Clear Filtrate Research Articles

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY RECOVERY METHOD FOR RUBBER FROM WASTE TIRES

Recycling of waste tires is the goal of many studies, where the chemical dissolution method depends on the recovery of tire rubber (TR) and carbon black (CB) from the waste tires. Petroleum ether was used to dissolve tire powder and a black solution was produced which after refluxed at 140°C for two hours with a mixture of adsorbents including silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and then filtered, will give clear rubber filtrate and CB precipitate and the used petroleum ether was totally regenerate. The rubber was recovered with a weight percentage of 24% (w/w), whereas CB was reclaimed with 20% (w/w) from the total waste tire used. The recovered rubber was characterized and its functional groups were studied by 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy which shows the rubber is polyisoprene blended with polybutadiene. The XRD, FESEM, and thermal analyses (TGA, DTA, and DSC) show the recovered rubber is amorphous with an elastic nature, thermally stable with endothermic behavior, and contains some inorganic impurities. On the other hand, the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis, of carbon black shows it is a mesoporous material with a high specific surface area (as = 149.44m2 . g -1 ) and pores with a mean diameter (13.623 nm). The particle size, structure and surface chemistry of the reclaimed CB which was measured accordingly by XRD, BET, and FESEM and it was emphasized that the CB has excellent adsorption qualities

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Using Forest Species Plantations of Post-Mining Landscapes, Ptolemais, N. Greece

The main purpose of the study was the absorption of heavy metals in the leaves of forest tree species, which were planted in two different plots for forestry use and environmental restoration. Four species were studied Pinus brutia, Robinia pseudoacaccia, Quercus trojana and Fraxinus ornus. Forty-eight leaf samples were collected which consisted of six samples from each species at each plot. The heavy metal concentrations in the leaves were measured for the following nine heavy metals: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pd). The determinative estimation of metal concentration was carried out in the clear filtrate, using ICP-OES. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of the heave metals were found among the species, as well as between the two plots. It was only in Robinia peudoacacia’s leaves that the cadmium concentration showed a statistical difference among the other species. The same applied for manganese in Quercus trojana’s leaves and zinc for Pinus brutia. The careful selection and planting of the appropriate forest tree species provides for an overall improvement in the environment in heavy metal polluted sites, such as those resulting from thermal power plants.

Comparative Analysis of Protein in Selected Infant Formula Using Dye-Binding and Formol Methods

Aim: The protein content of some infant milk formula was determined using Dye-binding and Formol methods in comparison to the manufacturer’s values as reference.
 Study Design: The study was an experimental design.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the laboratory of Chemistry department, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria between June, 2021 and December, 2021.
 Methodology: Dye-binding Method was done by weighing about 5 g of the baby milk samples into beakers and 100 mL distilled water was added and mixed thoroughly. 20 mL of diluted 80% orange G dye solution was added to 2 mL of the milk solution and shaked vigorously. The sample was centrifuged at 820 rpm for 5 minutes and a clear filtrate obtained whose absorbance was then analyzed using spectrophotometer. For Formol Method I g of each of the milk samples was weighed into different beakers then 10 mL of distilled water and 0.7 mL saturated potassium oxalate was added along with 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator into the mixture. Two drops of NaOH solution was titrated into the mixture and a pink colour appeared which diminished immediately. About 2 mL of formaldehyde was added and shaken for few seconds then titrated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) until the mixture turned light pink.
 Results: The mean and standard deviation of protein content using Dye-binding method are; Peak baby milk 2.49 ± 0.13 g, My boy milk 2.54 ± 0.06 g. For formol methods Peak baby milk has 0.13 ± 0.01 g and My boy milk 0.1 ± 0.01 g. The result showed that both infant formula under the Dye-binding method and formol method was significantly different (p<0.05) when compared to the reference value (1.7 Peak baby and 0.11 My boy). However, values obtained from Formol method for My boy milk was closest to the reference (factory value) only a slight difference of about 0.01 g.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, Formol method is more closely related to the reference values (manufacturer’s values). Thus, the Formol titration may be used with confidence as a quick test for approximating the protein content of skim milk solids which is typical of baby milks.

