Clean Slate Research Articles

PHYSICAL CLEANSING BIASES RECOGNITION PERFORMANCE FOR (IM)MORAL SOCIAL ISSUES

IntroductionThe Link between Physical and Moral PurityPrevious research showed that the impact of physical cleansing goes beyond the reduction of physical contamination. The notion of a direct link between washing one's own body and moral purity is established in several religious ceremonies. It also became popular through William Shakespeare who described Lady Macbeth as being afflicted by a recurring need to wash her hands after the murder of King Duncan. Initial empirical evidence supported that a threat to one's moral purity evokes the urgent need to one's own body (Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006). Since then, several experimental studies have been carried out to examine the range of morality-related causes as well as consequences of physical cleansing. It has been shown, on the one hand, that immoral behavior increases the desirability of cleansing-related products (Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006; Lee & Schwarz, 2010a). On the other hand, physical cleansing reduced the willingness to voluntarily help other persons after recalling an unethical deed of the past (Reuven, Liberman, & Dar, 2014; Xu, Begue, & Bushman, 2014; Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006). Obviously, hand cleansing can literally remove moral stains and restore one's moral self-image, making additional good deeds superfluous. This established link between physical and moral purity presumably derives from an ontogenetic process of concept coupling: while the concrete bodily state of physical purity is learned early in life, the abstract concept of moral purity may be built upon this sensorimotor experience later on (cf. Kaspar, Jurisch, & Schneider, 2016). This explanation is in line with what the concept of embodied cognition suggests (cf. Wilson, 2002): bodily actions or states, such as physical purity, represent embodied cognitive information. Correspondingly, activating the concept of physical purity can affect the evaluation of immoral social issues. For example, Zhong, Strejcek, and Sivanathan (2010) found harsher judgments about immoral social issues after participants had washed their hands. Also, Kaspar and Klane (2016) found that hand cleansing led to harsher moral judgments about politicians who allegedly committed a misconduct. Hence, information about one's physical purity is an embodied information cue that effectively expands to abstract cognitions.Physical Cleansing and the Clean Slate EffectMoreover, effects of physical cleansing have also been reported beyond the moral domain. Xu, Zwick, and Schwarz (2012) found that the experience of good and bad luck can be metaphorically washed away, indicated by subsequent decision making strategies. Florack, Kleber, Busch, and Stohr (2014) used hand washing to reduce consumers' biased perception of product features derived from ownership. Lee and Schwarz (2010b) showed that physical purity can reduce post-decisional dissonance as participants showed a reduced need to devaluate non-chosen options after hand washing. Finally, Kaspar (2013 a) found an increased optimism regarding future performance in an anagram task when participants washed their hands after they had experienced failure in a preceding anagram task. All these effects indicate that physical cleansing can act as a very general ritual to close a matter (Kaspar, 2013a) and to induce a kind of a clean effect (Lee & Schwarz, 2010b) whose impact cannot be explained by the moral-purity metaphor alone.Physical Cleansing and Information ProcessingBut what is the mechanism behind such effects and what does it imply for moral judgments? Kaspar, Krapp, and Konig (2015) recently hypothesized that effects of physical cleansing (on moral behavior and in terms of slate phenomena) reflect a change in the weighting or selection of cognitive information. They concluded:The hitherto reported effects showed that the act of cleansing did not literally wash away what had already happened in the past. …

Australian State Income Taxation: A Historical Perspective

Contrasting with social insurance taxes and the key revenue raising role of VAT for northern European welfare states, Australia’s income tax has funded expansion of Australia’s social security system. The uniform income tax plan of 1942 unified Australia’s system of income taxes, and was central to funding the introduction of Australia’s unique social security system, establishing national child endowment, unemployment benefits and the widows’ pension in 1944.This article will describe the increasing reliance of Australian states on income taxation during the period 1915 to 1942, and the constraints arising from the increasing mobility of taxpayers and post-Federation economic integration; show how these states’ income tax policies responded to the economic shocks of the Depression which depleted the states’ revenues contemporaneously with increasing demands on governments to provide social protection; and identify how the concepts, design and administration of state income taxes were embedded in Australia’s national tax and social security systems established between 1942 and 1944.The design of Australia’s unified income tax system was not based on a clean slate, nor was it simply an expedient response to wartime revenue or macroeconomic management needs. In this article, it is shown to be based on an income tax template derived closely from Australian state income taxes during the interwar period, reconfigured by the economic shocks of the Depression years, and glued together by federal/state finance institutions and agreements which redistributed national revenues to less affluent jurisdictions. Income tax unification addressed the key barriers to funding adequate social protection that had confronted states during the Depression.

