternative to chlorhexidine gluconate

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as a reservoir of oral cavity. This bacterium is present in nosocomial infections with high morbidity and mortality. This bacterium is an initial step in pathogenesis of pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. When these species interact with other species of periodontal pathogens has greater chances of having aggressive periodontitis. Chlorhexidine gluconate is been widely used in many mouthwashes and is known for its antibacterial activity. It has certain side effects such as staining, alteration in taste, tartar formation. The alternative to Chlorhexidine is triphala which helps in maintaining oral health and helps prevent periodontitis. In previous studies it was been observed that triphala is more effective than Chlorhexidine. Moreover, Chlorhexidine treats gingivitis, not periodontitis, whereas triphala fights against both gingivitis as well as periodontitis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-pathogenic yeast, is a potential probiotic. It has significant antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory activity. Triphala preparation is made from Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), belleric myrobalan (Terminalia bellirica) and black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula). It is an ancient herbal remedy with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. It improves oral health by preventing plaque, gingivitis, heals mouth sores. It shows antibacterial activity except probiotic organisms. In this study, effect of triphala and S. cerevisiae against P. aeruginosa was evaluated by agar-well diffusion method. Triphala solution and S. cerevisiae effectively showed antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa individually. Therefore, triphala and S. cerevisiae together were tested at various concentrations against P. aeruginosa. The result showed the clear zone of inhibition showing successful inhibition of P.aeruginosa. Therefore, mouthwash that contains triphala and S. cerevisiae can be efficiently use for maintaining oral health and this mouthwash can be alternative to chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes and triphala can be a promising therapeutic agent in treatment of periodontitis and gingivitis without any side effects on long term use. Keywords- P. aeruginosa, periodontitis, gingivitis, chlorhexidine gluconate, triphala, S. cerevisiae

Prevalence of antibiotic residues in body organs of pigs slaughtered in Jos, Nigeria

Background: Drug residue is a serious issue for the food chain when antimicrobial substances are inappropriately used or when the withdrawal times before slaughtering the treated animals are not respected. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues in pork slaughtered for human consumption in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA), Plateau State, Nigeria.
 Methodology: A total of 96 samples which included muscles (n=32), liver (n=32) and kidneys (n=32), were randomly collected from Gyel, Kuru, Du, and Vwang slaughter slabs in the LGA. The three-plate-test (TPT) technique was conducted where three batches of nutrient agar plates were aseptically prepared and adjusted to pH 6.0, 7.2 and 8.0. Each plate was seeded with isolated Bacillus subtilis and 5 holes were made on the plate with a sterile cork borer. The holes were inoculated with 80 μl of each organ extract, 10 μg/ml gentamicin (positive control) and distill water (negative control), and incubated aerobically at 37oC for 18-24 hours. Positive antibiotic residue was shown by a clear zone of inhibition (annular diameter of ≥ 2 mm) around the holes.
 Results: The result showed that 55.2% (53/96) of the organs tested positive for antibiotic residues while 44.8% (43/96) tested negative. The liver had the highest prevalence of antibiotic residues (68.8%, 22/32), followed by the kidneys (56.3%, 18/32) and the muscles (40.6%, 13/32). The difference in the prevalence of antibiotic residues between the organs was not statistically significant (𝜒2=5.1391, p=0.0765). Detection of tetracycline at pH 6.0 as highest in the organs while detection of sulphonamides was lowest at pH 7.2.
 Conclusion: The determination of antibiotic residues in pork slaughtered for consumption in Jos South LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria posed potential public health risks. This situation indicates a wide spread uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in pig production, and requires urgent attention of government to enforce regulations guiding antibiotic use in veterinary settings in Nigeria.

