Clear Texture Research Articles

NIR to RGB Domain Translation Using Asymmetric Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks

Near infrared (NIR) images have clear textures but do not contain color. In this paper, we propose NIR to RGB domain translation using asymmetric cycle generative adversarial networks (ACGANs). The RGB image (3 channels) has richer information than the NIR image (1 channel), which makes NIR-RGB domain translation asymmetric in information. We adopt asymmetric cycle GANs that have different network capacities according to the translation direction. We combine UNet and ResNet in generator and use the feature pyramid networks (FPNs) in discriminator. With the help of a $128\times128$ large receptive field, we capture rich spatial context information with a multiscale architecture. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves natural looking NIR colorization results with high generalization ability, i.e. feasible in category unaware cases, and outperforms state-of-the-art ones in realistic colorization and resistance to unregistration.

Super-Resolution Reconstruction and Its Application Based on Multilevel Main Structure and Detail Boosting

Vivid main structure and rich texture detail are important factors with which to determine the quality of high-resolution images after super-resolution (SR) reconstruction. Owing to the loss of high-frequency information in the process of SR reconstruction and the limitation of the accurate estimation of the unknown information in the inversion process, a gap still exists between the high-resolution image and the real image. The main structure can better preserve the edge structure of the image, and detail boosting can compensate for the missing high-frequency information in the reconstruction process. Therefore, a novel single remote-sensing image SR reconstruction method based on multilevel main structure and detail boosting (MMSDB-SR) is put forward in this paper. First, the multilevel main structure was obtained based on the decomposition of the remote-sensing image through use of the relative total variation model. Subsequently, multilevel texture detail information was obtained by a difference process. Second, the multilevel main structure and texture detail were reconstructed separately. The detail-boosting function was used to compensate for the missing high-frequency details in the reconstruction process. Finally, the high-resolution remote-sensing image with clear edge and rich texture detail can be obtained by fusing the multilevel main structure and texture-detail information. The experimental results show that the reconstructed high-resolution image has high clarity, high fidelity, and multi-detail visual effects, and the objective evaluation index exhibits significant improvement. Actual results show an average gain in entropy of up to 0.34 dB for an up-scaling of 2. Real results show an average gain in enhancement measure evaluation of up to 2.42 for an up-scaling of 2. The robustness and universality of the proposed SR method are verified.

Color perception algorithm of medical images using density peak based hierarchical clustering

Abstract In this paper, we present a method which can generate color medical images based on multi-feature fusion and hierarchical density peak clustering. First, the proposed method extracts multi-feature to gain abundant feature information. Then, select the regional representative pixels utilizing the local density and neighborhood relationship of pixels. Next, color information is embedded to regional representative pixels. Finally, obtain the color information of each pixel according to the similarity of the representative pixel and non-representative pixel. The experiments on CT, MRI, PET, Ultrasound and DTI demonstrate that the color medical images generated by the proposed algorithm have exquisite details and clear texture information. Moreover, the complexity of the proposed method is O(MN), lower than O(N3) (DPDR). Compared with other corresponding methods, the proposed method has higher contrast, average gradient and lower information entropy.

Optimal imaging band selection mechanism of weld pool vision based on spectrum analysis

Based on the spectrum of self-emitted radiation of weld pool and the quantum efficiency of the camera, we deduce the relative response intensity of the camera to the self-emitted radiation of the weld pool and verify it with the spectrometer. Combined with arc spectrum properties, we propose the theoretical criteria for optimal imaging band selection, which is suitable to multiple welding processes and materials. Through analyzing the relationship between welding current and light intensity, we design a trigger method for weld pool image acquisition. Based on the theory, we select 850 nm high-pass filter and 660 nm band-pass filter to capture weld pool images of stainless steel GMAW plate welding. The captured images have clear texture, high signal-to-noise ratio, and abundant details, which verifies the feasibility of our theory. This paper provides theoretical guidance for the imaging bands selection in weld pool vision.

