Clean Source Research Articles

Factors Associated With The Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers in The Meureubo Health Center Working Area, Meureubo Sub-District, West Aceh District in 2023

Diarrhea is a potential endemic disease that can result in extraordinary outbreaks (KLB) and is often associated with mortality. According to data from the Meureubo Health Center in 2022, this center recorded the highest percentage of diarrhea cases among toddlers, reaching 67%. This study aims to examine the relationship between several factors clean water sources, latrine facilities, household waste management, wastewater disposal, maternal knowledge and education, nutritional status, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers within the Meureubo Health Center working area, Meureubo District. This quantitative research utilizes a cross-sectional design and was conducted from May 13-29, 2023. The population includes all toddlers in the Meureubo Health Center working area, with a sample size of 97. Proportional random sampling was used to select the 97 respondents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with Stata 15, including univariate and bivariate analyses. The univariate results show that 43.30% of toddlers experienced diarrhea, 19.58% lacked access to clean water, 5.15% had inadequate latrine facilities, 57.73% faced insufficient household waste management, and 21.65% had improper wastewater disposal systems. Additionally, 30.93% of mothers had poor knowledge, 35.05% had a primary education level, 20.62% of toddlers were malnourished, and 39.18% had poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Bivariate analysis reveals significant relationships between diarrhea incidence in toddlers and clean water sources (p-value: 0.0001), latrine facilities (p-value: 0.013), household waste management (p-value: 0.0001), wastewater disposal (p-value: 0.0001), maternal knowledge (p-value: 0.0001), maternal education (p-value: 0.036), nutritional status (p-value: 0.022), and personal hygiene and environmental sanitation (p-value: 0.0001). It is recommended that health workers, particularly those in health promotion, provide counseling on personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness.

Characteristics of Hydrogen Leakage and Dissipation from Storage Tanks in an Integrated Hydrogen Production and Refueling Station

Hydrogen, as a renewable and clean energy carrier, has the potential to play an important role in carbon reduction. Crucial to achieving this is the ability to produce clean sources of hydrogen and to store hydrogen safely. With the rapid development of the hydrogen industry, the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) is increasing. However, hydrogen safety at HRS is of great concern due to the high risk of hydrogen leakage during storage. This study focused on an integrated hydrogen production and refueling station (IHPRS) in Weifang, China, and numerically simulated a hydrogen leakage accident in its storage area. The effects of the leakage aperture, the leakage direction and the ambient wind direction and speed on the leakage and dissipation characteristics of hydrogen were investigated. The results showed that the volume, mass and dissipation time of the flammable hydrogen cloud (FHC) increased with an increase in the leakage aperture. The installation of a canopy or densely packed equipment near the hydrogen storage area will seriously hinder the dissipation of the FHC. Ambient winds in the opposite direction of the leakage may cause high-concentration hydrogen to accumulate near the hydrogen storage tanks and be difficult to dissipate, seriously threatening the safety of the integrated station.

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone Existence in GAR Housing Using Electrical Resistivity Method

The GAR (Grand Aceh Residence) housing estate is located in Baet Village, Aceh Besar District and was constructed on the land of a pond that has been filled in and is close to the coast. The majority of residents use clean water sources from PDAM because of the difficulty of obtaining clean water. The purpose of the research was to identify potential groundwater zones and determine the conditions. The research method used was electrical resistivity method, SuperSting R8/IP with Wenner-Schlumberger configuration. The research was conducted in 3 lines with 6 m spacing. RES2DINV software based on the least square inversion approach was used for data processing. The results obtained show resistivity values varying from 0.1 - 100 Ohm.m with a depth penetration of up to 28.8m. There are 3 lithological layers obtained, namely clay (0.1 - 1.5 Ohm.m), clayey sand (1.5 - 17.7 Ohm.m), and sand (17.7 - 100 Ohm.m). The groundwater presence zone is assumed to be in the sand layer. There are 2 types of groundwater obtained, which are shallow groundwater (phreatic) located from the center to the north of the lines to a depth of ± 13 m and deep groundwater, located varies in the middle of the lines from a depth of ± 15 m to the end with groundwater conditions may still be brackish due to the influence of seawater intrusion with a resistivity value of 0.1 Ohm.m identified to a depth of ± 25 m

A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Solar Farm Site Selection: Case Study in Maputo, Mozambique

