Clear Authority Research Articles

The Abolition of 'Discharge By Operation of Law' - patients detained under sections 3 and 37, Mental Health Act 1983.

Ever since patients started to be admitted into mental institutions, absconding from such institutions has been a fact of life. Also, clear statutory authority to retake absconders has existed since county asylums, the forerunners of today's mental hospitals, started to be built following the County Asylums Act 1808. At present section 37 of the Mental Health Act 1983 concerns patients detained under a hospital order without restrictions on their discharge, etc. Section 3 of the Act, on the other hand, governs patients who are non-offenders but who are compulsorily detained in hospital for treatment. In the past, where a detained patient absconded from hospital and stayed at large beyond the period during which he could be retaken, he was deemed automatically discharged (i.e. 'discharged by operation of law'). Regarding sections 3 and 37 patients, such discharge was effectively abolished by the Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act 1995. Not much attention has been given to this topic in the literature. This article adopts a solely legal perspective. It looks briefly at when the power to retake absconders from mental hospitals may be exercised and then examines the concept of discharge by operation of law and its abolition. It concludes that the abolition of discharge by operation of law in the case of patients detained under sections 3 and 37, Mental Health Act 1983 was, though long-overdue, sensible and must be applauded.

Understanding antibiotic purchasing practices in community pharmacies: A potential driver of emerging antimicrobial resistance

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR), a transboundary health issue, critically impacting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where 80% of antibiotics are used in the community, with 20–50% being inappropriate. Southeast-Asia, including Bangladesh, faces heightened AMR risk due to suboptimal healthcare standard and unregulated antibiotic sales. This study aimed to audit antibiotic dispensing patterns from community pharmacies, identifying factors influencing purchasing behaviors. MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 385 antibiotic customers and structured observations of 1000 pharmacy dispensing events were conducted in four urban and rural areas in Bangladesh. Descriptive analysis defined antibiotic use, while Poisson regression examined how patients' demographics and health symptoms influenced prescription behaviors. ResultsAmong 1000 observed medicine dispensing events, 25.9% were antibiotics. Commonly purchased antibiotics included macrolides (22.8%), third-generation-cephalosporins (20.8%), and second-generation-cephalosporins (16.9%). Following WHO-AWaRe classifications, 73.5% of antibiotics were categorized as Watch, and 23.1% as Access. From the survey, 56.6% antibiotics were purchased without a prescription from drug-sellers and informal healthcare providers, primarily for “non-severe” health-symptoms such as upper-respiratory-tract infections (37.4%), fever (31.7%), uncomplicated skin infections (20%), gastrointestinal-infections (11.2%), and urinary-tract infections (7.9%). The likelihood of presenting a prescription while purchasing antibiotics was 27% lower for individuals aged 6–59 compared to those ≤5 or ≥ 60. Lower-respiratory-tract infections and enteric-fever had higher prescription rates, with adjusted prevalence ratios of 1.78 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.03) and 1.87 (95% CI: 1.07, 3.29), respectively. After adjusting for confounders, sex, urban-rural locations, income, education, and number of health-symptoms exhibited no significant influence on prescription likelihood. ConclusionThis study underscores unregulated antibiotic sales without prescriptions, urging tailored interventions considering prevailing health-seeking practices in diverse healthcare settings in LMICs. Enforcing prescription-only regulations is hindered by easy access through community pharmacies and conflicts of interest. Future strategies should consider how stewardship impacts the financial interests of pharmacy personnel in settings lacking clear authority to ensure optimal compliance.

Russia’s Mapping of Critical Infrastructure in the North and Baltic Seas – International Law as an Impediment to Countering the Threat of Strategic Sabotage?

Abstract Russia is systematically mapping critical infrastructure in the North and Baltic Seas. These activities are intended to unsettle nato countries and prepare the ground for possible sabotage. The problem is that the international law of the sea does not provide coastal States with clear authority to prevent the collection of intelligence on maritime infrastructure within their Exclusive Economic Zones (eez s). This article argues that coastal States must nevertheless be able to exercise their sovereign rights with respect to the exploration and exploitation of the eez and continental shelf. Consequently, they must be allowed to take the necessary measures to protect the infrastructure serving the exercise of those sovereign rights. This argument could help to establish a legal basis for countering Russian mapping operations in the eez s and on the continental shelves of coastal States in the North and Baltic Seas.

