Clean Space Research Articles

Book review: Climate change mapped

ISSN 1948‐6596 news and update book review Climate change mapped The Atlas of Climate Change: Mapping the world’s greatest challenge, 3rd edition, by Kirstin Dow & Thomas E. Downing, 2011. University of California Press, 128 pp. $21.95 (Hardback) / £14.95 (Paperback) ISBN: 9780520268234; http://www.ucpress.edu/ A good atlas is more than just a book of maps. By that criterion alone, the third edition of The Atlas of Climate Change scores well. It is a rich and col‐ ourful collection of charts, data, case studies and clear text that explains the main topics that make up the many faces of climate change. The authors know their stuff—both are members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli‐ mate Change (IPCC). In a sense their Atlas serves to communicate clearly the key findings of the IPCC’s periodic assessments of the scientific litera‐ ture. This is something the IPCC has failed to do well in the 24 years since it was set up. The Atlas helps to fill that gap. But it is more than just a science book. It also covers climate policy—from the international negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its offspring, the Kyoto Protocol, to climate finance and carbon trading. The book further connects science to society with sections on public and personal action to address climate change. Dow and Downing present their informa‐ tion in two‐page spreads, each of which has a few paragraphs of text and associated graphics. Topics include ‘the greenhouse effect’, ‘shrinking gla‐ ciers’, ‘renewable energy’, and ‘building capacity to adapt.’ By and large, these spreads are easy on the eye but in some there is a little too much informa‐ tion. On pages 26‐27, for instance, I struggled to know where to start. As well as the main text, the choices included a world map with 16 blow‐out boxes and five photographs, a bar chart backed by another photo and another bar chart with nine sub‐charts, each overlain on a map. Most of the spreads, though, manage to strike a fine balance between the amount and variety of information whilst leaving some clean white thinking space on the page. And the colour graphics and photos breathe life into every spread. In each two‐page spread, the authors are able to explain the key concepts in just a few words. There is no doom and gloom narrative here – just a clear presentation of the facts as we know them and an acknowledgement of where the uncertainties remain. This is one of the book’s strengths. For readers who wish to delve deeper, there is an extensive list of sources, most of which are peer‐reviewed scientific papers. While the text is very clear, it is also in places somewhat dry. Sentences are of a similar length, which can take the rhythm out of reading. Some are studded with unfortunate nominalisa‐ tions that will slow some readers down. But this is forgivable. The atlas is, after all, a reference, not a reading book. As an aside, see how journalist Justin Gillis uses compelling narrative to treat many of the same topics in his Temperature Rising series for the New York Times 1 . Eleven of the first 12 articles hit the front page of the newspaper and so reached an audience of millions 2 . Climate change is a moving target and there is a risk that anything written about it will soon be outdated. Despite this, Dow and Downing’s intro‐ duction is strong and solid. It provides an excellent overview of what climate science means for soci‐ ety – and what has been and can be done about this challenge. This text alone is a valuable read for anyone who is either new to the topic or needs a succinct refresher. Something that future editions could per‐ haps feature would be some supplementary online information, which could be easily updated 1. Gillis, J. 2010‐2012. Temperature Rising series. New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/ series/temperaturerising/index.html 2. Brainard, C. 2012. QA journal compilation © 2012 The International Biogeography Society

Huff & Puff (review)

Reviewed by: Huff & Puff Jeannette Hulick Rueda, Claudia . Huff & Puff; written and illus. by Claudia Rueda. Abrams Appleseed, 2012. 32p. ISBN 978-1-4197-0170-2 $12.95 Ad 3-5 yrs. Rueda presents a slight twist on the three pigs story, as the viewer becomes the wolf, trying to blow down the pigs' houses by blowing through a series of die-cut holes in the pages, while the pigs—here apparently quite inclined to the culinary arts—look on in dismay as their houses fall down around them while they are in the midst of cooking. When we come to the brick house, however, the viewer has to huff and puff twice, the first time trying (unsuccessfully) to blow down the brick house, and the second time to blow out (successfully) the candles on a cake held by the three smiling pigs in the brick house. Rueda's minimal text is crisp and simply patterned: "First pig building a house. First pig inside the house. One wolf huffing and puffing. Huff & Puff. First pig is not happy," thus distilling the story down to its most basic folkloric elements. This works effectively until the final plot turn: Why would the pigs bake a cake for someone who has been knocking down their houses? This lapse in logic will likely bother some justice-minded kids; others will simply enjoy the interactivity of this riff on a familiar tale. Rueda's pen and ink and watercolor illustrations have a similarly minimalist vibe, with thin, black scratchy lines outlining and accenting the pale tints of pinks, browns, golds, and blues of the pigs and their homes, all of which is placed against lots of clean white space. The pages on which the reader is exhorted to "huff & puff " are matched to the corresponding house; the page for blowing down the brick house looks like bricks, for example, while the words "Huff & Puff " appear in block letters above and below the die cut "blowhole." If you can overlook the puzzling ending, this is an artfully done book that may have a variety of school and library uses. Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Clean Energy Technology and the Role of Non-Carbon Price-Based Policy: An Evolutionary Economics Perspective

