Clear Purpose Research Articles

Optimalisasi Pendidikan Anak dalam Keluarga melalui Kitab Tarbiyatul Athfal

Most parents, when raising their children, just provide for their needs like clothes, food, and shelter, and try to make their children smart and sharp in their thinking. Although that alone is not enough for life, parents need to shape their children to have good ethics and wisdom so that the children do not despair and have a clear purpose in life through studying the book Tarbiyatul Athfal. The issue in this writing is how to maximize early childhood education in the family based on the Islamic perspective. This writing uses a descriptive qualitative research strategy and in presenting the creator's information, it uses documentation, interviews, and observations to obtain applicable information. The results of this research show that there are several ways that can be utilized to enhance children's education in the family through the book Tarbiyatul Athfal, especially based on the Islamic view, namely: 1) Model or example strategy, 2) Habituation strategy, 3) Giving advice, 4) Consideration and management techniques, 5) Discipline strategy. If these methods are viewed and applied from an Islamic perspective, they will greatly help parents in educating their children from an early age about good morals.

“I got knocked down”: factors impacting a novice teacher’s decision making

PurposeThis study explores how one novice teacher navigated his first-year teaching sixth-grade social studies.Design/methodology/approachOne-sixth grade novice teacher was observed during his unit on the Islamic Empire. The teacher was interviewed before the unit began to understand his approach to combating Islamophobia and interviewed again after the unit so he could reflect on the unit and discuss if he believed he had accomplished his original goal. Classroom artifacts (handouts, slide decks, etc.) were collected.FindingsThe findings highlight the various forces that impacted the decisions the teacher made in the classroom. Lack of support from administration and various colleagues left the teacher feeling overwhelmed and unable to accomplish his goals. While the teacher started the unit with a clear purpose for teaching against Islamophobia, he ultimately taught a unit where students memorized discrete pieces of information.Originality/valueThis study adds to previous research on the need for providing administrative support for novice teachers to be able to teach in ambitious ways by highlighting the numerous shortcomings.

Higher Education, Human Development and Growing Inequality in Pre- and Post-Pandemic Haiti

For almost four decades, Haiti has been engaged in the tenuous process of democratization, exacerbated by political, economic, social, climate, and more recently the COVID-19 crises. With each crisis, efforts are made to reimagine national development and revitalize the public sphere, with limited success. Yet, largely absent from these debates is the higher education sector. We argue that the neglect of higher education since Haiti’s transition from dictatorship to democracy is a result of the nation’s failure to articulate a clear vision for the sector. In this article, we ask: How has the failure to articulate a clear purpose for the higher education sector in Haiti exacerbated the country’s systemic crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic? In order to answer this question, we provide a sociohistorical examination of the role of power and politics in Haitian higher education beginning in its founding in the 19th century culminating at the time of the pandemic. We explore how the absence of a strategic vision for higher education institutions in Haiti and ad-hoc neoliberal policies have impacted the professoriate and students while impeding the sector’s potential contributions to society in a time characterized by systemic and uninterrupted crises including the COVID-19 pandemic.