The Improved Tetrolet Algorithm for Medical Image Denoising

Background: This paper proposes an improved Tetrolet algorithm of image denoising. Tetrolets, as the newest members of the post wavelets, represent the most concentrated image energy and provide the best sparseness. However, Tetrolet denoising is usually accompanied with occurrence of adverse blocking artifacts. Methods: To resolve this problem, this paper introduces a recursive translation method, which can effectively eliminate the fuzzy blocks in the image and use the matching window threshold function, thus improving the original algorithm. In the simulation experiment, a medical image, in particular, nuclear magnetic resonance image of patient’s head, is denoised by the proposed algorithm and compared with those provided by alternative denoising methods, such as wavelet, improved wavelet, improved Contourlet, and traditional Tetrolet methods. Results: The comparative analysis results proved the superiority of the proposed improved method by the peak signal-to-noise ratios. Discussion: It can effectively eliminate the noise, retain the local characteristics of the original image, and keep the most clear texture of the processed medical images. Keywords: Image enhancement, image denoising, tetrolet, recursive translation, fuzzy blocks, patient.

Grain Structure of Rapidly Solidified Alloy Sn32Bi52Pb16

Rapidly solidifed foils of Sn32Bi52Pb16 alloy consist of liberations of tin, bismuth, and e phase. The length of most chords of random secants located on sections of tin, bismuth, and e-phase grains does not exceed 1 μm. The specific surface area of boundaries of grains of all phases is 2.4 μm–1. There are clear textures of (100) tin, (\(10\overline {12} \)) bismuth, and (\(10\overline {10} \)) e phase.

17.2: New Decorative Patterning Technology and Materials on 3-Dimensional Surfaces for Bendable Display

Precise pattern printing techniques on 3-dimensional or concave substrate surface is very difficult but very demanding for bendable displays. In combination of new advanced spray coating photoresists, a programmable spray coater, exposure process by Laser Direct Image (LDI) and 3D photomask exposure, a novel patterning solution was developed for 3-dimensional substrate surface via Photolithographic processes. The patterning technology can achieve better than 50um resolution on the curved surface and also provided with various decorative effects including clear optical texture patterns, traditional colors, metal-like or chameleon effect patterns without vacuum deposition needed. Highly demanded 3D cover glass for mobile and automobile bendable displays can be volume manufactured by this solution with high throughput and low cost.

Stress evolution and associated microstructure during transient creep of olivine at 1000–1200 °C

We study the mechanical response and correlated microstructure of axial deformed fine-grained olivine aggregates as a function of incremental finite strains. Deformation experiments were conducted in uniaxial compression in an internally heated gas-medium deformation apparatus at temperatures of 1000 and 1200 °C, at strain rates of 10−6 s−1 to 10−5 s−1 and at confining pressure of 300 MPa. Sample volumes are around 1.2 cm3. Finite strains range from 0.1 to 8.6% and corresponding maximal (final) differential stresses range from 80 to 1073 MPa for deformation at 1000 °C and from 71 to 322 MPa for deformation at 1200 °C. At 1200 °C, samples approach steady state deformation after about 8% of strain. At 1000 °C, significant strain hardening leads to stresses exceeding the confining pressure by a factor of 3.5 with brittle deformation after 3% of strain. Deformed samples were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EBSD maps with step sizes as low as 50 nm were acquired without introducing analytical artifacts for the first time. The grain size of deformed samples ranges from 2.1 to 2.6 µm. Despite clear strain hardening, texture or microstructure do not change as a function of stress or finite strain. This observation is supported by a constant texture strength (J-index) and symmetry (BA-index), constant grain shape and aspect ratio, constant density of geometrically necessary dislocations, grain orientation spread, and constant subgrain boundary spacing and misorientation in between samples. TEM shows that all samples exhibit unambiguous dislocation activity but with a highly heterogeneous dislocation distribution. Olivine grains display evidence of [1 0 0] and [0 0 1] slip activity, but there is no evidence of interaction between the dislocations from the different slip systems. Several observations of grain boundaries acting as dislocation sources have been found. We find no confirmation of increasing dislocation densities as the cause for strain hardening during transient creep. This suggests other, yet not fully understood mechanisms affecting the strength of deformed olivine. These mechanisms could possibly involve grain boundaries. Such mechanisms are relevant for the deformation of uppermost mantle rocks, where the Si diffusion rate is too slow and dislocation glide must be accommodated in another way to fulfill the von Mises criterion.