Data Security and Privacy in Genomics Research: A Comparative Analysis to Protect Confidentiality

The quick progress of genomics examination has driven a surge in the creation of significantly fragile genomic data, making ensuring its security essential. This data contains sensitive information roughly an individual's prosperity, family history, and defencelessness to ailments. Unauthorized access or mishandling can lead to isolation, stigmatization, and mystery breaches. The potential threats to genomic data affirmation are multifaceted, checking the chance of re-identification and extended defense lessness to data breaches, hacking events, and unauthorized get to by harmful actors. To address these challenges, a multifaceted approach is required, tallying solid privacy-preserving methods, securing data capacity, and transmission sharpens, and getting to controls. Encryption techniques, differential security methods, and secure multiparty computation offer promising streets for securing genomic data while progressing collaborative ask approximately. Establishing clear authority frameworks and rules for data management, capacity, and sharing is essential to reduce security threats in genomics research. Collaboration between researchers, policymakers, industry partners, and support groups is essential for developing comprehensive methods to protect genomic data security. By prioritizing security concerns and executing effective safeguards, the community can uphold individuals' rights, maintain open acceptance, and drive advancements in genomics research for the betterment of society.

Defense Economic Diplomacy in Overcoming the Impact of the Israel - Hamas War on Indonesia's Economic Resilience

One of the most real threats from the increasingly heated Hamas-Israel conflict is the soaring world crude oil prices. Geographically, the proximity of the conflict in the Middle East is quite close to oil-producing countries. If the supply or distribution of oil from this area is disrupted. A significant increase in oil prices in a short time can have a tremendous shock effect on the market, the impact of this increase in commodities will spread to the national economy. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis. The process of Israel's annexation of Palestine will be described and analyzed in detail. The Indonesian government, through the first paragraph of the preamble to the 1945 Constitution, has the obligation to realize world peace by creating a new environment free from sovereignty conflicts, and clear and well-defined authority over economic activities that can take the Palestinian economy further towards the path of higher development and growth. Playing a direct diplomatic role by becoming the fifth of four countries currently the main actor in maintaining peace in the Middle East.

Legal Parameters of the Employer's Duty to Consult

Significant workplace change requires consultation, and standard consultation obligations exist under legislation and statutory instruments. However, those provisions offer minimal guidance on how to approach consultation. The consultation cases tend to focus on compliance, adding little beyond saying consultation needs to be meaningful. Building on the foundation laid by the 2021 decision in Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union v Mt Arthur Coal Pty Ltd, this article considers what the parameters of the obligation to consult might — or should — be. It shows that there is an over emphasis in the authorities on timing, as a compliance trigger, rather than the substance of the obligation, and major decisions continue to show the obligation is poorly understood. It argues that clear parameters are needed on how to implement the duty to consult, and that these parameters need to come from statute or clear authority of the courts. Without restricting the inherent flexibility that is needed for consultation to work, or impeding the employer’s prerogative to make decisions, it asserts that there is a need for a deeper legal underpinning, and more active obligations, to shift the concept away from the conflictual paradigm of consultation being ‘triggered’ towards a more collaborative and productive approach.

Leading the Way in Pavements: How Central Banks are Using Innovation to Promote Financial Inclusion and Reshape Competition

Central banks have increasingly embraced their role in advancing financial inclusion besides their more traditional goals of maintaining price and financial stability. To that end, some central banks are using not just rules and regulations but innovation through direct intervention. Pix, the instant payments scheme powered by the Central Bank of Brazil, is a case in point. It illustrates the impact a proactive central bank can have on achieving inclusion and competition in payments while flashing out elements related to the discussion about public and private participation in the payments industry. Pix indicates that central-bank protagonism in payments can be a potent tool to promote inclusion and enhance competition, notably when private actors seem unwilling or incapable of doing so by themselves. However, the legitimacy of central-bank innovative interventions in payments may be questioned if central banks do not have a clear legal authority underpinning and setting the boundaries of their activism. This article thus examines how far central banks can go with their innovative actions without overplaying their hand or displacing private initiative and ingenuity.