Time trends in hospital admissions for violent, self-inflicted, and drug-related or alcohol-related injury for adolescents in England and Scotland, 2005–11: observational population-based study

BackgroundIn England, a third of emergency admissions of adolescents for injury are adversity related (violent, self-inflicted, drug-related, or alcohol-related). A comparison of time trends of the incidence of admissions for violent injury between England and Scotland revealed steeper declines in 2005–11 in Scotland. We aimed to determine whether incidence of admissions for any adversity-related injury varied substantially between the two countries. MethodsWe conducted time-series analyses of emergency admissions between 2005 and 2011 for adversity-related injury (defined by the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) to National Health Service hospitals in England (Hospital Episode Statistics) and in Scotland (Scottish Morbidity Records) in 10–18 year olds. Analyses were stratified in groups by sex and age (10–12 years, 13–15, 16–18) and were adjusted for background trends in admissions for any injury. FindingsIn 2005, rates of admissions per 100 000 for adversity-related injury ranged from 48·9 for girls aged 10–12 years in Scotland (95% CI 0–98·9) to 978·2 for boys aged 16–18 years in Scotland (764·0–1184·3). Rates for 10–12-year-old girls and boys, respectively, were similar between the two countries, but were higher in Scotland for 13–15 year olds and 16–18 year olds. From 2005 to 2011, rates decreased in both countries for all groups by −1·5% per year (95% CI −3·2 to 0·21) to −10·0% per year (–15·2 to −4·4), except for 16–18-year-old girls and boys in England, where rates increased by 0·25% per year (0·09–0·41) to 2·5% per year (1·2–3·7). Decreases in all groups were greater in Scotland than in England after adjustment for trends in admissions for any injury. By 2011, although incidences of admissions for adversity-related injury in adolescents aged 13–15 and 16–18 years remained higher in Scotland, differences between England and Scotland were smaller than in 2005. InterpretationOur finding that rates of admissions for adversity-related injury decreased more steeply in Scotland than in England raises questions about the factors driving these discrepancies. Several initiatives within each country might have been influential. For example, the English government attempted to tackle incidence of violence and gangs by targeting high crime areas with higher levels of policing. The Scottish government set up contracts with local gangs to exchange a so-called clean slate for psychosocial support. Further research into potentially successful practices in Scotland could be used to develop future initiatives to reduce harm in adolescents in both countries and further afield. More research is needed, especially into why the incidence of admissions for adversity-related injury increased for older adolescents in England. FundingAH was supported by the Policy Research Unit in the Health of Children, Young People and Families, which is funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme (grant reference number 109/0001). AH is also supported by the University College London Impact studentship. The study sponsors played no part in the design, data analysis, and interpretation of this study; the writing of the abstract; or the decision to submit the abstract for publication.

Energy-efficient quality of service aware forwarding scheme for Content-Centric Networking

Content-Centric Networking (CCN), which changes from host-centric communication model to content-centric communication model, has recently attracted a lot of attention from researchers. As recently emerged a clean slate approach of the future Internet, CCN needs to be further supplemented yet. Since power consumption by Internet and user demand for Quality of Service have been increasing year by year, one of the major challenges in CCN is how to support an energy-efficient intelligent forwarding engine. To address this challenge, this paper proposed a Greening Domain and Ant Colony based Forwarding (GDACF) scheme which is a joint caching and forwarding strategy. In our proposals, we firstly use popularity inspired caching and adaptive rate methods to reduce power consumption of CCN; Then we design an ant colony based packets forwarding scheme to support Quality of Service for CCN. The evaluation results show that our proposals decrease data retrieve time from 3.29% to 16.16% and save energy from 9.66% to 15.08% compared with original CCN forwarding strategy.