Elimination of micropollutants from municipal wastewater by adsorption on powdered activated carbon and separation by innovative precoat filtration

The removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent protects the aquatic ecosystems in the receiving water body. Activated carbon adsorption is a promising method for advanced wastewater treatment. The use of powdered activated carbon (PAC) requires a subsequent separation stage to avoid PAC leakage and thus desorption of harmful substances in the environment. So far, preliminary separation of the PAC by precipitation and sedimentation in combination with a sand filter has proven to be suitable. Separation using filtering separators in the form of candle filters is a space-saving alternative but has not yet been used on an industrial scale. The subject of this work is to fundamentally investigate the process design regarding the hydraulic properties, the retention and the effective filtration mechanism. After preliminary tests with a pressurized filter cell (PFC), a scale up to a pilot-scale candle filter under optimized conditions is carried out. The use of a precoat layer of cellulose is necessary to protect the fabric from blockage, to retain the PAC, and thus enables the flow to be maintained. Cellulose with medium fiber length with an applied quantity of ρ C = 1 kg·m −2 turns out to be suitable to obtain high filtrate throughput and clear filtrate. The use of precipitants (FeCl 3 ) in combination with sedimentation reduces the content of total suspended solids ( TSS ) of the wastewater PAC suspension and thus increases the throughput by factor 7. The precoat experiments with the candle filter show a complex superposition of the predominant filtration mechanism. In the beginning, clogging filtration predominates. During the filtration, separation inside the precoat, as well as the build-up of a thin cake of PAC particles, gain in importance.

Elimination of micropollutants from municipal wastewater by adsorption on powdered activated carbon and separation by innovative precoat filtration

• PAC with smallest particle size ( x 50.3 = 10 µm) shows fastest adsorption kinetics. • The correlation of the UV 254 and trace substance removal is not given for powdered activated carbon made from coconut shells. • Background organic matter present in wastewater decreases trace substance removal. • Precoat filtration is a possible alternative for PAC separation. • A precoat of ≈ 0.5 kg∙m −2 cellulose to achieve a clear filtrate. Anthropogenic trace substances are residues from pharmaceuticals, detergents, care products and other areas of everyday use. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are unable to remove these substances adequately and are therefore among the main emitters. The treatment of municipal wastewater with powdered activated carbon in combination with precoat filtration is a suitable downstream stage. Within the scope of this work, four powdered activated carbons (PACs) with different particle sizes in the range of 10–200 µm are compared (#1-#4). The sum parameters UV absorption at 254 nm (UVA 254 ), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as the analysis of seven trace substances, characterize the removal performance of the activated carbons. As result, only the PAC #4 with the smallest particle size ( x 50.3 ≈ 10 µm) shows a target-oriented reduction of the parameters from a concentration of 30 mg∙l −1 and a contact time of 30 min. The other carbons with higher particle size do not achieve sufficient removal rates. Due to the selectivity of the activated carbons towards trace substances, a correlation of trace substance removal is not given for every PAC. Besides, investigations on a continuously operated pressurized filter cell (PFC) for filtration of an activated carbon show the separation performance. A precoat of cellulose supplies the filtration process and can improve the backwashing application.

An Evaluative Study on Metallic Concentration in Different Ground and Industrial Water Sources in Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Aim: The present study investigated the concentrations and human health risk of certain metallic elements like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and copper (Cu) in ground water, wells, mining ponds and industrial effluent in Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau state, Nigeria.
 Study Design: The work is descriptive.
 Place and Duration of Studies: Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos: October 2020-December 2020.
 Methodology: Water samples were obtained from our study areas and carefully filtered using Whatman filter paper into a 250ml conical flask to obtain a clear filtrate. The pH of the filtrate was determined using pH meter 3510. Heavy metal determination was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) after digestion of water samples with 5% nitric acid (HNO3).
 Results: Results obtained indicated that mining ponds, ground water, industrial effluents as well as factory-based sachet water, all contained Pb(1.320 to 1.440 mg/l),Cr(-0.0046 to 0.318 mg/l), Cd(1.320 to 1.440 mg/l), Zn(-0.0.106 to 0.5327 mg/l), Cu(0.4359 to 0.7838 mg/l), Mg(5.789 to 22.830 mg/l), Ca(15.241 to 19.706 mg/l) at a concentration that is significantly (P= 0.05) higher compared to the WHO allowable concentrations for drinking water which could be attributed to inadequate scientific method used in the processing of water and also chemical materials used for bagging and bottling the water for market supply.
 Conclusion: Metallic contaminants are inevitable components of water from our study area and packaging materials for supply of bottle water are themselves a major risk factor and alternative source of metallic contaminant leaching into factory based sachet water.