Bioprospecting the microbiome of Red Sea Atlantis II brine pool for peptidases and biosynthetic genes with promising antibacterial activity

BackgroundThe search for novel antimicrobial agents is crucial as antibiotic-resistant pathogens continue to emerge, rendering the available antibiotics no longer effective. Likewise, new anti-cancer drugs are needed to combat the emergence of multi-drug resistant tumors. Marine environments are wealthy sources for natural products. Additionally, extreme marine environments are interesting niches to search for bioactive natural compounds. In the current study, a fosmid library of metagenomic DNA isolated from Atlantis II Deep Lower Convective Layer (ATII LCL), was functionally screened for antibacterial activity as well as anticancer effects.ResultsTwo clones exhibited antibacterial effects against the marine Bacillus Cc6 strain, namely clones 102-5A and 88-1G and they were further tested against eleven other challenging strains, including six safe relatives of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.), a safe relative to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and four resistant clinical isolates. Clone 88-1G resulted in clear zones of inhibition against eight bacterial strains, while clone 102-5A resulted in zones of inhibition against five bacterial strains. The whole cell lysates of clone 88-1G showed 15% inhibition of Mtb ClpP protease -Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug target-, while whole cell lysates of clone 102-5A showed 19% inhibition of Mtb ClpP protease. Whole cell lysates from the selected clones exhibited anticancer effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (cell viability at 50% v/v was 46.2% ± 9.9 for 88-1G clone and 38% ± 7 for 102-5A clone), U2OS osteosarcoma cells (cell viability at 50% v/v was 64.6% ± 12.3 for 88-1G clone and 28.3% ± 1.7 for 102-5A clone) and 1BR hTERT human fibroblast cells (cell viability at 50% v/v was 74.4% ± 5.6 for 88-1G clone and 57.6% ± 8.9 for 102-5A clone). Sequencing of 102-5A and 88-1G clones, and further annotation detected putative proteases and putative biosynthetic genes in clones 102-5A and 88-1G, respectively.ConclusionsThe ATII LCL metagenome hosts putative peptidases and biosynthetic genes that confer antibiotic and anti-cancer effects. The tested clones exhibited promising antibacterial activities against safe relative strains to ESKAPE pathogens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, searching the microbial dark matter of extreme environments is a promising approach to identify new molecules with pharmaceutical potential use.

English

A comparative study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and Euphorbia heterophylla antibacterial activity as well as Vitellaria paradoxaleaf crude extracts on four enteric organisms, namely: Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli. The clinical isolates of the enteric organisms were subjected to test of antimicrobial susceptibility using technique of agar diffusion. Phytochemistry of the E. heterophylla crude extracts exposed the presence of more phenolics, phlobatannins, tannins and cardiac glycosides than V. paradoxa, which revealed the presence of more steroids. All crude E. heterophylla extracts produced high clear inhibition zones, compared to the V. paradoxa counterpart at concentration ranging from 50 to 200 mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay discovered that the mice treated with the crude methanolic E. heterophylla extracts, after being infected with the test organisms, survived and showed no pathological effects as compared to the V. paradoxa counterpart, which showed 20% pathological effects. E. heterophylla crude extract could be a possible source for the diseases treatment associated with enteric organisms such as P. vulgaris, S. Typhi, S. flexneri, as well as E. coli. Additional studies should be directed towards isolation as well as characterisation of the active compound in the crude extracts.   Key words: In vitro activity, in vivo activity, Euphorbia heterophylla, Vitellaria paradoxa, Enteric bacteria.

Antimicrobial activity of chitosan film containing nanocomposite of Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain) seed oil loaded Halloysite nanotubes against foodborne pathogenic microorganisms

Ajwain seed oil (ASO) is a volatile organic compound possessing antimicrobial properties against a wide range of microorganisms. Halloysite nanotubes (Hal) are aluminosilicate natural clay minerals with about 200–2000 nm in length and diameters between 10-50 nm. The structure of Hal allows a sustained release of antimicrobial agents to microbial cells which can be beneficial in the food packaging field. In this work, we loaded ASO into Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated Hal and further incorporated it with chitosan to develop an innovative antimicrobial food packaging nanocomposite film. The developed nanocomposite films were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, Field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The antimicrobial properties of the developed nanocomposites were studied against two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Bacillus mojavensis) and two fungus strains (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) potential food spoilage microorganisms. The nanocomposite (ASO-NaOH-Hal) prevented the growth of Esherichia coli up to 99%, Bacillus mojavensis up to 95%, Aspergillus niger about 97%, and Aspergillus flavus about 97% at concentrations of 5 mg/ml, 7 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml, respectively. And the chitosan film containing ASO-NaOH-Hal presented a clear zone of inhibition against the above-mentioned bacterial strains and inhibited the growth of fungus on the tomato's surfaces therefore, this nanocomposite film could find application in the food packaging field owing to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Anticandidal activity of ten selected medicinal plants from Southern and North Central provinces of Sri Lanka.