Networked social movements and radicalisation: yellow vests’ cross-ideological horizon for underrepresented groups

ABSTRACT This paper questions the opportunities that Yellow Vests as a Networked Social Movement (NETSM) created for politically underrepresented groups. Without a clear authority structure and a formal organisation, NETSMs challenge traditional leadership understandings. Nonetheless, their ability to determine precision in setting goals, demands, and strategies is disputed in the NETSM literature. Considering both aspects, the paper evaluates Yellow Vests’ success in bridging two underrepresented groups inclined to radicalisation. The study rests on 77 interviews with young-adult French citizens who support Radical Right movements (n=40) or self-identify as Muslim in the public sphere of Paris and Lyon (n=37). I argue that Yellow Vests’ baseline arguments (e.g., against the pension reform and tax hikes) were precise enough to be shared by our interlocutors. Meanwhile, our interlocutors left the group boundaries sufficiently imprecise so that the movement could reach beyond their parochial identities. Bringing the two features together, the movement opened up new (e.g., class-based) radicalisation possibilities other than those relying on the Islamist and nativist vocabularies. After analysing this combination of precision and imprecision in the context of several unresolved problems, I conclude that the movement’s vulnerability emanates from its failure to refine the combination that initially symbolised a shared future imagination.

Effects of Policy Network Type on Public Policy Processes Outcomes in the Road Transport Sector in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Purpose: Transport sector in Nairobi City County is characterised by a myriad of challenges related to policymaking process. While studies have sought to establish the link between various policy network issues and policy process outcomes, the role of various policy network types has not been given much attention. This is despite its important role of connecting government actors, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders involved in policy-making to help facilitate an effective, efficient, and inclusive policy-making process. This study sought to establish the effect of policy network type on public policy processes outcomes in the road transport sector in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
 Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive design. The target population of the study was 470 policy actors in the road transport sector within Nairobi City County out of which 407 were purposefully sampled to respond to the questionnaire and 45 were sampled to participate in focused group discussions as well as key informant interviews. The sampling approach adopted was a purposeful sampling procedure. A mixed methodology was adopted whereby both quantitative and qualitative data was collected through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focused group discussions. The quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics that is mean, frequencies and percentages as well as regression analysis. On the other hand, qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis and reported in a narrative format.
 Findings: The effect of policy network type on policy process outcomes was determined to be positive and significant. It was established that various policy network types in road transport sector within Nairobi City County, Kenya strongly determined policy process outcomes.
 Recommendations: The study recommend policy makers in the transport sector to adopt policy networks which have a clear a clear chain of command and clear decision-making authority, adopt policy networks characterized by multiple decision-makers who share decision-making authority as well as those characterized by characterized by multiple decision-makers who are geographically dispersed. There is also a need for policy makers in the transport sector to adopt policy networks characterized by characterized by a dynamic structure that changes over time in response to different circumstances.

Functions of Project Steering Committees in Large Capital Projects

Large Capital Projects (LCPs) have a significant impact on the growth and development of local and international economies. Their failure stagnates progress, is not sustainable and cripples the economy and society in which they exist. This research study investigated the effective functioning of a Project Steering Committee (PSC) as a pivotal component to project management. Based on the findings of the literature review, the research model consists of four PSC function categories: (i) configuration, (ii) competency, (iii) decision authority, and (iv) communication. A 5-point Likert scale survey was used, and the results from 46 respondents within the South African industry was analyzed.The results concurred with previous studies that PSCs’ knowledge of Structured Corporate and Project Governance is essential for the efficient functioning of a steering committee. Contrary to the expectations of experienced project practitioners, Communication Management ranked relatively low in importance. Whilst there was consensus on the ratings of the PSC competencies, the variance noted can be attributed to factors such as the project experience of participants, the type and location of the project, and the PSC construct in different organizations. This can indicate that there is no single PSC attribute, but a combination of technical and interpersonal skills, necessary for effective PSC functioning.Based on the results, it is recommended that the roles and responsibilities of the PSC are confirmed and understood by project stakeholders early in a project to ensure clear guidance and authority.

Selayang Kritik Atas Keberadaan Staff Khusus Milenial Presiden Jokowi

The existence of the Special Staff of President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo in the second cabinet created controversy. One of the biggest sounds is the assumption that the President's Millennial Special Staff was created without a clear authority and functions, which escalated to the overlap of sectoral authority between government agencies. In addition, many parties considered that instead of performing well, the President's Millennial Special Staff actually took many counterproductive actions to disrupt the bureaucratic flow of the executive branch. This article will try to find a rational reason why even though the existence of the Millennial Staff has brought a lot of criticism, Joko Widodo still employs them. I will try to be traced by opening a bridge between Joko Widodo's policy preferences and the formation of Millennial Staff. So that there is a scientific assessment of the needs of the Presidential Special Staff in the presidential system— which mandates a large “burden” on the shoulders of the President as Head of Government and Head of State.