About the published content on each section

About the published content on each section

Young Students’ Aesthetic Literacy and Online Usage During COVID-19 in Taiwan

Digital learning has been prevalent in both pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research suggests that mental health problems in young people have been exacerbated by COVID-19, possibly related to a lack of social connection. Young people spend more time on using the internet for either study or connecting with their peers. The United Nations Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposed the “OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project”, which directly addresses the unpredictable situation with the future trend. Students not only need to develop knowledge and skills, but also develop attitudes and values. Creating new value requires critical thinking and creativity to find different solutions to problems and collaborate with others to find solutions to complex problems. STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Math) education action has been valued. In 2011, President Obama proposed the importance of innovation, technology, and education and issued “A blueprint for reform: The reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act.” Inter order to promote STEM courses, US$3.1 billion had been invested in 2014. STEM is the 4-letter abbreviation of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, which is an emerging educational issue that combines the four professional fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The Rhode Island School of Design in the United States launched the “from STEM to STEAM” movement, which gradually spread among the private sector, local governments and education in various countries. Scholar in Hong Kong reviewed existing literature on STEAM courses and summarized two views on A: 1. ART = visible beauty, 2. ART = design thinking. Researchers and experts with art and communication media backgrounds believe that the most effective entry point for STEAM is to combine technology, science and art from the perspective of design. In the process of solving problems, design gives a clear purpose to the integration of art, technology, and science. Problem-solving is the commonality between STEM and ARTS that are closely connected. The problem-solving of STEM is based on practicality, while that of ARTS is based on creativity. The ability of expression is the main focus. The Curriculum Guidelines of 12 Year Basic Education in Taiwan emphasize literacy-oriented teaching and cultivates students’ knowledge, abilities, and attitudes through 12 years of national education. One of the core competencies is “artistic literacy and aesthetic literacy,” which is an important part of “communication and interaction.” However, most parents expect children to study further education. The teaching time of art-related courses or education are often borrowed from those of mathematics, science, and Chinese classes, which invisibly deprives young students of the opportunity to live an aesthetic life.

Concept of principles of administrative proceedings and their system

The article defines the principles of administrative proceedings. Attention is focused on the fact that ensuring consideration and resolution of public-law conflicts, which are the subject of an appeal to an administrative court, should be based on the application of the established system of principles of administrative justice. It is noted that without observing the principles, it is impossible to achieve the unity of judicial practice. The author substantiated that the meaning and essence of the principles of administrative proceedings in the modern conditions of European integration must be considered by comparing them with the category of principles of law and principles of public administration.
 Conventionally, the principles of administrative proceedings in the system of principles of law are classified as sectoral and inter-sectoral principles. The author justifies that the principles of the judiciary should be understood as guiding principles (ideas), the implementation of which helps to solve the tasks of the judiciary, to ensure the effectiveness of its means and methods. Administrative justice is characterized by the presence of special tasks, the main of which is the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms against the arbitrariness of officials and officials of state authorities and local self-government bodies. It is the principles of the judiciary that must be implemented in a close relationship and interdependence; only the unity of implementation of judicial principles determines their ability to properly settle public legal disputes and conflicts. Each principle of administrative justice has its own clear purpose regarding the organization and operation of courts. All principles are mutually conditioned, they cannot be considered without taking into account the general unity. They act together, closely intersect, pass into each other and flow from each other. This can be explained by the fact that all principles are united by one common goal, namely, the proper organization of judicial bodies and their effective activity. Taken together, all principles create a certain system of basic principles of administrative proceedings. The system of principles of the judicial process is a complex of grouped provisions, which are characterized by the unity of goals and tasks of a set of independent in their content, but interrelated and objectively determined principles, forming precisely in this set such a qualitative unity, without which the corresponding type of judicial procedure loses its sense. The principles of administrative proceedings are the basis for all other rules in the administrative process, and therefore there should be exactly as many of them as the present requires.

Project activity as the communication systems innovative functioning: The Ukrainian libraries experience

The purpose of the article is to highlight the leading Ukrainian libraries project activities as a factor of their innovative functioning. The research methodology is based on the application of systemic-structural and activity approaches, which led to the complex use of generally-logical and theoretical methods used in humanitarian research. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in clarifying the role and significance of libraries project activities, summarising the most relevant projects implemented by leading libraries of Ukraine, as well as in highlighting the characteristic consequences of innovative library projects implementation and their classification depending on the target nature. Conclusions. It has been established that the characteristic features of the projects are their clear purpose, uniqueness, as well as: social and cultural significance and social effect; for users – new services and new opportunities; for libraries and library specialists – implementation of innovations, professional development, modernisation of production processes, etc. It has been emphasised that thanks to the implementation of innovative projects there were: a) significant transformation of library technologies and functional areas of library activity; b) fully justified attraction to corporatism in the information and search systems creation and information resources consolidation; c) innovative transformations in the library-information service system for users; d) arrangement of innovative library space. The whole set of library projects is grouped according to the purpose: social and communication projects, technological and functional projects. It has been concluded that the project activity of libraries expands and at the same time enriches the libraries’ functional capabilities and their information and resource base, promotes new services mastering and their development, and also establishes libraries as an important social and cultural institution and space for communication