Solar energy is an important source of clean energy to combat climate change issues that motivate the establishment of solar farms. Establishing solar farms has been considered a proper alternative for energy production in countries like Mozambique, which need reliable and clean sources of energy for sustainable development. However, selecting proper sites for creating solar farms is a function of various economic, environmental, and technical criteria, which are usually conflicting with each other. This makes solar farm site selection a complex spatial problem that requires adapting proper techniques to solve it. In this study, we proposed a multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach for site selection of solar farms in Mozambique, by optimizing six objective functions using an improved NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) algorithm. The MOO model is demonstrated by implementing a case study in KaMavota district, Maputo city, Mozambique. The improved NSGA-II algorithm displays a better performance in comparison to standard NSGA-II. The study also demonstrated how decision-makers can select optimum solutions, based on their preferences, despite trade-offs existing between all objective functions, which support the decision-making.

Influence of Fractal Disc Filter Flow Channel Parameters on Filtration Performance

The research and development of a new disc filter is a key link in intelligent irrigation systems, the core of efficient and water-saving irrigation development, and also an important joint effort to ensure a clean water source in micro-irrigation systems. In this paper, the independent research and development of the fractal flow passage disc filter was taken as the research object, and the disc filter numerical simulation cell (FLUENT) and artificial intelligence technology (Back Propagation Neural Network) were combined to optimize the filter flow channel parameters, including the tilt angle, the length and height of the bottom of the internal section triangle, the taper, the position and number of buffer slots, etc. A new type of disc filter with lower head loss, larger flow capacity, higher filtration efficiency, and longer running time is proposed. It has certain reference value and promotion significance for the future development and design of high-performance disc filters and their wide use.

Wind Turbine Blade Fault Diagnosis: Approximate Entropy as a Tool to Detect Erosion and Mass Imbalance

Wind energy is a clean, sustainable, and renewable source. It is receiving a large amount of attention from governments and energy companies worldwide as it plays a significant role as an alternative source of energy in reducing carbon emissions. However, due to long-term operation in reduced and difficult weather conditions, wind turbine blades are always seriously damaged. Hence, damage detection in blade structure is essential to evaluate its operational condition and ensure its structural integrity and safety. We aim to use fractal, entropy, and chaos concepts as descriptors for the diagnosis of wind turbine blade condition. They are, respectively, estimated by the correlation dimension, approximate entropy, and the Lyapunov exponent. Formal statistical tests are performed to check how they are different across wind turbine blade conditions. The experimental results follow. First, the correlation dimension is not able to distinguish between all conditions of wind turbine blades. Second, approximate entropy is suitable to distinguish between healthy and erosion conditions and between healthy and mass imbalance conditions. Third, chaos is not a discriminative feature to distinguish between wind turbine blade conditions. Fourth, wind turbine blades with either erosion or mass imbalance exhibit less irregularity in their respective signals than healthy wind turbine blades.

Filling Discrepancies between Consumer Perception and Actual Piped Water Quality to Promote the Potable Use of the Municipal Water Supply in Indonesia

Although piped water is a safely managed water source, many people prefer drinking packaged/bottled water, which undermines environmental sustainability by creating waste plastics. Thus, to encourage drinking tap water, this study aimed to identify and fill the discrepancy between consumers’ perception of and the actual quality of the municipal water supply in Indonesia. Through questionnaire surveys in three cities, i.e., Malang, Bogor, and Semarang cities, we found that the majority of the residents, namely, 82%, 58%, and 66%, respectively, drank packaged water. Although the piped water supply from Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) has a good appearance, color, taste, and water quality, sporadic microbial contamination was detected due to the depletion of residual chlorine. However, packaged water was also contaminated by indicator bacteria owing to storage methods. There was a notable discrepancy between the residents’ perceptions of tap water safety and their choices of drinking water sources. The residents perceived spring water as a clean source, which influenced their selection of water sources more than the costs of water. Public drinking stations installed by PDAM helped to win consumers’ trust in PDAM water, indicating that installing more public drinking stations will encourage more people to drink piped water.