Much academic attention has been paid to the role of carbon pricing in developing a market-led response to low-carbon energy innovation. Taking an evolutionary economics perspective, this paper makes the case as to why price mechanisms alone are insufficient to support new energy technologies coming to market. In doing so, we set out the unique investment barriers in the clean energy space. For guidance on possible approaches to non-carbon price-based policies that seek to tackle these barriers, we turn to case studies from Asia, a region which has experienced a strong uptake in climate policy in recent years.

A Nice, Clean Space for a Panic Attack

A Nice, Clean Space for a Panic Attack

Intertransversalis Fascia Approach in Urologic Laparoscopic Operations

To study the clinical anatomy of the transversalis fascia (TF) and to explore the intertransversalis fascia approach in urologic laparoscopic operations (ULOs). Prospective study. Two academic hospitals. Data from 1217 urologic laparoscopic or open operations and 10 laparoscopic hernia repairs were analyzed between January 1, 2009, and April 30, 2011. Findings from 3 fresh autopsies were also included. The anatomy of the TF was studied and the intertransversalis fascia approach was explored in ULOs; furthermore, they were proved in the open operations and fresh autopsies. Photographs were taken from the intertransversalis fascia approach in ULOs, micrographs were obtained to examine the microscopic structure of the TF, and the color atlas of TF anatomy (cross and sagittal sections) was drawn. The TF is a general plane of connective tissue lying between the inner surface of the transversus abdominis and the extraperitoneal fat. It can be divided into 2 layers (superficial and deep), with an amorphous fibroareolar space between them. The intertransversalis fascia approach in ULOs is the approach between the 2 layers of the TF. The intertransversalis fascia approach is described for the first time, to our knowledge. Surgeons can obtain a clean, clear, and bloodless operating space in ULOs using the intertransversalis fascia approach.

Modelling the impacts of electric vehicle recharging on the Western Australian electricity supply system

This study investigates the potential impacts of EVs on the Western Australian electricity grid, the constraints on the system’s capacity to supply electricity for EV recharging and the options for managing those potential impacts and constraints. Western Australia is geographically isolated and the electricity network has no interconnection with neighbouring regions. The State energy and vehicle markets are independent of issues occurring in neighbouring states. Western Australia is a relatively clean sample space. This study eliminates uncertainty in vehicle adoption rates from analysis by assuming that all new vehicles are EVs. This gives a worst case scenario in terms of load growth and shows that it will over 200,000 EVs, which represents 10% of the fleet, before there is any significant impact on peak demand even if charging behaviours are left unfettered. The study also shows, however, that the electricity supply and transmission industry can achieve significant short- and long-term benefits if vehicle charging behaviours are managed from the outset, through, for example, demand management or structured tariffs. In the short-term, providing incentive for off-peak recharging increases utilisation of existing transmission capacity, and cheaper, more efficient base-load generation infrastructure. In the long-term, investment in more underutilised capacity can be avoided.

48.3: New Maskless, Completely Dry Color Filter Manufacturing System Based on Breakthrough Direct Laser Writing Technology: DuPont Thermal Color Filters (DuPont TCF)

AbstractIn response to the strong industry need for cost reduction DuPont has been developing a new breakthrough technology including materials, equipment and process which comprise a system for manufacturing LCD Color Filters. This new technology significantly reduces process steps and clean room space required by conventional photolithography, thereby providing significant capital and operational savings. Since the system is based on digital technology, the direct writing precision patterning process eliminates photomasks for RGB, is highly scalable and greatly simplifies pattern change over.