Candida is a commensal yeast which normally resides on the human body causing mild to serious infections and is the most frequent cause of fungal infections worldwide. Antifungals prescribed for the treatment of candidiasis have side effects and have become incompetent due to emerging resistance of fungi. Therefore, effective novel antifungals are required to overcome this obstacle. This study aimed to determine the anticandidal activity of selected medicinal plants used in ayurveda, against Candida albicans ATCC12420 and Candida glabrata ATCC 90030. Plants for the study were selected from Southern and North- Central provinces of Sri Lanka. Methanol extractions prepared from each plant were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) against both Candida species, according to the NCCLS guidelines. Fluconazole and dichloromethane were used as positive and negative controls respectively. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined for each plant extract by broth microdilution method. The initial concentration of 200 mg/mL of plant extract showed no clear zone of inhibition thus fungicidal activity could not be determined by disc diffusion method, however there was a reduced density of the lawn of growth with Citrus aurantiifolia, Cinnamomum verum, Phyllanthus emblica and Psidium guajava against C. glabrata and for C. verum against C. albicans. MFC was determined using doubling dilution of plant extracts with concentrations ranging from (500 mg/mL – 15.62mg/mL). A MFC of 31.25mg/mL for C. albicans were given by the plant extracts C. verum, C. longa and P. guajava. While a MFC of 31.25mg/mL was observed for C. glabrata with the plants extracts of S. grandiflora, C. verum, P. emblica and P. guajava. Leaf extracts of both C. verum and P. guajava have good antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata.

Intestinal and tracheal microbiomes inhibit in vitro growth of Coccidioides immitis

Abstract Valley fever is a disease caused by Coccidioides, a fungal pathogen, and is frequently misdiagnosed as community acquired bacterial pneumonia and treated with several rounds of antibiotics prior to accurate diagnosis. Antibiotic treatment changes the microbiome repertoire and host immunity; the impact of these microenvironmental changes on Coccidioides invasiveness is unknown. A soil microbial antagonist related to Bacillus subtilis inhibits in vitro growth of Coccidioides immitis through a clear zone of inhibition between fungi and bacteria. Whether host microbiota also could inhibit Coccidioides is unknown. To assess host microbiota inhibition capabilities against Coccidioides, we performed two types of inhibition assays. A 50/50 inhibition assay was performed in which the host microbiota and Coccidioides were placed in direct competition simultaneously on agar plates. A spike in inhibition assay was also performed in which the host microbiota was allowed to reach ~80% confluency, to mimic an established in vivo microbiome, before spiking in Coccidioides. The area of growth was observed and measured at day 4, 7, and 11. Our in vitro data indicate that specific intestinal and tracheal host microbiome species inhibit Coccidioides growth. To assess if partial in vitro depletion of host microbiota allows greater Coccidioides growth, antibiotic disc diffusion assays were performed. Our data suggests that depleting commensal microbiomes, allows a niche for Coccidioides growth. These in vitro findings could have clinical relevance and shape the way physicians assess prescription of antibiotics and coccidioidomycosis diagnosis. Experiments to identify the inhibitory microbiota and proteomic interactions are ongoing.