Degradation Studies of Fuel Cell Cathode Catalyst Layers Using Machine Learning

Fuel cells are a promising technology that has the potential to significantly revolutionize the energy sector by providing clean and sustainable sources of power for transportation, aerospace, and electricity applications. However, optimizing the performance of these devices remains a significant challenge as it largely depends on the catalyst layer in the electrodes of these devices, composed of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst (Pt/C), perflurosulfonic acid (PFSA), ionomer binder, and a solvent. The catalyst layer design and operation require extensive knowledge of complex physical and chemical processes especially when achieving a low (<0.1 mgcm-2) Pt loading.Furthermore, the degradation of fuel cells is usually associated with either mechanical and/or electrochemical processes of the catalyst layer during operations, ultimately resulting in performance loss. While combinations of factors are responsible for the degradation of the catalyst layer in the fuel cell electrodes, it is still challenging to evaluate which factor contributes the most to the degradation of the catalyst layer.Machine learning algorithms, being powerful tools for predicting and optimizing the behavior of systems can be used to model complex processes, identify optimal operating compositions, and conditions, and reduce the laborious time and cost required for experimentation. They can be used to analyze data obtained from various experiments to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies. In this study, machine learning algorithms are employed for the prediction of catalyst layer degradation. Furthermore, an assessment of feature importance is conducted, elucidating the relative contributions of individual features to the degradation of catalyst layers. Leveraging on machine learning, we can develop an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective fuel cell system.

(Invited) Unraveling the PEC: Insight and Strategies for Addressing Materials Design By ML Support

Unlimited access to clean, sustainable and renewable source of energy seems to be a dream scenario, however with an assistance of ML (machine learning) support the experimental work which as a matter of fact reveals the right descriptors may gain a powerful tool allowing to omit a time consuming trials path. However, precise definition of descriptors will require an identification of the bottleneck materials parameters, features and processes, thus different architectures and working arrangements will be shown and discussed in this presentation in order to test their usfulness for prediction of novel and better arrangements for hydrogen and other carbon based solar fuels production. When a suitable material is identified, then there are numerous strategies to overcome potential bottlenecks, including doping, nanostructuring, surface modification, vacances optimisation or addition of co-catalysts, thus a game changer is a precise screening of possible predictors in order to identify the most performance determinant factor. Therfore, over 400 tailor-made for PEC reduction process samples based on the semiconductor oxides have been prepared and measured in order to bulid a pre-base for ML tests. In this presentation we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different architectures and working arrangements for hydrogen and carbon-based solar fuels production; different materials and working systems, their compositions, geometry, properties will be discussed in view of their impact on the final prediction.

A Thermal Tanks-in-Series Model for Simulating over-Discharge Cycling in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Energy storage will play a crucial role in the transition to clean and renewable sources of energy production to meet future consumption demands.1 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely adopted due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate and fast charging capabilities for applications like electric vehicles and grid storage.2 Li-ion batteries for high voltage operations, where several cells are connected in series, can experience inadvertent over-discharge due to differences between cells3,4. These differences can arise due to many reasons including changes in internal resistance and deviation in electrochemical degradation that can cause divergence of cell open circuit potentials. Over-discharge is a condition when the manufacturer recommended lower voltage limit is crossed while discharging4, which results in various side effects such as electrolyte decomposition, capacity degradation, cathode morphology change and possible internal short circuit3,5. Increase in anode potential during over-discharge leads to copper dissolution from the anode current collector and subsequent plating within cell components. The Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) can decompose during excessive deintercalation and reform during charging, reducing the lithium inventory. Excessive heat generation during cycle life testing after occurrences of over-discharges has been found in some cases to lead to temperatures >150 °C6,7.Temperature plays a key role in the electrochemical performance of individual cells, affecting the diffusivities of ions, kinetics of reactions and rate of degradation of the battery. A physics-based modeling approach coupled with a thermal model can be employed to understand the effect of over-discharge on the electrochemical behavior of Li-ion batteries and provides insights into the interplay of various degradation mechanisms that cause capacity fade.The Thermal Tank-In-Series9,10(TTiS) model is a systematically volume-averaged form of the standard pseudo-2-dimensional (p2D)11 model with energy balance equations for the current collectors, cathode, separator and anode. This reduces the number of equations in the model and improves computational speed while maintaining accuracy, as it is sensitive to changes in the battery’s state of charge (SOC) and cell temperature, which helps predict the overpotential changes to the cell electrodes and thermodynamics.We use the TTiS model to identify the dominant fade mechanisms in 3 sets of experimental cycling and temperature data for the: i) normal operating window (2.5V – 4.2V), ii) 5 initial cycles of over-discharge (1.5V – 4.2V) followed by normal operation until 20% capacity fade and iii) 5 cycles of periodic over-discharge every 20 cycles, until 20% capacity fade. Analysis on the effect of C-rate, ambient temperature and voltage window of operation will facilitate understanding the temperature behavior and overpotentials in a cell sandwich. Key considerations required in extending a model to simulate over-discharge will also be examined. References S.P. S. Badwal, S. S. Giddey, C. Munnings, A. I. Bhatt, and A. F. Hollenkamp, Frontiers in Chemistry, 2, 28 (2014).G. Pistoia. Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Applications. First ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014).R. Guo, L. Lu., M. Ouyang, X. Feng. Sci Rep 6, 30248 (2016).G.Zhang, X. Wei, S. Chen, J. Zhu, G. Han, and H. Dai. J. Power Sources, 521, 230990. (2022).C. Fear, D. Juarez-Robles, J. A. Jeevarajan, and P. P. Mukherjee, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A1639–A1647 (2018).D. Juarez-Robles, Purdue Univ. Ph.D. Thesis (2019).H. Maleki and J. N. Howard, J. Power Sources, 160, 1395–1402 (2006).H. Liu, Z. Wei, W. He, and J. Zhao, Energy Convers. Manag., 150, 304–330 (2017).A. Subramaniam, S. Kolluri, S. Santhanagopalan, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 113506 (2020).A. Subramaniam, S. Kolluri, C. D. Parke, M. Pathak, S. Santhanagopalan, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 013534 (2020).M. Doyle, T. F. Fuller, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1526 (1993)