Structural analysis of lexical bundles in graduate students' research paper abstracts

Lexical bundles, as a recurrent sequence of words, are an important component of both spoken and written academic corpora, used both by professional academics and student writers in order to contribute to better structural organization, efficient communication, and well-established credibility. These expressions are formulaic and highly frequent, with rather clear discourse function and communicative purpose. The most frequently used structures of lexical bundles include NP-based, VP-based, and clause-based bundles. The aim of the paper is to explore the lexical bundles on a learner corpus of 448 abstracts written by non-native English speakers in English during their Masters studies. Structural analysis is performed in order to observe which structures students prefer and utilize while writing abstracts. The corpus was subdivided into two sub-corpora, depending on whether graduate students received any formal instruction on academic writing before publishing their abstracts, to explore whether instructions influence the use of lexical bundles with novice writers. The results offer the most common structures of lexical bundles that graduate students use, as well as the analysis of the types and diversity of lexical bundles used based on whether or not students had academic writing instructions.

Cadaveric Biomechanical Laboratory Research Can Be Quantitatively Scored for Quality With the Biomechanics Objective Basic Science Quality Assessment Tool: The BOBQAT Score

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop a quality appraisal tool for the assessment of cadaveric biomechanical laboratory and other basic science biomechanical studies. Materials and MethodsFor item identification/development, a systematic review of the literature was first performed. The content validity index (CVI) was used to either include or exclude items. The content validity ratio (CVR) was used to determine content validity. Weighting was performed by each panel member; the final weight was either up- or downgraded to the closest of 5 or 10%. Face validity was scored on a Likert scale ranked from 1-7. Test-retest reliability was determined using the Fleiss kappa coefficient. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Concurrent criterion validity was assessed against the QUACS scale. ResultsThe final BOBQAT score included 15 items and was shown to be valid, reliable and consistent. Five items had a CVI of 1.0; ten items had a CVI of 0.875. For weighting, five items received a weight of 10% and ten items a weight of 5%. CVR was 1.0 for six items and 0.75 for nine items. For face validity, all items achieved a score above 5. For test-retest reliability, almost perfect test-retest reliability was observed for ten items, substantial agreement for four items and moderate agreement for one item. For internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be 0.71. For concurrent criterion validity, Pearson’s product-moment correlation was 0.56 (95% CI 0.38-0.70, p=0.0001). ConclusionCadaveric biomechanical and laboratory research can be quantitatively scored for quality based on the inclusion of a clear and answerable purpose, demographics, specimen condition, appropriate bone density, reproducible technique, appropriate outcome measures, appropriate loading conditions, appropriate load magnitude, cyclic loading, sample size calculation, proper statistical analysis, results consistent with methods, limitations considered, conclusions based on results, and disclosure of funding and potential conflicts.

Life story templates in dementia care: Ambiguous direction and purpose.

The use of life stories in dementia care has been described as a way of seeing every person as an individual, looking beyond their dementia. Life stories have become synonymous with high-quality care, while in Sweden their mere existence in dementia care settings is taken to indicate quality in national comparisons. Such life stories are often standardised, generated by a family member answering predetermined questions in a template. Using a constructionist approach, this study will (1) chart what versions of a person's life story the templates produce, and (2) establish the intended purpose of such life stories, as communicated by the templates. This study departs from the assumption that life story templates communicate something about the conceptions of people living with dementia. The thematic analysis used data comprising 30 blank templates, totalling about 1,700 questions. The life story templates were found to generate two very different versions of the individual: (1) a person before symptoms of dementia or (2) a patient with dementia. We also found contradictions about what information should be included, whose life story it was, and the intended use. Despite strong pressure on dementia care providers to collect life stories from residents, the life story templates they use are without clear direction, ideology, or purpose. The lack of direction is key given that life stories can be considered actants that shape assumptions about people with dementia and construct realities in dementia care settings. We highlight the need to develop ethical guidelines for life story template design, matched with guidelines for their intended use.