Chemical Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Powder of Cynodon dactylon

The use of medicinal plants in the world and especially in India, contributes significantly to primary health care. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a type of perennial grass that possesses great medicinal values. Whole plant of the Cynodon dactylon is traditionally used to treat painful and inflammatory conditions. The present study describes the phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial activity of Cynodon dactylon. For the present studies, the chemical studies are done using ethanolic extracts and antimicrobial activities are done using ethanolic extract. Phytoconstituents present in Cynodon dactylon are Saponins, Tannins, steroids, alkaloids and Flavonoids. In this study the ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon was used to determine the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the cup plate method. The diameter of the clear zone of inhibition surrounding the well was measured. It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of the leaf powder of Cynodon dactylon may be considered as an antimicrobial agent.

GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES : A REVIEW

Nanoparticles are ultra-fine particles, thickness within a range of 100 nm in diameter. They are held responsible in enormous fields like diagnosis, bio-imaging, drug delivery, cancer therapy, environmental applications, biosensors, electronics, etc., due to their unique physicochemical properties. Among many noble metals, Palladium (Pd) is one such metal that has gained attention in this review. Plant-based biosynthesis has revealed the possibilities of synthesizing nanometric range palladium particles, their stabilization and impact of varying pH, temperature and concentration mostly on development and morphology with nanoparticles. the biosynthesized particles were determined using UV-Visible spectral analysis, FTIR, SEM, TEM - EDX as well as DLS technique whose findings were in support to the role of phytochemicals operating as reducing and stabilizing agents during the Pd (II) reduction to Pd(0). The antimicrobial activity of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) synthesized from different plant extracts was also studied against various pathogens. The results showed the ability of Pd NPs to make the microbes susceptible by a clear zone of inhibition. Despite of all these experiments, the research demands further extensive study to bring out an exact mechanism for the process of Pd (II) reduction to Pd (0) and mode of action of Pd NPs against microbes.

Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Opuntia dillenii Aqueous Extracts: Characterization and Their Antimicrobial Assessment

In the present study, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from aqueous extracts of Opuntia dillenii, characterized by various advanced techniques and investigated for antibacterial and antifungal potential. Phytochemical screening of O. dillenii showed the presence of alkaloids, betacyanin, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phlobatannins. The characterizations of the synthesized metal NPs were performed such as UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrophotometer, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray). Through the application of such advance techniques, the UV-visible spectrophotometer showed the bands of absorbance for AgNPs and AuNPs at 420 nm and 525 nm range, respectively. The FTIR spectra for both and AgNPs also appeared in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. SEM was performed for the textural and morphological characteristics of the NPs such as shape, size distribution, and surface structure. Elemental analysis was recorded for the synthesis of Au and AgNPs, which confirmed its purity. The O. dillenii extract and their synthesized Au and AgNPs showed a clear zone of inhibition against the E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa bacteria and T. viride, C. albicans, C. krusei, and A. niger fungal species.

Green and novel approach for enhancing flame retardancy, UV protection and mechanical properties of fabrics utilized in historical textile fabrics conservation

Innovative, green and sustainable multifunctional historical textile coating was developed. The developed coating was constructed from renewable molokhia extract and naturally deposited halloysite nanotubes in presence of chitosan chains. The halloysite nanotubes were wrapped with molokhia extract and then uniformly dispersed in chitosan solution using ultrasonication process and then, coated on linen textile fabrics surface. The thermal stability, surface morphology and structural properties of the treated linen fabrics were investigated using microscopic, spectroscopic and thermogravimetric tools. The mass loadings of molokhia extract and halloysite nanotubes in coating layer are varied. The flammability, mechanical and UV protection properties of the coated and uncoated linen fabrics were evaluated. The flame retardancy properties of developed textile fabrics was significantly improved achieved reduction in rate of burning by 50.2% (40 mm/min) compared to untreated linen fabrics (80.3 mm/min). The tensile strength and elongation properties of developed textile fabrics were improved by 22 and 35%, respectively, compared to untreated linen. Additionally, the ultraviolet rays protective properties of the developed textile fabrics were highly enhanced achieving improvement in ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) by 57%. Moreover, the developed green coating achieved good antibacterial properties for textile fabrics recording 11 mm of clear inhibition zone compared to zero for untreated fabrics. Thus, the smart and green textile coating developed in this study exhibiting a new strategy for historical textile conservation against harmful UV rays, failure in tensile strength and fire hazard properties.