Effect of Electrolyte Composition over CO2 Reduction

The rapid utilization of fossil fuels escorted by an excess of CO2 emissions has led to global energy and environmental crisis. Therefore, the necessity for a clean, renewable and sustainable source of energy is a growing concern for the present and future society. In this regard, economically viable CO2 reduction would be a critical turnover in research, as it has the potential to fulfil a substantial need for clean energy. However, even though many efforts have been done in this field, there is still room for improvements concerning efficiency, material stability, and catalytic enhancement in regard of kinetics and selectivity. Herein, we provide the experimental proof for enhancement of the CO2 reduction efficiency and selectivity from the SEI (semiconductor-electrolyte interface) side through the use of carbonates, borates, sulphates and alkali cations as the electrolyte as well as an overview of the latest developments on Cu2O based PEC CO2 reduction for solar fuel production. Cu2O is a low-cost semiconductor and one of the most promising candidates for PEC CO2RR. However, its stability and performance is still unsatisfactory, thus the CO2 reduction products vary from one investigated system to another, such as: CH3OH, CO, HCOOH, CH3COOH, and CH3CH2OH. Moreover, the instability of Cu2O causes it, to be rarely used for the routine CO2 reduction reaction. In this paper, we use a very facile electrodeposition method, which offers a high level of reproducibility and the possibility of using a new electrode in each experiment, in order to focus our efforts on following the phenomena occurring in the double layer during the photocatalytic run. In this way, we were able to correlate the final CO2RR performance with a reorganization of the cations and anions near the photocatalyst surface. It is shown in the literature that factors such as: carbonate concentration, local pH, the presence of alkali metal cations, the geometry of the anionic group, CO2 solubility, conductivity, as well as pH changes along with the number of H+ in the electrolyte, play a significant role in regulating the partial CO2RR current. In this paper, we would like to shed new light on the influence of the electrolyte composition, cation-anion interaction and local reaction environment around the catalyst on the performance of CO2RR. We found out that the specific interaction between the alkali cation and the anionic group of particular geometry contributes to the formation of a kind of a “rigid layer” within the double diffusion, close to the photocatalyst surface layer, which accounts more for an apparent CO2RR current than the decrease in the finite Warburg element, which is a central key parameter for the diffusion coefficient values. The effectiveness of the strength of the cation-anion interaction in the formation of the “rigid layer” around the photocatalyst surface is found to increase the PEC CO2RR performance. Elucidating this mechanism provides useful information for creating further experimental design and the new pathways for addressing highly efficient PEC CO2RR systems. The authors have noticed a significant knowledge gap in the existing literature, as no prior publications have delved into the concurrent and combined impact of both cations and anions on PEC CO2RR. In this pioneering publication, we present the inaugural investigation of this this intricate phenomenon.