IS THE PUBLICATION LEGAL/LAW/JUDICIAL?

The problem of clarifying the correct use of the concepts of legal, law, and judicial for a clear purpose is currently in the field of interest of legal scholars, linguists, and terminologists. Communicators are also involved in the detailed study of this issue, for whom clarifying this issue is important and necessary for further media research of various kinds. The disagreement among scholars on the use of these concepts is explained, in our opinion, primarily by the not entirely clear establishment of the general term field in the domain of judicial («legal») science. The purpose of the research was to determine the correctness of word usage in the selfidentification of legal/law/judicial publications. In order to achieve this goal, we emphasize the need to fulfill the following tasks: – to distinguish self-titles in the description of legal/law/judicial publications; – to establish the linguistic features of the concepts of «legal», «law», «judicial» and the peculiarities ofscientific and practical discourse on this issue. As we have seen from the titles and descriptions of the publications, some of them contain the term «judicial» and others «legal» or «law». In the course of the study, we have identified the opinions of journalism scholars, philologists, and lawyers, both academics and practitioners, on the correctness of using these words in defining the intended purpose of the publication. The specialized press, which is based on the need to provide information services to a motivated reader (a narrow-profile specialist or a generalist), mostly uses the above concepts as equivalent. In our opinion, it is worth noting that publications for lawyers that contain professional information presented in an official business style (standardized, accurate and concise, containing stamps and clichés, straightforward word order, etc.) should be more appropriately called law media, and publications that contain information about law (legal relations) presented in a journalistic style of speech should be called legal media, and those that contain texts of regulatory legal acts and their explanations should be called judicial media In view of this, we consider that it is necessary to draw the attention of communicators to the need for a broader professional discussion of the problem of using specialized terminology in media research, taking into account the work ofscholars analyzed in our study.

일제강점기 『동아일보』 연재물 ｢전설의 조선｣ 및 ｢전설｣의 문화적 위상

This study explores the cultural status of “Jeonseol-ui Joseon (legend of Joseon)” (1927.8.20-12.28) and “Jeonseol (legend)” (1932.6.2. -10.15) serialized in Dong-A Ilbo during the Japanese colonial period. Thus far, researchers have not mentioned the Japanese colonial period in the process of discussing the “history of Korean legends.” However, many recent studies have been conducted on legend collections from this period, making it possible to supplement the history of Korean legends with prior studies. The most noteworthy aspect of these studies is the claim that Lee Hong-ki's Joseon Legend Collection (Chosun Publishing Company, 1944) was the first collection of legends published in Korean. Choi Sang-soo's Korean Folk Legends Collection (Eulyu Munhwasa, 1947; Tongmungwan, 1958) was evaluated as the first collection of Korean legends. However, Lee Hong-ki's Joseon Legends Collection can take its place. Lee Hongki’s legend collection was greatly influenced by Dong-A Ilbo’s legendary serial “Jeonseol”. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, Dong-A Ilbo carried out the task of discovering Joseon legends from folklore and systematically introducing them into newspapers. These are serials titled “Jeonseol-ui Joseon” and “Jeonseol”. Although the legendary materials included in this series were not published together in the form of a booklet, they are significant as a collection of Joseon legends collected and introduced with a clear purpose, that is, data collection. The cultural status and value of these series are high and significant in that it was the first attempt to work from an “insider’s perspective” in response to Japan’s colonial policy. Additionally, Dong-A Ilbo's legendary series attempted to discover and revive the traditional spirit and local character of the people in the dark situation of colonialism, which can be said to have performed the function of cultural therapy for the entire Korean population.