Escherichia coli Strains of Chicken Intestines: Characterization of Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin Antibiotic Resistance Profiles

Antibiotic resistance has now become a global problem that can endanger livestock. The use of antibiotics as a trigger for the growth of livestock can have an impact on humans. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance of Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin against Escherichia coli. 14 samples of E.coli were isolated from the intestinal colon of chickens that were kept conventionally by broiler breeders in Yogyakarta. E.coli isolates were cultured on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) media for 24 hours at the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Indonesian Veterinary Research Institute (BBLITVET), Bogor, Indonesia. Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin antibiotic discs were placed on EMB media and then incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. The diameter of the clear zone of inhibition and the zone of resistance inhibition was measured on each repetition using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standard. The results obtained showed that the antibiotic Erythromycin had higher resistance than Ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, these two antibiotics can be categorized as susceptible or sensitive to E. coli bacteria

Physio-chemical characterizations and antimicrobial properties of nano-sized Mg-Zn ferrite particles for biomedical applications

ABSTRACT The nano-sized magnesium doped zinc ferrite (MgxZn1-xFe2O4 for x = 0.2 and 0.6) has been synthesised for biomedical application through two different routes (sol–gel and hydrothermal). The x-ray diffraction pattern showed the single phase of ferrite. The crystallite sizes and lattice parameters of Mg-Zn ferrite were obtained by three different methods viz. Scherrer formula (X’pert high score), Maud analysis (Rietveld refinement software), and Williamson Hall Plot. The field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the near-spherical and dumbbell-shaped morphology of Mg-Zn ferrite. The vibrating sample magnetometer showed the increasing magnetic properties on increasing Mg doping. The elemental dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of desired elements. The antimicrobial assay against E. coli (gram-negative) and S. aureus (gram-positive) bacteria showed a clear zone of inhibition. The Mg-Zn ferrite showed good magnetic and antimicrobial properties synthesised via the sol–gel route, which can be further used for possible drug delivery applications.

Evaluation of In vitro Antiacne Activity of Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.

Acne vulgaris is caused by Propionibacterium acnes, subsequently aggravated by Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. It is a common weed found in Asia and tropical Africa. The current investigation is aimed to explore its antiacne property targeting the aforementioned gram-positive strains. Disc diffusion method was adopted to screen the antibacterial property of the ethanol extract at various concentrations (12.5, 25, 50& 100mg/ml) compared with Ciprofloxacin using Mueller Hinton Agar medium. The diameter of the clear zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were calculated. From the results, it is apparent that the zone of inhibition was high for P. acnes (19mm), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (17mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (12mm), and was more sensitive to Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. ethanol extract at 100mg/ml concentration. Similarly, from the MIC values, it is found that the plant extract completely halted the growth of Propionibacterium acnes more efficiently at 0.32mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus at 0.25mg/ml, and 0.28mg/ml for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Either alone or in combination, the phytochemicals may be responsible for the observed scavenging property.

Preliminary Novel Analysis on Antimicrobial Properties of Concentrated Growth Factor against Bacteria-Induced Oral Diseases.

Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is particularly gaining acceptance and popularity in regenerative dentistry. Nonetheless, there are no available studies showing its effect against microorganisms of oral cavity particularly in chronic oral disease-induced biofilms. This in vitro research was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effects of CGF against Staphylococcus aureus sp. (S. aureus) and Streptococcus mutans sp. (S. mutans). Blood samples were obtained from a healthy volunteer. CGF was then prepared using specialized centrifugation equipment (Medifuge, Silfradent, Santa Sofia FC, Italy) and protocol. Antimicrobial activity of the CGF was observed and recorded on standard strains of S. aureus and S. mutans using a well diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone, broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and crystal violet assay for biofilm assessment, with chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% used as a positive control. Statistical analysis was then performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey Test post hoc analysis. It was observed that there was a presence of clear zones of inhibition around the CGF after 24 hours of incubation. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone was 1.26 ± 0.12 nm and 1.20 ± 0.06 nm for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively, with significance difference (p < 0.05) against the control group CHX 0.12%. The MIC values of the CGF against S. aureus and S. mutans were 47.9% and 34.17%, respectively, and the MBC values of the CGF against S. aureus and S. mutans were 100%. The viability and the ability in inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. aureus following treatment with CGF showed a reduction in the concentration-dependent manner as compared with the control group. CGF possesses antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and S. mutans.