Surface Engineered Ni-Fe Foam As a Bi-Functional Electrode for Water Electrolysis in Alkaline Media

Using fossil fuels as a main source of energy has resulted in various environmentally hazardous effects, including global warming, climate change, and environmental pollution. Consequently, the development of a sustainable and clean source of energy became of urgent need. Water electrolysis has captured considerable attention as the main technology of hydrogen fuel production. It is particularly enticing due to its eco-friendliness and sustainability. Self-supported electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have prominent roles in water electrolysis. Growing self-supported metal oxides, hydroxides1, phosphates2, sulfides3, etc. that possess high electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and structural stability have attracted attention lately. FeNi-based catalysts are considered one of the most promising electrocatalysts for water electrolysis in alkaline solutions. However, improving their catalytic activity and stability is one of the research targets before further practical applications. Nickel foam is widely used as a self-supported electrocatalyst due to its high surface area, low cost, and exceptional catalytic activity, with several studies focused on the deposition of nickel-iron materials on nickel foam for the development of a bifunctional catalyst for water electrolysis4. However, very few studies used NiFe mesh or foam to grow a self-supported catalyst material5.In this study, surface-engineered NiFe foam electrodes were developed by facile control of the Ni/Fe surface ratio via chemical leaching and oxidation with NaOH and NaClO4 followed by electrochemical activation, aiming to design a bifunctional electrocatalyst for both OER and HER. Results revealed that varying the ratios of NaOH and NaClO4 induced significant alterations to the surface composition (different Ni/Fe), and hence the active sites for OER and HER. The physicochemical and structural properties of the NiFe foam were characterized using glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further, the catalytic activity of the modified electrode was assessed utilizing cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. References F. Dionigi and P. Strasser, Advanced Energy Materials, 6, 1600621 (2016).Y. Yu et al., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 607, 1091–1102 (2022).A. Shankar, R. Elakkiya, and G. Maduraiveeran, New J. Chem., 44, 5071–5078 (2020).H.-S. Hu, S. Si, R.-J. Liu, C.-B. Wang, and Y.-Y. Feng, International Journal of Energy Research, 44, 9222–9232 (2020).C. Sun et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 4, 8791–8800 (2021).

Investigating Water and Ion Transport in a Novel Cell Design for Seawater Electrolysis

With increasing concerns about the climate change associated with the carbon dioxide emission from utilizing traditional fuels, hydrogen has become a preferred low-carbon energy carrier. For hydrogen to truly be a clean source of energy, it must be produced from a renewable source of energy through water electrolysis. Theoretically, for each kilogram of hydrogen to be produced 9 kg of high-purity water need to be consumed, thus the enormous use of clean water for H2 production may worsen the shortage of fresh water in many parts of the world.Owing to its abundance, seawater has received great attention in the field of hydrogen production; however, there are many challenges associated with the direct use of seawater for electrolysis. In traditional systems, the seawater is first deionized by reverse osmosis (RO) before being fed to the electrolyzer. The RO system adds complexity to the system and requires energy to be expended for the deionization. Therefore, modern systems have aimed to directly electrolyze seawater, but this comes with it own issues including electrode corrosion, scaling from the ions present in saline water, environmental concerns associated with competitive chlorine evolution reaction, and increased membrane resistance limiting the overall performance of saline water electrolysis. Several strategies have been proposed to overcome these challenges including developing selective electrocatalysts, blocking strategy, pH buffer strategy, etc.This project sought to overcome the issues with direct seawater utilization by designing a cell that is driven by osmotic separation, but does not require an external power source. In this device, high concentration acid/base concentrations are maintained in contact with another compartment containing seawater. The acid/base reservoirs act as draw solutions, taking water passively from seawater due to their differences in osmotic pressure. This talk will focus on the cell design and operation, and include both experimental and modeling results. The rate of water transport with various cell operating configurations was quantified alongside the rate of chloride ion crossover through the anion exchange membrane. New methods for chloride mitigation were explored – including cell operating conditions, membrane design and absorption. Multiple cell configurations will be shown and strategies for reducing the cell operating voltage will be discussed.

Overlaps between industrial informatics and control, data acquisition and management in Big Science

Big Science applications require very large infrastructures and often involve different countries in order to achieve important scientific results or to find solutions to the major problems of mankind, such as finding a clean and endless source of energy. Big Science applications represent not only a scientific challenge, but also large engineering applications involving a wide range of technologies shared with other industrial applications. As a consequence there is a significant overlap in technologies and approaches between Big Science and Industry. In this paper, the overlap between Big Science and industrial applications will be presented in more detail under the control perspective, that is, by highlighting the common aspects between industrial informatics and the control, data acquisition and data management in large scientific applications.