Effect of ozone on Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with atopic dermatitis

To verify the effect of ozone on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and its correlation with the patient's status. Methods: A total of 12 patients with moderate or severe AD, aged from 6 to 65 years, were recruited from outpatient of the Third Xiangya Hospital. The treatment sides were showered with ozonated water and smeared with ozonated oil for 7 days (twice a day), while the control sides were washed with warm running water and smeared with base oil. At different time points, the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) scores, sleep and pruritus scores were assessed and compared between the two sides. Meanwhile, plate cultivation was used to quantitatively detect the changes of S. aureus colonization in skin lesions. Results: After 7 days treatment, erythema and pimples were decreased in the treatment sides. The clear skin texture, smooth skin, improved skin lesions were also observed by dermoscopic examination. The results of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) demonstrated that the parakeratosis was improved, the structures were clearer, and the inflammatory cells infiltration was reduced after ozone treatment for 7 days. After ozone treatment for 3 and 7 days, the S. aureus colonization in the treatment sides decreased by (75.55±21.81)% and (97.24±2.64)% respectively. Compared to that of control sides, the percentage of S. aureus colony after ozone treatment for 7 days decreased significantly (P<0.01). After ozone treatment for 7 days, the SCORAD scores, sleep and pruritus scores were significantly decreased (all P<0.01). There was a linear correlation between the decreasing percentage of S. aureus colony and the declining percentage of SCORAD scores in AD patients. Conclusion: Topical ozone therapy can effectively reduce S. aureus colony in skin lesions and alleviate the severity of AD patients with moderate to severe degree.

Analysis of crystallographic preferred orientations of experimentally deformed Black Hills Quartzite

Abstract. The crystallographic preferred orientations (textures) of three samples of Black Hills Quartzite (BHQ) deformed experimentally in the dislocation creep regimes 1, 2 and 3 (according to Hirth and Tullis, 1992) have been analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). All samples were deformed to relatively high strain at temperatures of 850 to 915 °C and are almost completely dynamically recrystallized. A texture transition from peripheral [c] axes in regime 1 to a central [c] maximum in regime 3 is observed. Separate pole figures are calculated for different grain sizes, aspect ratios and long-axis trends of grains, and high and low levels of intragranular deformation intensity as measured by the mean grain kernel average misorientation (gKAM). Misorientation relations are analyzed for grains of different texture components (named Y, B, R and σ grains, with reference to previously published prism, basal, rhomb and σ1 grains). Results show that regimes 1 and 3 correspond to clear end-member textures, with regime 2 being transitional. Texture strength and the development of a central [c]-axis maximum from a girdle distribution depend on deformation intensity at the grain scale and on the contribution of dislocation creep, which increases towards regime 3. Adding to this calculations of resolved shear stresses and misorientation analysis, it becomes clear that the peripheral [c]-axis maximum in regime 1 is not due to deformation by basal 〈a〉 slip. Instead, we interpret the texture transition as a result of different texture forming processes, one being more efficient at high stresses (nucleation or growth of grains with peripheral [c] axes), the other depending on strain (dislocation glide involving prism and rhomb 〈a〉 slip systems), and not as a result of temperature-dependent activity of different slip systems.