Phytochemical analysis and anti-microbial activities of Artemisia spp. and rapid isolation methods of artemisinin

Artemisia species are important traditional medicinal plants of Ethiopia which are used for the treatment of infection and non-infection health problems. The genus Artemisia (Astraceae) consists of about 500 species worldwide. In this study, the main aim was to investigate chemical components of Artemisia spp. (A. abyssinica, A. absinthium and A. annua) and evaluate their antimicrobial activities against bacterial strains. The results indicated that the crude extract of these plants was effective against selected bacterial strains. Here we isolated the well-known antimalarial drug artemisinin (7 mg, 0.004%) from Artemisia annua leaves using a rapid n-hexane fractionation method. The n-hexane extract of A. abyssinica, ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium and n-hexane of A. annua showed varying degrees of inhibiting effect against bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 T, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC13076T, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC1053T, boydii ATCC1233T, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 T, hospital acquired Acinetobacter baumannii. The ethyl acetate extract of Artemisia absinthium (A.abe) showed the maximum inhibiting effect (35 mm) against A. baumannii. The minimum zone of inhibition (< 3 mm) was recorded for test extract of A.ap against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC1053T. Ethyl acetate extract of A, absinthium (A.abe) was more effective against these selected bacterial strains and the zone of inhibition ranged from 5 to 35 mm. The minimum inhibition zone (8 mm) was detected against S. typhimurium ATCC 13311 T for both A.ac and n-hexane- EtOAc fraction (8:2) of A, abyssinica. The maximum zone of inhibition (25 mm) for fraction (A.ach F4) of A, abyssinica obtained by column chromatography was recorded against S. pyogen ATCC 19,615. However, there was no zone of inhibition detected for boydii ATCC1233T due to these test extracts. Significant variations (P ≥ 0.05) were observed between all test extracts of these medicinal plants at 95% of confidence intervals. In this study, clear zones of inhibition were detected for the positive control (standard impregnated disks). Based on our results we recommend that various species of Artemisia spp. seem to have the potential for in-depth investigation for various antimicrobial activities that assisting the effort in searching for antimicrobial lead compounds.

Antibacterial activity of PANI coated CoFe2O4 nanocomposite for gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains

We report on the synthesis of Polyaniline (PANI) coated cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) [CoFe2O4/PANI] nanocomposite and study their antibacterial activity for gram-positive (S. aureus, B. subtillis) and gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains. PANI coated CoFe2O4 nanocomposites have been synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, which were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation followed by hydrothermal method. The X-ray diffraction of as-synthesized CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and CoFe2O4/PANI nanocomposite revealed the polycrystalline inverse spinel phase and semi-crystalline nature of PANI. Transmission electron microscope images affirm the incorporation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles of 5 nm average particle size into the PANI matrix. The saturation magnetization of CoFe2O4/PANI nanocomposites was recorded 50% (54 emu/g to 27 emu/g) in comparison to CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of PANI coated CoFe2O4 nanocomposites were studied by Agar well diffusion method. The results showed a clear inhibition zone, as an antibacterial agent, CoFe2O4/PANI nanocomposites exhibited good antibacterial activity against a different bacterial cell's growth. Growth kinetics studies show that percentage inhibition is relatively higher for P. aeruginosa (~ 92%) than other studied bacteria at 5 mg/ml of the nanocomposites.