Real time implementation of scaled droop control in hybrid microgrid with hydrogen storage for regulation of voltage and frequency.

The incorporation of renewable energy resources (RERs) into smart city through hybrid microgrid (HMG) offers a sustainable solution for clean energy. The HMG architecture also involves linking the AC-microgrid and DC-microgrid through bidirectional interconnection converters (ICC). This HMG combines AC sources like wind-DFIG with DC sources such as solar PV and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), supported by battery energy storage systems (BESS) and hydrogen storage units (HSU). The HSU can generate and store hydrogen during RER surplus. This stored hydrogen can be further employed for production of electrical power along with numerous other applications. The HSU is emerged as a competent tool which can be utilised alone/in combination with BESS to enhance the system reliability. Harvesting power from clean and green sources requires its optimal operation and control while feeding to the existing grid. The existing strategies of controlling ICC are complex and not efficient; hence, a novel intelligent scaled droop control structure (SDCS) is proposed, utilizing frequency, DC voltage, and active power. The SDCS regulate voltage and frequency in both islanded mode (IM) and grid connected mode (GCM) of HMG. Experimental validation demonstrates its simplicity and effectiveness, making it suitable for smart city environments, ensuring uninterrupted power for critical loads with improved air quality.

Unveiling the environmental significance of acetylperoxyl radical: Reactivity quantification and kinetic modeling.

Acetylperoxyl radical (CH3C(O)OO•) is among highly reactive organic radicals which are known to play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry, aqueous chemistry and, most recently, peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes. However, fundamental knowledge for its reactivity is scarce and severely hampers the understanding of relevant environmental processes. Herein, three independent experimental approaches were exploited for revelation and quantification of the reaction rates of acetylperoxyl radical. First, we developed and verified laser flash photolysis of biacetyl, ultraviolet (UV) photolysis of biacetyl, and pulse radiolysis of acetaldehyde, each as a clean source of CH3C(O)OO•. Then, using competition kinetics and selection of suitable probe and competitor compounds, the rate constants between CH3C(O)OO• and compounds of diverse structures were determined. The three experimental approaches complemented in reaction time scale and ease of operation, and provided cross-validation of the rate constants. Moreover, the formation of CH3C(O)OO• was verified by spin-trapped electron paramagnetic resonance, and potential influence of other reactive species in the systems was assessed. Overall, CH3C(O)OO• displays distinctively high reactivity and selectivity, reacting especially favorably with naphthyl and diene compounds (k ∼ 107-108 M-1 s-1) but sluggishly with N- and S-containing groups. Significantly, we demonstrated that incorporating acetylperoxyl radical-oxidation reactions significantly improved the accuracy in modeling the degradation of environmental micropollutants by UV/PAA treatment. This study is among the most comprehensive investigation for peroxyl radical reactivity to date, and establishes a robust methodology for investigating organic radical chemistry. The determined rate constants strengthen kinetic databases and improve modeling accuracy for natural and engineered systems.

Community Perception of Gold Mining Affecting the Water Quality of the Wariori River

This study examines community perceptions of gold mining and its impact on the water quality of the Wariori River in Aurmios Village. The population involved all residents of Aurmios Village with a sample size of 20 (twenty) people. Using a qualitative research approach based on postpositivism and interpretive philosophy, data were collected through triangulation, combining observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The results show significant negative impacts of illegal gold mining on water quality and community life. The majority of respondents (95%) reported an increase in river water turbidity after mining activities, in line with the findings of Yulianti et al. (2016) and Putri Ade Rahma Yulis (2018) on the increase in Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and heavy metal pollution. In addition, 100% of respondents reported reduced clean water sources, leading to economic and health challenges, such as increased healthcare costs and a shift in livelihoods from fisheries and agriculture to gold mining. Environmental impacts include ecosystem degradation and increased flood risk, and 100% of respondents recognized these issues. In order to address these adverse impacts, the study recommends strict government measures to regulate illegal mining, establish safe and legal mining operations, provide clean water infrastructure, as well as educate communities on the dangers of illegal gold mining. These measures are essential to restore the water quality of the Wariori River and ensure the sustainable well-being of Aurmios villagers. Further research is needed to monitor long-term impacts and develop effective mitigation strategies.