Art and architecture students in new libraries: the UEL experience

The Docklands campus of the University of East London (UEL) is located in one of the fastest-growing regeneration areas in the UK. It is also one of the most dramatic and visually stunning new libraries in the sector. Good communication with everyone involved in the planning and design process was crucial to the success of the building. The design, the engineering, the widely varying subject areas supported, the dynamics of the library staff and the quality of the external bodies involved, all contribute to the whole. For art and architecture students the large clean space has meant that they are once again able to use the library in a creative way.

Surviving hurricane Wilma

Surviving hurricane Wilma

Performance of large fan-filter units for cleanroom applications

Fan-filter units (FFUs) are widely used in clean space to re-circulate and remove particles out of the airflows directed to cleanrooms or minienvironments. Energy and aerodynamic performance of FFUs may largely influence both energy efficiency and effectiveness in contamination control in the cleanroom design, qualifications, and operation. This article presents laboratory-measured performance of seven relatively new and large FFUs, with a section size of 122-cm×122-cm, or 4-ft×4-ft. In addition, this article includes a comparison of the performance of these large FFUs with that of smaller, 122-cm×61-cm (or 4-ft×2-ft) FFUs that were previously tested. The comparison was based upon a set of performance metrics such as total pressure efficiency (TPE) and energy performance index (EPI). This article found that there were wide variations in the energy performance of FFUs, and that using a consistent evaluation method can generate comparable FFU performance information. When operating at the maximal setting of speed control dials used to control their respective fan-wheel speeds, the larger units in this study tended to be more energy efficient than their smaller counterparts. The energy efficiency level of the same unit may vary considerably, depending on actual operating conditions such as airflow speeds and pressure rise across the units. Furthermore, this article provides recommendations for further investigations to improve energy efficiency of FFU applications.

Optimal machine capacity expansions with nested limitations under stochastic demand

AbstractThis paper studies capacity expansions for a production facility that faces uncertain customer demand for a single product family. The capacity of the facility is modeled in three tiers, as follows. The first tier consists of a set of upper bounds on production that correspond to different resource types (e.g., machine types, categories of manpower, etc.). These upper bounds are augmented in increments of fixed size (e.g., by purchasing machines of standard types). There is a second‐tier resource that constrains the first‐tier bounds (e.g., clean room floor space). The third‐tier resource bounds the availability of the second‐tier resource (e.g., the total floor space enclosed by the building, land, etc.). The second and third‐tier resources are expanded at various times in various amounts. The cost of capacity expansion at each tier has both fixed and proportional elements. The lost sales cost is used as a measure for the level of customer service. The paper presents a polynomial time algorithm (FIFEX) to minimize the total cost by computing optimal expansion times and amounts for all three types of capacity jointly. It accommodates positive lead times for each type. Demand is assumed to be nondecreasing in a “weak” sense. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.

清浄空間における精密機械加工無酸素銅電極の真空中絶縁破壊特性

清浄空間における精密機械加工無酸素銅電極の真空中絶縁破壊特性

Remarks concerning the feasibility of space-based solar–electric energy production for Earth usage (“Powersat”)

Acta Astronautica of Dec 2001 contains on pages 627–630 a “Report Of Workshop On Clean And Inexhaustible Space Solar Power..”, by seven authors. All major conclusions of this workshop are wrong, erroneous or misleading. Following the recommendations constitutes efforts wasted.

Report of workshop on clean and inexhaustible space solar power at unispace iii conference

The third United Nations Global Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) was held from 19 to 30 July, 1999 at Vienna, Austria. The theme of the Conference was “Space Benefits for Humanity in the Twenty-first Century”. The IAF Power Committee organized the Workshop on Clean and Inexhaustible Space Solar Power (SSP) as a part of the Technical Forum. At the beginning of the workshop, current research and potential interactions of SSP with the environment were presented, together with the outlook for worldwide energy requirements. The feasibility, benefits and disadvantages of SSP were discussed for different countries, especially developing countries. Presentations included reports on field research in equatorial countries and China. Useful findings and recommendations were submitted to the relevant committees at UNISPACE concerning international cooperation and collaboration on both political and technical issues in order to realize SSP in the near future.