제도분석틀을 활용한 협력적 거버넌스에 관한 연구

Governance has been highlighted as an alternative mechanism to the traditional hierarchical solution method to solve problems in modern society. It has been attracting attention in various fields, by adding a descriptive word “collaborative,” despite the fact that “collaboration” is a key element in the meaning of governance. This raises the need for governance that complements the limitations of the “collaborative governance” led by the administrative authorities. In this study, we aimed to explore the necessity and possibility of “citizen-led collaborative governance” centered on citizen initiative to replace the administration-led collaborative governance. As an example of citizen-driven collaborative governance, we utilized Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development Framework to identify factors of citizen initiative in the creation of the Banghakcheon Culture and Arts Street in Dobong-gu, Seoul. This is a case where collaborative governance was established and operational because there was a clear common purpose to solve the inconvenience of the residents due to the existence of the densely concentrated harmful businesses for decades and the position of the city government, which was promoting a regional development strategy centered around culture. Through collaborative governance, all 31 harmful businesses were voluntarily closed, 17 of the vacant spaces were transformed into workshops and public spaces, and the surrounding streets were successfully regenerated with cafes and bookstores. As a result of the analysis through the institutional analysis framework, we concluded that the factors that enabled the citizen-led operation were the capacity of civil society accumulated over the years, the consensus of public-private partnership spread through participatory projects such as village communities in the administration, and the institutional devices and promotion systems such as ordinances that embodied citizen initiative.

A Study on Korean Customers’ Intentions to Repurchase for the Sustainable Growth of the Athleisure Market

The athleisure market has experienced significant growth in recent years, establishing itself as a mainstream trend in the fashion industry. Given the escalating demand for athleisure wear, businesses must secure sustainable growth by comprehending customer intentions to repurchase. This study conducted a survey to collect customer data in order to study customers’ intentions to repurchase athleisure wear. Additionally, survey questions were developed through a literature review and incorporated into the survey. To determine the suitable sample size for the analysis while considering statistical significance, the study took into account the current total population of South Korea, a confidence level of 95%, and a margin of error of 5%. This calculation determined that a sample size of 400 in this study was well-suited to the data analysis. In a study investigating customer intentions to repurchase athleisure wear, several influential factors were identified. Firstly, the purpose of product use (motivation for wearing) and functionality emerged as critical determinants affecting customer intentions to repurchase. Customers who perceived a clear purpose of use and functional excellence were more inclined to repurchase, underscoring the paramount importance of designing athleisure products with a strong focus on functionality. Nevertheless, it was observed that male and female customers exhibited distinctive levels of satisfaction with the product. Male customers placed greater emphasis on the product’s essential attributes, whereas female customers highlighted the importance of how athleisure wear fits into their everyday lives and its aesthetics. This divergence indicates that male and female customers possess varying preferences when it comes to product attributes. Consequently, it is imperative to devise tailored marketing strategies that align with the distinct priorities and interests of male and female consumers during the sale of athleisure wear products. In summary, this study underscores the significance of comprehending customer behavior and intentions to repurchase within the athleisure market. By prioritizing the articulation of the product’s purpose and enhancing its functionality, businesses operating in the athleisure sector can secure enduring growth and success.

P77: Barriers and facilitators to reframing ‘wandering’ as a meaningful activity for residents with dementia in care homes