Evaluation and development of the clean water distribution network in Pancang Village, North Sebatik District, Nunukan Regency

Background: Rapid population growth and the large number of residential developments go hand in hand with the increasing need for clean water, especially drinking water. Basically, a city's development plan is closely related to the availability of clean water in the area, because clean water is a basic human need that is very important to fulfill. However, several consumers in certain villages which are part of the PDAM North Sebatik branch pipe network service area do not receive a clean water supply. With this research, it is hoped that it can provide alternatives/solutions in solving clean water problems, especially for the Pancang Village area, North Sebatik District. Methods: The data needed in this study is data on the population of Sei Pancang Village, North Sebatik District for the last 5 years, data on PDAM customers for the last 5 years, data on clean water needs, data on clean water sources and reservoir volume, as well as map data on the clean water distribution network. The evaluation technique used in this study uses the method with the largest correlation calculation, namely the arithmetic method. The clean water distribution network map will be evaluated using epanet software. Findings: The results of this research are that the population of Sei Pancang Village, North Sebatik District in 2022 will be 5250 people and projections for the number of residents and customers for the next 10 years show that the population will increase to 7018 people. Conclusion: Water use in the development plan year, namely 2023, in the residential area of Sei Pancang Village, North Sebatik District, includes, among other things, an average daily need of 9,045 lt/s, a maximum daily need of 10,402 lt/s, and a peak hour need of 13,568 lt/s. Meanwhile, in 2032 water demand will increase, with an average daily demand of 11,697 lt/second, a maximum daily demand of 13,451 lt/second, and a peak hour demand of 20,177 lt/second. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study develops a predictive model integrating demographic, climate, and infrastructure data to project water demand and optimize distribution. This model can be applied across regions to improve water management efficiency.

Fabrication of chrysanthemums like TiO2@In2S3 S-scheme heterojunction nanostructures for the degradation of methylene blue dye present in aqueous solution

Removal of contaminants from water and wastewater has drawn interest from all over the world because of its enormous impact on the environment as well as the potential threat to human and other biological existence. As a result, the primary objective for humans is to have consistent access to upgraded and clean water sources. In this study, thioacetamide, titanium dioxide, and Indium (III) nitrate n-hydrate were used in the hydrothermal process to produce TiO2@In2S3 hybrid material. The high purity of the TiO2@In2S3 hybrid materials was shown by XRD analysis, UV-DRS has been utilized to study the optical properties of TiO2@In2S3 hybrid materials and the In2S3 sample which reveals that they have a band gap between 1.71 and 1.88 eV. The stoichiometry of the hybrid materials TiO2@In2S3 was confirmed by EDX analysis. Additionally, SEM examination displayed the TiO2@In2S3 hybrid materials’ chrysanthemums morphology. The produced TiO2@In2S3 hybrid materials exhibit complete degradation of MB dye pollutants within 60 min under an LED lamp. The photocatalytic decomposition of MB dye with TiO2, β-In2S3 and TiO2@In2S3 follows a pseudo-first-order process with rate constants of 2.88 × 10−3, 4.67 × 10−3, and 7.73 × 10−2 min−1, respectively. TiO2 and β-In2S3 composites had a synergistic impact, and an appropriate S-scheme charge carrier mechanism was suggested, validating the composite as an economical and effective catalyst for environmental remediation.

Renewable Musa Sapientum derived porous nano spheres for efficient energy storage devices

Biomass-based carbonaceous materials derived from Musa Sapientum have gained much attention in recent years for their application in energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors. In the present work, we synthesized carbonaceous material from banana peel as the biomass precursor by using a pyrolysis method carried out at various temperatures (600, 800, and 1000 °C). The characterization of the prepared carbonaceous materials BP600, BP800 and BP1000 was done by using different characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM, studies. The electrochemical study of the synthesized material was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The supercapacitive performance of the material was studied using a 3-electrode system with 3M KOH as an electrolyte. As a result, the BP600 exhibited a better specific capacitance with higher energy and power densities along with a maximum cyclic stability of 16,000 cycles. To show the practical applicability of the material BP 600, two electrode system studies were carried out as well, which showed preferentially good values for specific capacitance with appreciable power and energy density values. The study provides us with a green approach for the fabrication of non-toxic, low-cost, and environmentally friendly potential porous carbonaceous electrode materials by converting bio-waste into a clean and renewable source of energy.