Application of Symmetric Encryption Algorithm Sensor in the Research of College Student Security Management System

In order to solve the problem of information leakage in the process of college students’ information security management, this paper proposes a design of college students’ security management system based on a symmetric encryption algorithm. The system is based on the principle of the symmetric encryption algorithm and follows the principle of encryption independence to ensure the security and reliability of the system. The general framework of the system is analyzed in detail. Secondly, the security and database of system function modules are designed, and finally, the performance of the system is tested. The results are as follows: the safety management system designed in this paper has obtained satisfactory evaluation in the trial universities, accounting for 93% of the trial population. It is proved that this system has clear authority design, high efficiency, and security. Managers can query students’ basic information, students’ real-time location, alarm data information, and so on in real time, which can ensure students’ safety to the greatest extent.

The doctor’s role in the mental healthcare service – a qualitative study.

The role of doctors is changing, and mental health care is increasingly dominated by professional groups other than doctors. In this qualitative study, we investigated how psychiatrists perceive their role and position in mental health care. Seven psychiatrists were given in-depth interviews based on an interview guide. The transcribed material was analysed using systematic text condensation. The interview material was grouped into four cross-cutting topic categories: Several informants perceived themselves as professional guarantors who step in when other interventions have failed. Many felt like guest workers in the therapeutic pathways of other professional groups, without an adequate framework for following up the patients properly. Some described the health authorities' prioritisation of mental health as a patient pathway bureaucracy, where more stringent demands for control and documentation of treatment and decisions to use coercive measures divert time and resources away from patient treatment. Several psychiatrists felt that unified management led to diffusion of responsibility, with an unclear distribution of professional responsibility between the interdisciplinary head of unit and the specialist. The psychiatrists in the study appeared to have clear professional authority in the clinic, but their role seems to be under pressure. Interdisciplinary, unified line management, equal responsibility for treatment accorded to specialists in psychology, and the absence of psychiatrists in the management appear to have undermined the psychiatric perspective in mental health care.

He Influence of Role Conflict, Time Burden and Competence on Professionalism and Ability of Internal Auditors to Detect Fraud at the Inspectorate General of the Ministry of Education and Culture in Indonesia

The word "fraud" is a word that exists today. There are no business entities or institutions that are entirely devoid of the risk of fraud. People who commit crimes can be found in every socioeconomic class. As a result, there's a requirement for various stakeholders to be concerned and aware of the possibility of fraud in the workplace. The purpose of this research is to study the impact of role conflicts, workload, and internal auditors’ ability to detect fraud. Collecting data using a questionnaire which is measured by a Likert scale. The population in this study were all internal auditors of the Inspectorate General of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The saturated sample consisted of 300 respondents. The data analysis method uses SEM-PLS modeling through the SmartPLS version 3.0 program. By testing the validity, reliability, R Square value, F Square value, Q Square value. Testing the hypothesis using the bootstrap T-test method. The results of the study stated that role conflict and time burden had a negative and significant effect on professionalism, but competence had a positive and significant effect on professionalism, role conflict, and time load had a negative and significant effect on the ability to detect fraud, but competence and competence. professionalism has a positive and significant effect on the ability to detect fraud. Role conflicts, time, and professional burdens can affect the ability to detect fraud indirectly through professional mediation. This study requires careful planning and clear authority and responsibility to conduct field audits and the need to increase competence to increase the professionalism of auditors in detecting.

Governance, challenges and solutions of covid-19 pandemic

At a time when covid-19 continues to impact every aspect (social, political, economic, cultural and religious etc.) of human life, our government has assumed a key role in the fight against this pandemic. In spite of the efforts of central government into federal structure the governments of states as well as local governments are playing a vital role to tackle this situation. These agencies are implementing directives intended to enforce social distancing, stimulate the economy and address medical shortages, among other measures like various declarations of emergency, closure of institutions and public meeting places and other restrictions intended to contain the spread of the virus. However, societies are vulnerable in times of crisis and there is an expectation of clear leadership and authority to respect core social values, such as democratic instant.