Up to 60% of people with dementia living in care homes will ‘wander’ (i.e. walk without a clear purpose) at some point, which may occur due to cognitive changes, issues with orientation or lifelong habits. Nonpharmacological interventions are considered the best approach to supporting wandering as they aim to address underlying causes while posing minimal risk to the individual. However, there are many benefits to wandering safely in care homes, including physical benefits of exercise, retaining autonomy over location, and maintaining self-identity. This study aimed to develop evidence to understand the perspectives of care home staff around wandering as a meaningful activity. Specifically, we sought to identify: i) attitudes towards wandering; ii) the barriers and facilitators to supporting wandering in the care home; and iii) support needs to implement strategies across different care home contexts.We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with staff members including direct care staff, registered nurses, managers, and activities coordinators. Participants were recruited from a range of care homes across North England who provide care for older adults living with dementia, using purposive sampling to recruit participants with a range of experiences. Data were analyzed using framework analysis, a form of thematic analysis.Four main themes were identified and refined by the wider research team. The impact of the environment on how residents moved around the care home, the importance of life history and personhood for staff to understand the motivations residents had for wandering, individual factors that contributed to each resident’s unique experiences and the importance of the care home culture to whether residents were supported. Participants also highlighted a range of strategies that they engage with to support residents to wander safely.Although this was a small-scale study, conducted in one region of England, it has implications for the ways that wandering as a behavior is conceptualized and supported in care homes. The importance of language and vocabulary was highlighted and requires further consideration. The results of this study will be used to develop further work to test strategies in care homes and produce guidelines for supporting residents to wander safely.

프랑스어 기술 한국 고전서사 연구

This study aims to investigate the identity of classical Korean narratives in French, and based on this, to explore the possibility of expanding the field of Korean literature research and to refine the research methodology. This study focuses on three classic Korean narrative texts written in French by Seo Young-hae: Autour d’une vie coréenne(1929), Miroir, cause de malheur (1934), and La fille d’un cordonnier (unknown). The last text, in particular, is the first to be introduced in this study and translated that Seo Young-hae has been writing Korean classical narratives in French throughout her stay in France.
 This book, described in French by a Korean native author, has classical narratives as its main object of description. The classical Korean narratives, reinterpreted from Seo’s perspective, represent Korea as he interpreted it, or Korea as he translated it. The pursuit of Korean independence, which was consistent with his stay in France with a clear purpose, and his understanding of the Korean tales based on it, are the fundamental elements that constitute Seo’s rewriting, or translation. Therefore, this paper will examine how Seo interprets and translates Korean classical narratives by focusing on the external and internal relationships surrounding writing. To do so, I will analyze the three texts interactively and examine the adaptation of classical narratives and the linguistic and cultural translation of Korean classical narratives through them. While Seo emphasizes the inheritance of folk traditions and customs, he also emphasizes that it is not simply an inheritance without transformation, and that existing traditions can be reconstructed within an expanding network rather than closedly linked. This is Seo’s interpretation of the classics, tales, and oral tradition, and his hope for a post-modern Korea.

Հանրային կապերի և գովազդի դերը ժամանակակից գրադարանի ձևավորման գործում

The activity of modern libraries cannot be imagined without PR and advertising. Especially in the case of a large flow of information, libraries must be able to become competitive in order to deliver it all to the reader more quickly and efficiently. On the international platforms, today also in Armenia, there are many tricks that allow to turn libraries into active and attractive places of entertainment. Of course, this process does not happen quickly in Armenia, especially due to the limited financial resources of libraries, but a trend of development is already visible. In Arme-nia, we consider the reform and preservation of the building conditions, spaces, potential reader and the library to be a priority in Armenia. This requires daily and painstaking work, which must definitely be carried out by specialized teams, so that the goal is justified and the work is effective. Libraries should have specially developed programs with a clear purpose and sequence of actions, which will ensure the result. It is necessary to establish contact with educational institutions, va-rious institutions, organizations, organize meetings, etc. Purpose: to provide information about the library and the services it offers.

The Development and Significance of Art Collectives in Malaysian Contemporary Art

Spanning over 90 years, the trajectory of art development in Malaysia encompasses the engagement of both early pioneers and emerging artists. Beginning in 2000, the emergence of art collectives has wielded substantial influence on the nation's contemporary art scene, establishing a platform for sharing ideas, goals, and collaborative ventures among artists. With a focus on challenging artistic norms, addressing societal concerns, and contributing to Malaysia's cultural mosaic, these collectives hold a clear purpose. The triumph of an art collective hinges on vital components like fostering community, mutual respect, a shared vision, and an effective organisational framework. The core objective of this study is to meticulously chronicle the establishment timeline of art collectives from 2000 to 2020, illuminating their membership and successful undertakings. Employing a methodology that combines various publication sources and insightful interviews, the research has identified more than 40 art collectives engaging in collaborative art pursuits. This collective endeavour seamlessly enriches the local contemporary art panorama, leaving an indelible mark on the industry's advancement.