Effect of pH, Temperature and Metal Salts in Different Storage Conditions on the Stability of Vitamin C Content of Yellow Bell Pepper Extracted in Aqueous Media

Effect of pH, Temperature and Metal Salts in Different Storage Conditions on the Stability of Vitamin C Content of Yellow Bell Pepper Extracted in Aqueous Media

Three Output Membrane Hydrocyclone: Classification and Filtration.

In this study, through simulation and experimental verification, we proposed a novel hydrocyclone in which a tubular ceramic membrane passed through the overflow outlet to the underflow outlet. The centers of overflow and underflow outlets were tubular membranes equipped with an exit of outside-in filtration, and the overflow the underflow outlets were shaped into annular (donut shape) exits. Thus, this novel hydrocyclone has three outlets, namely the overflow dilute liquid, the underflow concentrated liquid, and clear filtrate. This system enabled higher dilution of hydrocyclone overflow concentration than that in the traditional system. Furthermore, underflow was more concentrated, and we obtained a clear filtrate. Therefore, this device can simultaneously perform classification and filtration, which is valuable for special liquid recycling. For instance, in wafer cutting fluid recovery in solar energy processes, the fluid with more silicon can function as the overflow, the fluid with more silicon carbide can function as the underflow, and the polyethylene glycol (PEG) organic solvent can function as the clear filtrate.

Toward an Accurate Spectrophotometric Evaluation of the Efficiencies of Photocatalysts in Processes Involving Their Separation Using Nylon Membranes

Many works include the use of nylon membranes to separate the solid particles of photocatalysts from the photocatalytic reactors, before using spectrophotometers to evaluate the catalysts’ performance in the photocatalytic degradation of many pollutants. This might lead to significant errors due to the adsorption of some pollutants within the structure of the membranes during the filtration process used to separate the solid particles of the photocatalysts to get a clear filtrate. This, consequently, leads to incorrect calculations, which in turn are translated into false high photocatalytic efficiencies of the used catalysts. In this work, the authors study the interaction between nylon membrane filters and five different model compounds—phenol red, methylene blue, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, and phenol. The study reveals a significant interaction between the nylon membranes and both rhodamine B and phenol red.

Aluminium - Cobalt-Pillared Clay for Dye Filtration Membrane

The manufacture of membrane support from cobalt aluminium pillared clay has been conducted. This research was conducted by mixing a clay suspension with pillared solution prepared from the mixture of Co(NO3)2.6H2O and AlCl3.6H2O. The molar ratio between Al and Co was 75:25 and the ratio of [OH-]/[metal] was 2. The clay suspension was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature, filtered and dried. The dried clay was then calcined at 200°C, 300°C and 400°C with a ramp rate of 2°C/min. Aluminium-cobalt-pillared clay was then characterized by XRD and GSA and moulded become a membrane support for subsequent tests on dye filtration. The XRD analysis showed that basal spacing (d001) value of aluminium cobalt was 19.49 Å, which was higher than the natural clay of 15.08Å however, the basal spacing decreased with increasing calcination temperature. The result of the GSA analysis showed that the pore diameter of the aluminium cobalt pillared clay membrane was almost the same as that of natural clay that were 34.5Å and 34.2Å, respectively. Nevertheless, the pillared clay has a more uniform pore size distribution. The results of methylene blue filtration measurements demonstrated that the membrane filter support could well which shown by a clear filtrate at all concentrations tested. The value of rejection and flux decreased with the increasing concentration of methylene blue. The values of dye rejection and water flux reached 99.89% and 5. 80 x 10-6 kg min-1, respectively but they decreased with increasing concentration of methylene blue. The results of this study indicates that the aluminium-pillared clay cobalt could be used as membrane materials especially for ultrafiltration.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Alumina