White privilege, juvenile justice, and criminal identities: a qualitative analysis of the perceptions and self-identification of incarcerated youth

This study examines in-depth interview data from thirty male juveniles incarcerated in a private correctional facility in the Midwest. Comparing the perceptions and experiences of 14 white male youth with 8 Native American, 4 black, and 4 Latino participants, white privilege was reflected in responses involving perceptions of the self as a ‘criminal’. Youth of all races described the effect of correctional facilities on their self-identification as a ‘criminal’ and youth of color were more likely than white youth to report the feeling that other community members viewed them as criminal before and after being arrested. Overall these findings demonstrate the ‘clean slate’ that white youth begin with compared to youth of color. Ultimately, time spent in a correctional facility appears to liken white youth’s perception of themselves as criminals to the self-identification of youth of color. Policy implications include implementing alternatives to incarceration, such as community service requirements to reintegrate youth into the community and avoid the negative effect of incarceration on the identities of juveniles. For youth of color, reducing racial discrimination is necessary to end the self-fulfilling prophecy and the sense of being labeled a criminal by the community prior to incarceration.

Towards a clean slate: Attempting to preserve civil liberty in the post-Snowden age

Abstract Wide adoption of mobile computing, smartphones, social networks and big data techniques have brought undoubtable advantages to society as such, as well as to its individuals. The downside of this diffusion of technology throughout society has already been well discussed. Single authors also pointed out the threats not only to the single individual, but to democratic society as a whole. However, suggestions or even practical approaches of how to mitigate these threats not only at the individual level (Folks, keep your virus scanner up to date all the time!), but for society itself, are rarely found up to this day. There is no simple solution to this problem, of course. Particularly not a small one that can be carried out by a single peer group. Rather, we want to motivate that there are different approaches to the shared common goal of preserving civil liberty for many individual groups of society. In this article, we focus on a strategy for computer scientists on how to perform their part in the big picture, and try to motivate this by calling up on their professional ethics.

Czech Creditor Satisfaction with Debt Relief Under the Insolvency Act of 2008

The aim of our survey is to determine creditors’ satisfaction with debt relief. Czech household debt has been increasing since 2000, (Osvaldova, Mores, Mensikova, Creditreform, 2013) the result of a broadening supply of credit from the financial sector, an increasing standard of living connected with housing debt financing, and the general tendency of Czechs to prioritize a consumer lifestyle over savings. The absence of reasonable financial planning in combination with the recent economic crisis has trapped many debtors in a debt spiral. A fundamental problem is the emergence of the debt trap, where the debtor attempts to solve a present lack of funds by taking further loans, usually under duress and unfavourable conditions. Applicants arrive at a situation when banks are no longer willing to provide them with loans. Then the only option is to turn to financial companies not supervised by the Czech National Bank. Conditions for borrowing financial resources from these companies are often markedly unfavourable, and loan fees and the interest rates charged frequently result in loans that far exceed by many times the amount borrowed. Debt relief is a way of settling citizens’ inability to repay. This option is provided by the state for debtors to free themselves of previously unpaid debts after five years or earlier (if 100 % of the debt is paid) and start with a clean slate. Debt relief helps citizens who wish to actively work to resolve their adverse situation and repay their Int Adv Econ Res (2015) 21:349–350 DOI 10.1007/s11294-015-9529-9

Hand washing induces a clean slate effect in moral judgments: a pupillometry and eye-tracking study.

Physical cleansing is commonly understood to protect us against physical contamination. However, recent studies showed additional effects on moral judgments. Under the heading of the “Macbeth effect” direct links between bodily cleansing and one’s own moral purity have been demonstrated. Here we investigate (1) how moral judgments develop over time and how they are altered by hand washing, (2) whether changes in moral judgments can be explained by altered information sampling from the environment, and (3) whether hand washing affects emotional arousal. Using a pre-post control group design, we found that morality ratings of morally good and bad scenes acquired more extreme values in the control group over time, an effect that was fully counteracted by intermediate hand washing. This result supports the notion of a clean slate effect by hand washing. Thereby, eye-tracking data did not uncover differences in eye movement behavior that may explain differences in moral judgments. Thus, the clean slate effect is not due to altered information sampling from the environment. Finally, compared to the control group, pupil diameter decreased after hand washing, thus demonstrating a direct physiological effect. The results shed light on the physiological mechanisms behind this type of embodiment phenomenon.