Multichamber processor for small semiconductor laboratories - the first results

At the University of Turku in the Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology a microcomputer controlled compact multichamber processor for semiconductor wafer processing has been designed and built. Several different processes like various chemical vapor depositions (CVD), plasma etching and sputtering can be carried out. At the moment the research processor contains two reactors for 150 mm silicon wafers and a third one for sputtering is under construction. The dimensions of the processor including gas cabinets and UHV pumping equipment are about (L × H × W) 4 × 1.2 × 1m3. The objectives of this system are to minimize the need of clean room space without compromising the clean process conditions and to provide the means for laboratory scale integrated circuit fabrication. For now this system can be used for processing CVD oxidation, both epitaxial and polysilicon growth and plasma etching. In the CVD reactor we have grown e.g. silicon homoepitaxial layers of good quality at low pressure and temperature (0.5-200 Pa, 650-750°C) at the growth rate of about 5 nm/min.

Fundamental Studies on Noncontact Plantic Magnetic Bearing. 1st Report. Working Principle and Static Test.

This paper describes the manufacture of injection molding plastic magnetic bearings. The polarity of the inside ring face is different from that of the outside ring face in one bearing. Those bearings rotate without contact bearings. If such bearings can be of practical use, the noncontact bearings should be in clean room and space environments where lubricating oils can not be used. This first paper was written primarily discuss the principle of plastic magnetic bearings regarding the injection mold method of magnetization and measurement of flux density. It was possible to put the injection molding plastic magnetic bearings to practical use in this experiment.

A Clean and Separate Space: Walt Disney in Person and Production

A Clean and Separate Space: Walt Disney in Person and Production

Constant Depth DLTS Measurements on Compound Semiconductors

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a useful measuring technique enabling Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy [DLTS] on compound semi-conductors. We will report on the methodology of DLTS measurements using newly available software for Miller Feedback Profilers. This method has the advantages of using the constant depth capabilities of the profiler. The combination instrument offers flexibility in limited clean room space.

A novel, compliant, four degree-of-freedom, robotic fingertip sensor

A novel, low-cost, compliant fingertip sensor for robotic gripper applications is presented. The fingertip sensor is intended for use in grippers where force feedback information is needed, such as in clean room or space applications where telerobotic operation is desired. The fingertip is approximately the size of the thumb of an adult male and is approximately as compliant as human flesh. The sensor was designed to optimize the sensitivity to four components of force/torque: the normal force, both tangential force terms, and the torque about the normal axis. Finite-element analysis was used to optimize the shape of the fingertip and the location/size of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film piezoelectric sensing elements. The design analysis and the experimental results from evaluation of the prototype robot fingertip sensors are presented. >

Hygienic clean winter space heating with solar and hydroelectric energy accumulated during the summer and stored in insulated reservoirs

China's rock salt deposits in the Yunying area are typically characterized by interlayers. When forming salt caverns, the gypsum interlayers are soaked in saline brines of different concentrations at various temperatures, which damage and weaken them. Moreover, the suspended gypsum interlayers periodically collapse as the size of the salt cavern increases. This can seriously damage the pipeline and influence the shape of the salt cavern. To predict the critical caving pace of a suspended gypsum interlayer and investigate the weakening mechanism and damage law of gypsum interlayers under corrosive environments, a series of laboratory tests were conducted, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-computed tomography (MCT) scanning, and indentation tests. In these tests, more than four hundred specimens were prepared and then soaked in 3 types of liquid and at 3 different temperatures. The results have demonstrated that deterioration increases with increasing temperature following soaking in water. More prominent steps on the surface of gypsum were noticed when soaked in high saturation brine, as compared with those in distilled water. The fitting parameters, critical transition force (CTF) and indentation modulus (IM) increased with increasing temperature but remained approximately identical with increasing brine concentration. Additionally, to study the effect of each factor, as well as the effects of interactions between factors, on the response variable (i.e., the CTF and IM), a 2 × 2 factorial design was employed to assess the brine concentrations and temperatures. It verifies that water-temperature has a significant weakening effect on the gypsum, while a much weaker effect from the chlorine ions. Based on these results, a damage law that includes time-dependent behaviour is proposed for describing the thermo-hydro-chemical process, which can be implemented in the Particle Flow Code (PFC). Consequently, this study has important implications for the control of the shape and size of salt caverns, as well as their stability and safety.