Factors influencing French community pharmacists’ willingness to participate in research projects: a mixed method study

BackgroundFrench community pharmacists are facing an increasing demand to provide a wider range of services to meet the needs of the population. These new missions must be evaluated by primary care research studies. This study aims to explore the factors that influence French community pharmacists’ willingness to participate in research projects.MethodsA mixed-method design was adopted for this study, comprising an initial quantitative online survey followed by semi-directed interviews. The investigation was conducted at two French faculties of pharmacy, Angers and Nantes, involving students in their 6th and final year of pharmacy education, and their community pharmacist tutors. The survey items were based on a study by Saini et al. and participants responded using five-point Likert scales. The semi-directed interviews were conducted after the quantitative analysis, only with volunteer and already graduated community pharmacists.ResultsA total of 131 people participated in the quantitative analysis, comprising 75 students and 56 pharmacists. Pharmacists and students agreed on the significance of two key aspects: the research must possess a clear and meaningful purpose, and researchers must keep the pharmacists informed about the study’s results. Among the 27 proposed items, only three showed significantly different results between students and pharmacists. Moreover, 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Research in the community pharmacy domain is relatively new for many pharmacists. Despite limited training, their willingness to participate is contingent on being actively involved from the outset, receiving appropriate support and training. However, the research should be seamlessly integrated into their daily practice, without being too time-consuming and administratively burdensome. Time constraints emerged as the main obstacle, along with concerns about the availability of human resources. Pharmacists expressed strong motivation driven by the research topic’s relevance, and its potential impact on patients or the profession. While financial compensation is desirable, it did not appear to be the main criterion for participation in a study.ConclusionsFrench pharmacists are willing to participate in research projects to improve patient care and develop the profession. Research teams must guide and involve from the project’s inception.

64 Validity and Stability of Objective Measures of Subtle Functional Difficulties in Older Adults

Objective:Self-reported mild functional difficulties are one of the most salient predictors of future cognitive decline in older adults. However, few measures of objective assessment of mild functional difficulties are available. This study explored the validity and stability of novel, performance-based measures of subtle functional difficulties in older adults without dementia using an objective and standardized test, called the Naturalistic Action Test (NAT), which has been used for people with dementia.Participants and Methods:40 older adults (Healthy Controls (HC), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)) completed the NAT at baseline and again after one-month. The NAT requires participants to make a breakfast and a lunch using objects presented on a table. Standard cognitive tests (memory, language, etc.) also were administered at baseline only and were used to compute intraindividual cognitive variability (IIV), a sensitive measure of cognitive ability level. NAT scores reflecting micro-errors and completion time were obtained from video recordings. Micro-errors are inefficient actions that include misreaching toward the wrong object and moving objects around the table without a clear purpose. Validity of the NAT measures was evaluated in correlations with IIV, and the stability of NAT performance was evaluated using within-sample t-tests and correlations between measures at baseline and one-month.Results:In the full sample (N =40), greater micro errors were significantly correlated with greater IIV at baseline (r=.512, p<.001) and one month followup (r=.327, p=.039). Among HC, paired t tests showed that there were no significant differences in micro-errors over one month; however, completion time was significantly slower at baseline (Md=16.06, SD=24; t(32)=3.76, p<.001). MCI participants showed a significant decrease in micro-errors (M=3.86, SD=4.4; t(6)=2.33, p=.029), but no difference in completion time. Among HC and MCI, micro errors (r=.506, p<.001), and completion time (r=.899, p<.001) were significantly correlated across time points.Conclusions:Results show promise for novel NAT measures (time, micro-errors) as valid, objective indicators of subtle cognitive difficulties that affect everyday function. Analyses of stability of scores over time showed evidence of practice effects over time, which along with predictive validity, should be explored in future work.