Activated alumina is a high surface area and highly porous form of aluminum oxide that can be employed for contaminant species adsorb from ether gases or liquids without changing its form. The research in getting this material has generated huge interested. Thus, this paper presented preparation of activated alumina from chemical process. Pure aluminum (99.9% pure) reacted at room temperature with an aqueous NaOH in a reactor to produce a solution of sodium aluminate (NaAlO2). This solution was passed through filter paper and the clear filtrate was neutralized with H2SO4, to pH 6, 7 or 8, resulting in the precipitation of a white gel, Al(OH)3·XH2O. The washed gel for sulfate ions were dried at 80 °C for 6 h, a 60 mesh sieve was to separate and sort them into different sizes. The samples were then calcined (burn) for 3h in a muffle furnace, in air, at a heating rate of 2 °C min–1. The prepared activated alumina was further characterized for better understanding of its physical properties in order to predict its chemical mechanism.

The Application of Homogenate and Filtrate from Baltic Seaweeds in Seedling Growth Tests

Algal filtrate and homogenate, obtained from Baltic seaweeds, were applied in seedling growth tests. Radish seeds were used in order to assess algal products phytotoxicity and their biostimulant effect on growth and nutrient uptake. Algal filtrate, at concentrations ranging from 5.0% to 100% was used for seed soaking and as a liquid biostimulant (soil and foliar application). Algal homogenate was developed for seed coating. Algal filtrate and homogenate were also enriched with Zn(II) ions in order to examine the influence on metal ion complexation. The optimal doses of algal filtrate and homogenate, as well as soaking time were established. Multi-elemental analyses of the raw biomass, filtrate, homogenate, and radish were also performed using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectrometry). The best results in terms of seedlings’ length and weight were obtained using clear filtrate at a concentration of 50% applied to the soil and for homogenate applied at a dose of 50 mg/g of seeds. Clear filtrate at a concentration of 50% used for seed soaking for one hour showed the best results. The applied algal products increased the content of elements in seedlings. Among the tested products, a concentration of 50% algal filtrate is recommended for future pot and field experiments.

Deinking process water flotation: An innovative solution to improve deinking and papermaking processes efficiency

High and uncontrolled surface active substances (SAS) concentrations in deinking line process waters strongly disturb flotation deinking. Indeed, their adsorption at air/water and ink/water interfaces stabilizes air bubbles and ink particles, reducing ink collection during flotation. In addition, foam stabilization promoted by SAS reduces froth drainage and consequently enhances suspended solids losses. All in all, selectivity of flotation is negatively affected by excessive SAS concentrations. Floating process water with adapted technology, a patented solution, is an efficient way to decrease SAS concentration and thereby recover flotation deinking selectivity. This concept was tested at industrial scale with success. First loop clear filtrates of a deinked pulp line (for newsprint production) were floated. At steady state, this treatment allows a 20% reduction of the SAS concentration in first loop process water. Evaluation of ink removal selectivity at pre-flotation and post-flotation showed a significant improvement in comparison with reference values. During the trial, the mill could either produce pulp with lower ink content and consequently higher brightness (50 ppm effective residual ink concentration [ERIC] less, corresponding to a 1 brightness point increase) for similar losses, or similar pulp quality with 1% to 2% yield improvement, representing a huge cost reduction. In addition, beneficial side effects were reported, such as reduced deinking chemicals consumption (soda, silicate, and bleaching agents) and better paper machine runnability, especially in terms of stickies breaks.