A photoacoustic imaging reconstruction method based on directional total variation with adaptive directivity

BackgroundIn photoacoustic tomography (PAT), total variation (TV) based iteration algorithm is reported to have a good performance in PAT image reconstruction. However, classical TV based algorithm fails to preserve the edges and texture details of the image because it is not sensitive to the direction of the image. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a new PAT reconstruction algorithm to effectively solve the drawback of TV.MethodsIn this paper, a directional total variation with adaptive directivity (DDTV) model-based PAT image reconstruction algorithm, which weightedly sums the image gradients based on the spatially varying directivity pattern of the image is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of TV. The orientation field of the image is adaptively estimated through a gradient-based approach. The image gradients are weighted at every pixel based on both its anisotropic direction and another parameter, which evaluates the estimated orientation field reliability. An efficient algorithm is derived to solve the iteration problem associated with DDTV and possessing directivity of the image adaptively updated for each iteration step.Results and conclusionSeveral texture images with various directivity patterns are chosen as the phantoms for the numerical simulations. The 180-, 90- and 30-view circular scans are conducted. Results obtained show that the DDTV-based PAT reconstructed algorithm outperforms the filtered back-projection method (FBP) and TV algorithms in the quality of reconstructed images with the peak signal-to-noise rations (PSNR) exceeding those of TV and FBP by about 10 and 18 dB, respectively, for all cases. The Shepp–Logan phantom is studied with further discussion of multimode scanning, convergence speed, robustness and universality aspects. In-vitro experiments are performed for both the sparse-view circular scanning and linear scanning. The results further prove the effectiveness of the DDTV, which shows better results than that of the TV with sharper image edges and clearer texture details. Both numerical simulation and in vitro experiments confirm that the DDTV provides a significant quality improvement of PAT reconstructed images for various directivity patterns.

Impurity-controlled film growth and elastic properties of CoCrCuFeNi thin films

The growth mode during physical vapor deposition of metallic thin films is very sensitive to the presence of impurity species. These impurities can originate from the residual ambient gases present in the vacuum chamber and usually impede continued crystal growth by inducing renucleation. During magnetron sputtering at intermediary base pressures (~10−4Pa), the effect of these impurities can be estimated from the ratio of the impurity flux to the metallic flux. In this study, the influence of the ambient impurity flux on the growth mode of CoCrCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy (HEA) thin films is investigated. It is shown that the impurity-to-metal flux ratio effectively controls the texture, grain size, porosity, and elastic properties of the nanocrystalline CoCrCuFeNi thin films. A less clear (111) fiber texture is observed at higher impurity-to-metal flux ratio. With increasing impurity-to-metal flux ratio the grain size decreases while the porosity increases. The elastic constants, and Young's modulus for CoCrCuFeNi is reported to be the highest for the 〈111〉 direction. Hence, the change in film texture also affects the elastic constants and Young's modulus which tend to become lower as more grains with different orientation are observed at higher flux ratios. This study demonstrates that an exact knowledge of the impurity-to-metal flux ratio, or otherwise stated, of the base pressure and deposition rate during sputter deposition is imperative for the synthesis of HEA films with reproducible properties.

Crecimiento Y Partición De Biomasa De Dos Cultivares De Maní (Arachis hypogaea L.) En Distintas Fechas De Siembra En Río Cuarto, Córdoba (Argentina)

Crop management practices like the choice of sowing date and of the cultivar modify and affect the environmental conditions of radiation and temperature in which peanut crop grows and develops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect that three contrasting sowing dates (SD) had on the growth and partition of biomass of two peanut cultivars of different cycle length; in the peanut-region of Rio Cuarto, Córdoba (Argentina). The experiment was conducted under field circumstances, without restrictions in water, nutrition or sanitary conditions during 2009/10 and 2010/11 growing season in the experimental field of the FAV-UNRC. On a Typical Haplustol soil with a clear light sandy texture. The Granoleico cultivars (runner type with cycle&gt; 155 days) and Utre cultivars (cross runner x Spanish cycle of 130-140 days) were sown in early October, November and December (1st, 2nd and 3rd SD, respectively). During the growth cycle, environmental conditions were recorded, ecophysiological variables of development (phenology, thermal date) and growth (radiation interception, crop growth rate, biomass partitioning factor) of the crop were determined. At harvest, the yield components and market quality were determined, and the conditions to which the crop was exposed were analyzed. The phenological stages of peanut occurred in different environmental regimen due to variations in cycle length of the cultivars, sowing dates and the interaction between these variables. During the early SD, the duration of the cycle was longer, obtaining a greater amount of radiation as compared to the other SD. Both parameters, duration of the cycle and intercepted radiation (IPAR), decreased with late sowing. By delaying the SD, the crop growth rate (CGR) is greater during the initial periods of the crop cycle; an anticipation in the moment of maximum CGR can be seen, changes that occur in response to increased temperature and incident radiation (PAR), reflected in the pattern of biomass production and partition to the different plant organs. The combination of the SD and the length cycle of the cultivars affected the location of the critical period of definition of the yield components and the amount of radiation obtained by the crop. Particularly, the weight of ripe pod and grains was affected, which decreased by delaying the SD, with similar behavior in both cultivars and years of study. As a result, the pod yield and market quality is reduced with the delay of sowing date in both cultivars.