Singapore. Nature contained: Environmental histories of Singapore Edited by Timothy P. Barnard Singapore: NUS Press, 2014, Pp. x, 328, Figures, Plates, Tables, Bibliography, List of Contributors, Index.

Nature contained: Environmental histories of Singapore Edited by TIMOTHY P. BARNARD Singapore: NUS Press, 2014, Pp. x, 328, Figures, Plates, Tables, Bibliography, List of Contributors, Index. doi: 10.1017/S0022463414000770 This is an extraordinarily absorbing book. On starting my first reading I had not thought that there would be much of interest for me. Having read the outputs of, and for a brief time been involved in, Peter Boomgaard's pioneering, wide-ranging and ambitious Leiden-based EDEN project (Ecology, Demography and Economy in Nusantara) from 1993, it seemed that Singapore, as a developed world city, would have little to offer in environmental terms. How could any consideration of the environmental history of this small island state match the achievements of Boomgaard and his team in understanding the complexities of the Indonesian environment and its mutual human and environmental transformations? Well, of course it can't. But what Barnard's edited volume does is provide a fascinating introduction to what were important environmental moments and events not only in the history of Singapore, but also to its influence on the environmental history of other parts of Southeast Asia. As we might expect, in any consideration of Singapore, due attention is given to the sustained exploitation of nature for the purpose of capitalist development and the insertion of Singapore into a global economic system; the British colonial study, control, classification, and display of the natural world in the interest of furthering scientific understanding, and expressed in museums, research institutions, and learned societies; and the postcolonial construction of Singapore as an integrated and disciplined urban and 'garden' space. I very much liked the editorial device of commencing each chapter with a relevant extract from 'documents, interviews, and accounts of the events that influenced the chapters' (p. 5). So, for example, the chapter on Alfred Russel Wallace is prefaced with an excerpt from his The Malay Archipelago-, and the chapter on the Raffles Museum is preceded by extracts from The Annual Reports of the Raffles Museum and Library, newspaper accounts, and visitors' memories. The volume addresses many issues which have suffered from relative neglect in accounts of Singapore's history or have been influenced by uninformed conceptions of modern Singapore. Tony O'Dempsey examines environmental change in Singapore during the nineteenth century, reminding us that Thomas Stamford Raffles did not start with a clean slate. The island was already home to indigenous fishing communities; but more importantly Chinese Teochew farmers had settled there from the late eighteenth century and begun to cultivate gambier and pepper, which had enormously deleterious effects on the tropical rainforest in that both crops required substantial amounts of timber for processing and their cultivation resulted in soil exhaustion. The importance of this activity should not be understated in transforming the island's environment, and early colonial attempts at addressing the situation resulted in the establishment of a Forestry Department in 1884 to protect and reserve forests, by which time much damage had already been done. Habitat change also led to an upsurge in the number of human and domestic livestock and animal deaths from tiger attacks, a subject addressed in a chapter by Timothy Barnard and Mark Emmanuel. …

End-to-End Networks Vs Named Data Network: A Critical Evaluation

Named data networking or information centric networking is the newest networking paradigm that gives foremost place to the contents in identification and dissemination. On the other hand, the end to end networking paradigm on which the Internet is currently built on places heavy emphasis on devices that make the architecture. The current Internet suffers from many shortcomings due to the misplaced emphasis. In order to overcome some of these deficiencies, researchers and developers have come up with patches and work around that have made the Internet more complex than it ought to be. Named data networking is a clean slate approach in building a network architecture overcoming all the current deficiencies and make it future safe. Several researchers have carried out comparative studies between named data networking and end to end networking. But these studies concentrate only on the features and capabilities of the networking paradigms. This is the first attempt at quantifying the performance the networking architectures experimentally. The authors in this paper present the results of the comparative study carried out experimentally in a simulated environment based on the final throughput. The results have been presented in a graphical form for easy visualization of results.