Selection of forest species for use in urban environment in relation to their potential capture to heavy metals

<div> <p>The aim of this research is to study the behavior of different forest species in accordance with their ability to retain heavy metals on their leaves in order to select the most suitable species for urban and peri-urban use, which will contribute to the reduction of the continuously growing atmospheric pollution in the cities. Five species were studied: <em>Cupressus arizonica</em>, <em>Albizia julibrissin</em>, <em>Platanus orientalis</em>, <em>Celtis australis </em>and <em>Ligustrum japonicum</em>. 360 leaf samples were collected and two treatments (non-washed and washed sheets) were applied on them. The determinative estimation of the concentration of metals in the clear filtrate was carried out with the use of ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. In order to correlate the concentration of heavy metals in leaves with the silvicultural characteristics of species, the following characteristics were measured in 20 individuals per species: diameter at breast height, total height of tree, crown beginning height and crown’s diameters. Statistically significant differences between the studied species were found for all metals. In addition, not a single species was found to retain the highest concentration of all. Metal concentration on leaves’ surface in declining order was: (Mn) > (Cu) > (Zn) > (Pb) > (Cr) > (Ni) > (Cd). The factor of height is significant both in the upper and lower layer of the crown. Broadleaves’ species as <em>Albizia julibrissin with compound leaves capture significant heavy metals as conifer species. </em></p> </div> <p> </p>

Simultaneous saccharification, filtration and fermentation (SSFF): A novel method for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

Simultaneous saccharification, filtration and fermentation (SSFF) was developed for lignocellulosic ethanol production. In SSFF, pretreated lignocellulosic material is enzymatically hydrolyzed in a reactor, while the suspension is continuously pumped through a cross-flow membrane. The retentate goes back to the hydrolysis vessel, while a clear sugar-rich filtrate continuously perfuses through the fermentation vessel before it is pumped back to the hydrolysis vessel. The capacity and life span of the cross-flow filter module was examined for 4weeks using enzymatically hydrolyzed slurry, initially with 14.4% suspended solids, without clogging or fouling. An ethanol yield of 85.0% of the theoretical yield was obtained in SSFF and a flocculating strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was successfully reused for five cultivations of SSFF.

Low-cost monofilament mesh filter used in membrane bioreactor process: Filtration characteristics and resistance analysis

This work investigates filtration performance of mesh filter bioreactor for synthetic municipal wastewater treatment. Critical flux is measured by flux stepping method and the effect of aeration rate on the critical flux is investigated. The long term monitoring of trans-filter pressure evolution at sub and super-critical fluxes is performed. The analysis of resistance is achieved by determination of resistances and microscopic observation of bio-cake. Cake resistance values vary from 78% to 92% of total filtration resistance for sub and super-critical fluxes. The effect of variations of specific aeration demands (SAD m: 0.5–6 m 3/m 2 h) on suspended solid of effluent, turbidity of filtrate, filtration resistance, and zeta potential of biomass is evaluated. The results show that filtrate quality is decreased when the aeration rate increases. It is attributed to stable formation of dynamic membrane. A rather clear filtrate, less than 18 NTU of turbidity, is obtained for SAD m 0.5 m 3/m 2 h. The results also show that the total filtration resistance of the sub-critical flux significantly decreases with increasing aeration intensity until SAD m 2 m 3/m 2 h and thereafter slightly decreases. It is also shown that the variations of zeta potential of biomass with aeration rate highly correspond to the alterations of filtration resistance.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE BIOCONVERSION 0F REFUSED RICE GRAINS TO ETHANOL

Technology for production of bio-ethanol has been developed during the last two decades to the point at which large-scale production will be a reality in the next few years. This is to produce source of energy from some agricultural waste origin. The various raw materials used in the manufacture of ethanol via fermentation are conveniently classified into three main types of raw materials: sugars, starches and cellulosic materials. The objective of the present research is aimed at producing bio-ethanol by hydrolysis of refuse broken rice grains. Four procedures were attempted, of which the last one was the best and the maximum concentration reached of ethanol was 58.5 %. The broken rice grains were washed, dried and milled to a very fine product, followed by adjustment of pH with dilute acid, then cooked in a batch pressure cooker in slurry form. The slurry is then treated with several fungi to hydrolyze starch to dextrins, after which the mash is treated with a second fungus to reduce the dextrins to monosaccharides. The product was then fermented by baker’s yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) into alcohol, the concentration of which was estimated by density determination of the clear filtrate at different time intervals. In order to separate the alcohol fraction, the liquid product can be either distilled or preferably subjected to separation by pervaporation (Pn) using different membranes of our choice which are fabricated in our lab. Dehydration or separation is accomplished by the use of the most suitable membrane with which the desired separation takes place. Furthermore, the by-product left over can be further processed to reduce its water content then sold as animal food.