Spherulitic formation and characterization of partially fluorinated copolymers and their nanohybrids with functional fillers

Poly[vinylidenefluoride-co-(tetrafluoroethylene)] (P(VDF-TeFE)) exhibited clear spherulitic texture with negative birefringence. The number and growth rates of the spherulites decreased at high crystallization temperature than at low crystallization temperature. Nonetheless, overall larger spherulites were found at high crystallization temperature and the brightness of the spherulites increased very fast at low crystallization temperature, thereafter it seemed as diminution of birefringence. AFM was used to investigate the impact of organo modified nanodiamond(ND) on spherulitic textures, lamellar thickness, and thickness distribution of P(VDF-TeFE) copolymer. Poly[ethylene-co-(tetrafluoroethylene)] (ETFE) also confirmed spherulites structure and the boundaries could be clearly observed. By incorporation of the organo modified nanodiamond (ND) and organo-modified montmorillonite (MMT) in fluropolymer matrix, it was found that spherulitic texture was seriously disordered and their nanohybrids was found only to have poorly developed spherulite structure. Both of the nanohybrids samples show better crystallization temperature as compared to their neat copolymer samples. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanoparticles decreased the size of the spherulites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Food texture assessment and preference based on Mouth Behavior

The research presented validates the hypothesis that Mouth Behavior drives food texture choice and preferences. During qualitative research, when given a wide array of food products to choose from, there were clear texture differences between Mouth Behavior groups in the food items that were chosen as “love” or “not worth buying”. The textures chosen as “loved” were those whose texture most matched their Mouth Behavior (could be easily eaten with their desired Mouth Behavior); while those foods that were rejected had textures that did not allow them to be easily eaten with their primary Mouth Behavior. These differences were then validated quantitatively, where food texture preference were shown to significantly differ by Mouth Behavior group, not only in overall texture, but also in hardness and eating time. Additionally, in previous qualitative research, study participants were found to perceive the texture of the same foods differently. Individuals tried to manipulate the product into a texture that could be eaten as desired, and therefore the texture of a given food was perceived differently by each group. This research also demonstrates that texture is not static, and that texture changes over the eating experience. The way the texture changes is of primary importance in determining food product acceptance.

The effects of residual polymerization solvent on the physical properties of poly(2‐cyano‐p‐phenylene terephthalamide)

ABSTRACTPoly(2‐cyano‐p‐phenylene terephthalamide) (CY‐PPTA) was obtained by the polycondensation of terephthaloyl dichloride and 2‐cyano‐p‐phenylene diamine in the mixture of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Washing the polymerized product with water and drying at the elevated temperature inevitably left a small amount of polymerization residues which could be eliminated only by additional washing with acetone. The thermogravimetric and 1H‐/13C‐NMR analyses revealed that the residues were largely composed of NMP which existed as a complex with the polymer. The complex was broken up between 200 and 300 °C and evolved 5 wt % of gaseous products, which had an adverse effect on the physical properties of as‐spun CY‐PPTA fibers obtained by dry jet‐wet spinning. The heat treatment of the as‐spun fibers including residual NMP exhibited some porous morphology on the fiber surface due to the evolved gases. However, the existence of the residual NMP had little effect on the intrinsic viscosity and liquid crystalline phase behavior of the polymer. Both rheological and optical properties exhibited the critical concentration at 3 wt % with the clear schlieren texture of nematic liquid crystalline phase. The inclusion of residual NMP decreased dynamic viscosity and yield stress. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43672.