Narrative Strategies for Contextualizing Ventures: Constructing Organizational Fields

Research on identity work exposes how managers use narrative strategies to construct their venture’s identity as normatively appropriate yet strategically distinctive in the context of their organizational field. However, existing studies focus predominantly upon the venture-centric component of identity work, thereby reducing the venture’s external context to either a static control variable or a clean slate ready to be defined by agentic managers. As such, we have limited understanding of how managers might strategically construct their external environment to contextualize their venture in identity work. We address this gap by exploring the narrative strategies of venture contextualization by managers at multiple different ventures seeking to build business around electric vehicle technologies in Finland. We find that in direct contrast to incumbents, managers at newcomer ventures construct highly discontinuous narratives of environmental change that manifest the discursive construction of a nascent organizational field. In this way, entrepreneurial managers can employ contextualizing narrative strategies to circumvent the institutional pressures and inter-organizational comparisons in existing environments, thereby attracting attention to their venture and espousing an increased capacity for agency. However, this compromised their subsequent ability to build a comprehensible identity for their venture. Our study contributes to existing theory by exposing previously overlooked narrative strategies of venture contextualization, and contributes novel insights to the use of history in identity narratives and the discursive construction of field-level ambiguity.

Applying Formal Methods to Networking: Theory, Techniques, and Applications

Despite its great importance, modern network infrastructure is remarkable for the lack of rigor in its engineering. The Internet, which began as a research experiment, was never designed to handle the users and applications it hosts today. The lack of formalization of the Internet architecture meant limited abstractions and modularity, particularly for the control and management planes, thus requiring for every new need a new protocol built from scratch. This led to an unwieldy ossified Internet architecture resistant to any attempts at formal verification and to an Internet culture where expediency and pragmatism are favored over formal correctness. Fortunately, recent work in the space of clean slate Internet design-in particular, the software defined networking (SDN) paradigm-offers the Internet community another chance to develop the right kind of architecture and abstractions. This has also led to a great resurgence in interest of applying formal methods to specification, verification, and synthesis of networking protocols and applications. In this paper, we present a self-contained tutorial of the formidable amount of work that has been done in formal methods and present a survey of its applications to networking.

Extending networks of protected areas to optimize connectivity and population growth rate

Protected areas (PAs) are recognized as the flagship tool to offset biodiversity loss on Earth. Spatial conservation planning seeks optimal designs of PAs that meet multiple targets such as biodiversity representation and population persistence. Since connectivity between PAs is a fundamental requirement for population persistence, several methods have been developed to include connectivity into PA design algorithms. Among these, the eigenvalue decomposition of the connectivity matrix allows for identifying clusters of strongly connected sites and selecting the sites contributing the most to population persistence. So far, this method was only suited to optimize an entire network of PAs without considering existing PAs in the new design. However, a more cost‐effective and realistic approach is to optimize the design of an extended network to improve its connectivity and thus population persistence. Here, we develop a flexible algorithm based on eigenvalue decomposition of connectivity matrices to extend existing networks of PAs while optimizing connectivity and population growth rate. We also include a splitting algorithm to improve cluster identification. The new algorithm accounts for the change in connectivity due to the increased biological productivity often observed in existing PAs. We illustrate the potential of our algorithm by proposing an extension of the network of ∼100 Mediterranean marine PAs to reach the targeted 10% surface area protection from the current 1.8%. We identify differences between the clean slate scenario, where all sites are available for protection, irrespective of their current protection status, and the scenario where existing PAs are forced to be included into the optimized solution. By integrating this algorithm to existing multi‐objective and multi‐specific algorithms of PA selection, the demographic effects of connectivity can be explicitly included into conservation planning.

A ‘most imperial’ contribution: New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912

AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.