Kinetic properties of mouse pancreatic lipase-related protein-2 suggest the mouse may not model human fat digestion

Genetically engineered mice have been employed to understand the role of lipases in dietary fat digestion with the expectation that the results can be extrapolated to humans. However, little is known about the properties of mouse pancreatic triglyceride lipase (mPTL) and pancreatic lipase-related protein-2 (mPLRP2). In this study, both lipases were expressed in Pichia Pastoris GS115, purified to near homogeneity, and their properties were characterized. Mouse PTL displayed the kinetics typical of PTL from other species. Like mPTL, mPLRP2 exhibited strong activity against various triglycerides. In contrast to mPTL, mPLRP2 was not inhibited by increasing bile salt concentration. Colipase stimulated mPLRP2 activity 2- to 4-fold. Additionally, mPTL absolutely required colipase for absorption to a lipid interface, whereas mPLRP2 absorbed fully without colipase. mPLRP2 had full activity in the presence of BSA, whereas BSA completely inhibited mPTL unless colipase was present. All of these properties of mPLRP2 differ from the properties of human PLRP2 (hPLRP2). Furthermore, mPLRP2 appears capable of compensating for mPTL deficiency. These findings suggest that the molecular mechanisms of dietary fat digestion may be different in humans and mice. Thus, extrapolation of dietary fat digestion in mice to humans should be done with care.

Dewatering of coal plant tailings: Flocculation followed by filtration

A sustainable alternative to tailings dam disposal of coal refuse is mechanical dewatering of tailings, which provides fast production of dry solids and water reuse. In this study, flocculation followed by filtration of coal plant tailings, a new concept in tailings dewatering is investigated in detail. This paper focuses on the effect of preconditioning tailings with varying flocculants and dosages on filtration kinetics and the resultant moisture content of the filter cake. The results show that the cationic flocculant, MAGNAFLOC LT 425, requires a high dosage to produce a low moisture content filter cake and clear filtrate. Optimal sized flocs were produced with the anionic flocculant, MAGNAFLOC 5250, even though the particles are negatively charged. The kinetics of the filtration was dependent on the composition of process water as indicated by supporting sedimentation tests. The concentration of divalent alkali earth metals such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ allow for large floc growth by a bridging mechanism, which involves binding of the polymer and the negativity charged particle. Filtration and settling curves at this dosage were also supported by filter cake analysis using Darcy plots. It was found that the large floc size significantly increases the permeability of the filter cake. Floc size measurements and fractal dimension showed that while the large flocs were produced with anionic flocculant, the flocs produced with the cationic flocculant were small and weak. The results indicate that the optimum dosage and flocculant type for effective and efficient filtration of coal plant tailings is approximately 350 g/t of anionic flocculant at a 35% solids content and 40 kPa filtration pressure.

Membrane evaluation for the treatment of acidic clear filtrate

The total effluent load of a paper mill can be significantly decreased by recycling of purified clear filtrate (CF) back to paper-making process. The CF treated with membranes can be reused, for instance, as wire section shower water and in the dilution of chemicals. The main requirements for a membrane in CF treatment are high filtration capacity, high retention of turbidity and low fouling tendency. Previous studies have shown that the regenerated cellulose (RC) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane C30F (current trade name UC030T) is especially suitable for the treatment of paper mill process waters. Every paper-making process is, however, different. Thus, filtration experiments are required in order to find the most optimal membrane for the treatment of a certain process water. In this study the best membrane for the treatment of acidic clear filtrate (ACF) was searched. The performance of the C30F membrane was compared with five UF and three microfiltration (MF) membranes. The results revealed that in addition to the C30F membrane, also some other membranes produced high filtration capacity with ACF (approximately 200 L/(m 2h bar)). All the tested membranes also retained over 90% of turbidity. The extremely hydrophilic C30F membrane had, however, lower fouling tendency compared to the other tested membranes. Therefore, it was concluded that the C30F membranes were the best possible membrane for the ACF treatment.