An automatic approach for urban land-cover classification from Landsat-8 OLI data

Due to the lack of clear shape, texture characteristics, and abundant spectral or spatial information of urban objects, traditional per-/sub-pixel analysis and interpretation for moderate-resolution-remote sensing data are always confused by such shortcomings as dependence on special skills, requirements to a priori knowledge and training samples, complex process, time-consuming and subjective operations, etc.. In order to alleviate such disadvantages, an automatic approach is proposed to classify vegetation, water, impervious surface areas (dark and bright), and bare land from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor data of Landsat-8 in urban areas, which can be employed by common users to automatically obtain land-cover maps for urban applications. In detail, a preliminary classification result is achieved based on a new vegetation and water masking index (VWMI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and a new normalized difference bare land index (NDBLI), which are acquired automatically from the remote-sensing images based on available knowledge of spectral properties. VWMI is designed to extract vegetation and water information together with a simpler threshold, while NDBLI is developed to identify dark impervious surfaces and bare land in this work. A modification strategy is further proposed to improve preliminary classification results by a linear model. For this purpose, a stable sample selection method based on the histogram is developed to select training samples from the preliminary classification result and to build a non-linear support vector machine (SVM) model to reclassify the classes. For validation and comparison purposes, the proposed approach is evaluated via experiments with real OLI data of two study areas, Nanjing and Ordos. The results demonstrate that the approach is effective in automatically obtaining urban land-cover classification maps from OLI data for thematic analysis.

Using a Modified GOI Index (Effective Grid Containing Oil Inclusions) to Indicate Oil Zones in Carbonate Reservoirs

The GOI (grains containing oil inclusions) index is used to distinguish oil zones, oil‐water zones and water zones in sandstone oil reservoirs. However, this method cannot be directly applied to carbonate rocks that may not have clear granular textures. In this paper we propose the Effective Grid Containing Oil Inclusions (EGOI) method for carbonate reservoirs. A microscopic view under 10× ocular and 10× objective is divided into 10×10 grids, each with an area of 0.0625 mm×0.0625 mm. An effective grid is defined as one that is cut (touched) by a stylolite, a healed fracture, a vein, or a pore‐filling material. EGOI is defined as the number of effective grids containing oil inclusions divided by the total number of effective grids multiplied by 100%. Based on data from the Tarim Basin, the EGOI values indicative of the paleo‐oil zones, oil‐water zones, and water zones are &gt;5%, 1% 5%, and &lt;1%, respectively. However, the oil zones in young reservoirs (charged in the Himalayan) generally have lower EGOI values, typically 3%–5%.

A Novel Image Inpainting Method Based on Sparse Decomposition

Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT) and Wavelet Atomic Transform (WAT) are proposed in this paper as a couple of dictionaries to get the structure and texture basing on morphological component decomposition. Then, basing on the fact that the structure and texture have different characteristics, in this paper we use curvature driven diffusion model and Criminisi texture synthesis method to inpaint the structure and texture respectively. At last, compound the inpainted structure and texture and get the inpainting result. The experiment results show the new method can not only decompose the image very well, but also inpaint the image with strong and fairing edge, complete and clear texture .This method shows better results in image inpainting compared to the classical ones.

Texture Preserving Image Restoration with Dyadic Bounded Mean Oscillating Constraints

In this letter, we first propose an image restoration model with dyadic bounded mean oscillating (BMO) constraints to recover some clear texture from noisy data. The existence and uniqueness of the solution are discussed. The model is transformed into wavelet domain and then solved by dual Uzawa method. Each Lagrange multiplier of the discretized model corresponds to a certain scale of dyadic region of the image. Thus, the Lagrange multipliers are space adaptive and can control the extent of denoising over dyadic image regions. On the basis of this model, we propose a total variation (TV) based texture preserving denoising model. Finally, we display some numerical experiments to show the convergence of the algorithm and the validity of the proposed models.