German Studies, for Example

In the famous chapter “Sense-Certainty” of the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel expends a great deal of dialectical energy to show that we make contradictory use of examples (Beispiele): on the one hand, we invoke the concreteness and distinctiveness of a singular datum; on the other, we imply that it has general significance. Examples confuse our thinking because they claim to be valid for a larger set of instances (thus approaching the validity of a concept), but unlike concepts they do not let us understand how this claim can be substantiated. I begin my contribution to the conversation “The Changing Face(s) of Graduate Studies” with this reference to Hegel for the obvious reason that our experiences with a new PhD program in German studies at the University of Colorado (CU) Boulder cannot readily be generalized. We had the fortune of being able to start, in 2013, with a clean slate and very few restrictions as far as the intellectual profile and the administrative format of the program were concerned. Not only were we able to think about what kind of interdisciplinary collaborations could be built into its design, what kind of students we wanted to attract, and what we could offer these students as a significant advantage over other existing programs; we could more fundamentally ask ourselves – and would be asked by the various committees through which we had to shepherd the proposal – why a university in the United States needed a PhD program in German in the first place. The way this question was, and often still is, answered is the less obvious reason why I began with the trite and pointless reference to Hegel. It goes something like this: German philosophical aesthetics is foundational for all literary theory; literary studies without this foundation are blind. The question why a university in the United States needs a German Department must be stood on its head: without a German Department, other literature departments do not fully understand what they are doing. The first time I was involved in building a PhD program in German, almost a quarter of a century ago, that was the rationale with which we were able to convince administrators in a university without a strong tradition in the humanities. We also had the backing of faculty in other literature programs, who were relieved to send students interested in Derridean and de Manian deconstruction our way. It was already then a slightly embarrassing argument, for on the one hand it embraced the most hackneyed trope of German literary and cultural (not to mention musical) superiority, while on the other hand insinuating to administrators that universities could save money by letting one department do all the

Introduction to Objectives of the United States Foreign Policy

Foreign policy of any country is not simply an assemblage of the policy statements of a country, but it also refers to the commitments, the current form of interests, aims and objectives of a government. Thus, in order to understand the foreign policy of any government it becomes vital to understand the country’s national interests and the strategies adopted to achieve it. It has already been proved several times that no government is able to formulate its foreign policy on a clean slate, its policy is always conditioned by its past circumstances. [from the introduction]

Response to Questions in the First White Paper, 'Modernizing the Communications Act'

The House Energy and Commerce Committee has begun a process to review and update the Communications Act of 1934, last revised in any material way in 1996. As the Committee begins the review process, this paper responds to questions posed by the Committee that all relate, in fundamental ways, to the question: "What should a modern Communications Act look like?"The Response advocates a "clean slate" approach under which the regulatory silos that characterize the current statute would be eliminated, along with almost all of the ubiquitous 'public interest' delegation of authority found throughout the Communications Act. The replacement regime would have at its core a new competition-based standard that, except in limited circumstances, would require that the FCC's regulatory activities be tied to findings of consumer harm resulting from lack of sufficient competition. The FCC's authority to adopt broad anticipatory rules on an ex ante basis would be substantially circumscribed, and the agency would be required to rely more heavily than is presently the case on ex post adjudication of individual complaints alleging specific abuses of market power and consumer harm. Some aspects of the FCC's current jurisdiction, such as privacy and data security regulation, might be transferred to the FTC in light of the FTC's institutional competence in these areas.

Retractions: A clean slate

Mistakes are part of science. But setting the record straight promptly and clearly can help to avoid a career blot.

Robotics and the New Cyberlaw

Two decades of analysis have produced a rich set of insights as to how the law should apply to the Internet’s peculiar characteristics. But, in the meantime, technology has not stood still. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have initiated a significant shift toward robotics and artificial intelligence. This article is the first to examine what the introduction of a new, equally transformative technology means for cyberlaw and policy. Robotics has a different set of essential qualities than the Internet and, accordingly, will raise distinct legal issues. Robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly blur the line between person and instrument.Robotics will prove “exceptional” in the sense of occasioning systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy. But we will not be writing on a clean slate: Many of the core insights and methods of cyberlaw will prove crucial in integrating robotics, and perhaps whatever technology follows.

A Novel Routing Scheme for ICN

Internet has become as a social infrastructure. The current Internet architecture based on TCP/IP is faced with many challenges. This fact makes the clean slate design of future Internet architecture represented by ICN (Information-Centric Networking) be a hot research topic. In this paper, a novel routing scheme for ICN (Information-Centric Networking) is proposed. On the basis of name-based routing, a process was designed to look for other available interface through which the backtracking-condition-met interest packet will be forwarded, which can reduce the network blocking rate. Moreover, FIB (Forwarding Information Base) of neighbor nodes will be modified when data packets go through a router, which can realize the efficient use of cache. Also, a concept of "popularity" is introduced to improve CS (Content Store) hit rate. The proposed routing scheme is implemented on NSFNET by simulation, and the experimental results have shown that it is feasible and effective.