Recommendations Without Results: What We Learned About Our Organization Through Subject Guide Usability Studies

Many academic librarians spend significant time creating curated lists of databases, library materials, and other resources relevant to a discipline, often called subject guides. This case study examines the experience of a small team of librarians who conducted usability studies on James Madison University Libraries’ subject guides. We identified areas where our guides needed improvement and provided a list of recommendations to our liaison colleagues. While two of our key recommendations were adopted, others languished because we misconstrued our ability to initiate change beyond our small project team. Specifically, we underestimated how the absence of a content strategy for our subject guides and a lack of clear authority for creating or enforcing one would hinder our efforts. Other libraries might be able to learn from our experiences, especially from the mistakes we made.

How Can China Achieve A Sustainable Development of Shale Gas? Implications of River Chief System to water governance for shale gas in China

Along with China’s ambitious strategy for shale gas development, water contamination risks with shale gas extraction has aroused great attention. Meanwhile, an innovative water management mechanism called as ‘River Chief System’ has been popularizing around China to improve the river water quality efficiently. Could this mechanism be available in shale gas water risk management?And how could it be adapted to improve the sustainable development of shale gas?Therefore, this paper starts by a discussion on the logic of River Chief System’ success and worries; then, a comprehensive examination of current multi-channel governance system of shale gas in China is presented to explore the dilemmas in its water governance; and a causal loop model is built to clarify interrelations among these dilemmas. The result identifies that River Chief System’s superiorities which can be learned are mainly reflected in clear responsibility, authority and multi-sectoral collaboration system. However, its temporary “campaign-style” character, over-reliant on the commitment and capability of river chief, blurred evaluation mechanism has hindered its expanding in the long run. Accordingly, 5 policy implications based on River Chief System for the sustainable improvement of shale gas is presented.

“Conspiracy theory”: The case for being critically receptive

“Conspiracy theory”: The case for being critically receptive

Barriers to Organizational Health Literacy at Public Health Departments in Germany.

Background:Strengthening individual health literacy and knowledge about health challenges are important preventive approaches in public health to improve health equality. Health care organizations have come into focus in this regard. They need to raise their organizational health literacy (OHL) to help users to access and navigate information and services.Objective:In Germany, public health departments (PHDs) are responsible for public and environmental health at the population level. This study breaks new ground as it is the first to investigate the OHL of these health care organizations. The study attempts to answer what barriers keep them from raising their OHL and how can these be overcome?Methods:In this explorative study, 10 guideline-oriented interviews with experts from PHDs were conducted in two states in Germany. Qualitative content analysis was used to extract the results from the experts´ statements.Key Results:Eleven barriers to raising OHL were identified. Obstacles were found in leadership and organizational culture, design and implementation of information, and in human resources. False expectations due to negative preconceptions about public service were identified as a new barrier that had not been elucidated in prior literature. The same applies to lack of cooperation on cross-sectoral topics as well as lack of accessibility. Clear communication of tasks and clear jurisdictional authority are some of the recommendations for lowering these barriers. Other examples include identifying and using synergies and involvement of target groups.Conclusions:Overcoming these obstacles could improve the OHL of German PHDs. This, in turn, could improve the health of the general population and thus contribute significantly to overall public health. Extrapolating to the whole of Germany and other countries could further strengthen research on OHL. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2021;5(3):e264–e271.]Plain Language Summary:Public health departments (PHDs) must be able to help their users access, understand, and use health information and services. This competence is called organizational health literacy (OHL). Ten experts from German PHDs were interviewed about barriers to raising OHL. This article reports the barriers identified and recommendations for lowering them, as well as three previously unknown obstacles.

Vanita Aroda: the accidental role model… by no accident

Clinical academia is still male dominated in many fields, including diabetes and endocrinology. Which makes the achievements of Vanita R Aroda, the current Director of the Diabetes Clinical Research Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Member of the Faculty of Harvard Medical School (Boston, MA, USA), all the more impressive. With more than 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals, particularly in the areas of diabetes prevention and novel therapeutics, she has, as her colleague Melanie Davies (Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK) phrases it “progressed on a rapid trajectory using her leadership style of calm determination and clear authority,” yet remains a “warm individual who is making a real impact in diabetes research and care.”