Synthesis, characterization and SAR studies of Novel Series of Spiro β-Lactam of 5-methyl-indole-2,3-dione derivatives as a potential antibacterial and anthelmintic agent

A novel series of spiro cyclo-indolyl β-lactam compounds of the 5-methyl-indole-2,3-dione derivatives has been synthesized from the new Schiff bases Isatin, using the Staudinger synthesis. FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analyses were used to describe the produced chemicals. The anthelmintic potency of the produced compounds was evaluated using standard albendazole. The antibacterial activity also tested for the synthesized compounds by calculating the zone of inhibition using cup plate method and by comparison with the standard Ampicillin against the five different pathogens (Bacillus subtilis (ATCC-1086), Pseudomonas auroginosa (ATCC-1232), Escherichia coli, (ATCC-3273), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC-224), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-449)). The result of anthelmintic potential, when compared to conventional albendazole (PT: 1.324±0.12, DT: 1.421±0.21), synthesized compounds ICP-3B (PT: 1.883±0.24, DT: 1.943±0.02) and ICM-3B (PT: 1.758±0.27, DT: 1.675±0.32) were shown significant activity in terms of paralysis and death time. In the antibacterial study, the compound ICP-3B has shown 20.53mm clear zone of inhibition at 100 µg/mL against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis in comparison to the standard ampicillin (23.04 mm zone). The compound ICM-3B, clearly shows the inhibition zone of 21.27 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 24.64 mm against pseudomonas aeruginosa, 20.62mm against E. coli, 20.41 mm against Proteus mirabilis and 23.65 mm against the bacteria staphylococcus aureus at the level of 100µg/mL. It was confirmed that the compounds were synthesized as expected in the reaction scheme based on the collected spectrum and elemental data. The obtained anthelmintic ant antibacterial results also affirm the potentiality of the synthesized compounds. The further compounds can be synthesised as well as other pharmacological activities can be tested for these compounds with the concept of molecular modelling.

Production, separation, and antimicrobial activity assessment of pristinamycin produced using date fruit extract as substrate.

ABSTRACTDate fruits extract was assessed as substrate for pristinamycin production in shake flasks using Streptomyces pristinaespiralis DSMZ 40338 as production organism. A process of microfiltration, concentration, and solvent extraction was used to recover the antibiotic from the fermentation broth and its antimicrobial activity was tested using a well assay method. During a fermentation period of 120 h, the bacterium consumed approximately 28.4 g/l sugars, grew from 0.4 g/l to 4.0 g/l dry weight, and produced 51.0 mg/L pristinamycin. The microfiltration, concentration, and ethyl acetate solvent extraction applied resulted in 71% pristinamycin recovery. The antibiotic showed inhibition capacity comparable to that of the pristinamycins IA and IIA standards. The inhibited bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecium. Clear inhibition zones of 13.3–19.6 mm diameter were formed.

Synthesis of a Cellulose-Co-AMPS Hydrogel for Personal Hygiene Applications Using Cellulose Extracted from Corncobs.

Cellulose-based hydrogels were prepared by the extraction of cellulose from corncobs after the removal of lignin and hemicellulose with the use of alkali–acid treatment. Acrylate-based hydrogels presently available for personal hygiene uses are not biodegradable. In this study, a biodegradable cellulose-co-AMPS personal hygiene hydrogel was synthesized. The hydrogel was synthesized by graft co-polymerization of 2-acrylamido2-methyl propane sulfonic acid onto corncob cellulose by using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator and borax decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O) as a cross-linking agent. Structural and functional characteristics of the hydrogel such as swelling measurements, antimicrobial tests, FTIR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis were done. The hydrogel showed an average swelling ratio of 279.6 g/g to water and 83.3 g/g to a urine solution with a 97% gel fraction. The hydrogel displayed no clear inhibition zone and did not support the growth of bacteria, Gram-positive or -negative. The FT-IR spectra of the hydrogel confirmed the grafting of an AMPS co-polymer onto cellulose chains. The thermal properties of the hydrogel showed three-step degradation, with a complete degradation temperature of 575 °C.