Clean Milk Research Articles

Farmer's perception regarding constraints faced in adoption of dairy farming practices in Sindh province, Pakistan.

The present study was conducted to explore the farmer's perception regarding constraints faced in adoption of dairy farming practices in Sindh province of Pakistan. The data were collected from 133 project dairy farmers of Pakistan Dairy Development Company (PDDC) and 133 non-PDDC dairy farmers. The constraints were measured with three-point continuum scale. The survey results revealed that on overall basis, technical, financial, and physical constraints, viz., poor conception rate of artificial insemination (AI) in buffaloes, high price of concentrates, high cost of treatment, etc. received higher scores for both groups (PDDC and non-PDDC farmers). In contrast, overall mean scores were relatively low for knowledge (lack of knowledge about proper time of AI/natural service, heat detection, disease control, scientific housing, clean milk production), skills (lack of technical skills regarding fodder conservation and preparation of balanced ration), and lack of financial support by government, etc.; recorded as severe constraints with higher scores for non-PDDC farmers as compared to PDDC farmers. These results indicate that augmenting extension services through PDDC on training and technical know-how is essential to overcome constraints of adoption by farmers who never adopted the practices, while technical, financial, and physical support to farmers are critical for a wider scale, sustained adoption of livestock practices.

Производство экологически чистого молока при применении пробиотических и минеральных добавок в рационе коров

Производство экологически чистого молока при применении пробиотических и минеральных добавок в рационе коров

Dairy husbandry information needs of farmers in different agro-climatic zones of Uttar Pradesh

The present study was undertaken to examine the information needs of farmers using mKisan services with respect to different dairy husbandry practices. Results of weighted mean score revealed that farmers have higher information need about feeding and watering practices (2.20) followed by marketing of farm produce (2.19), breeding practices (2.18), health care practices (2.12), management practices (2.11) and fodder production and grass land management (2.10) with their information deficiency level of 73.3, 73.0, 72.7, 70.7, 70.3 and 69.9%, respectively. Major needs were related to recommended feeding practices of dairy cattle (2.38) and area specific mineral mixture (2.30). Information about procurement agencies in area (2.15) and day-to-day price variation of different farm produce (2.11) were also found of great concern in marketing of farm produce. Farmers have higher information need about estrus detection and time of insemination (2.30), selection of dairy cattle (2.21) and heifer management (2.18) in the domain of breeding. In health care practices, information about preventive measure against diseases (2.23) and vaccination schedule (2.17) was much needed. In management practices, information need for calf management (2.20) and clean milk production (2.19) was found to be highest. In fodder production and grass land management domain, information need about locally suitable fodder varieties (2.16) and management for fodder availability round the year (2.14) were at highest priority. Information need over different aspect of dairy husbandrypractices had significant variation across the different agro-climatic zones of Uttar Pradesh. North Eastern Zone and Bundelkhand Zone were found the highest information deficient zones in Uttar Pradesh.

Clean Milk Production Practices Adopted by the Dairy Farmers of R. S. Pura in Jammu District

Clean Milk Production Practices Adopted by the Dairy Farmers of R. S. Pura in Jammu District

Sanitation of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B-positive dairy herds: A field study

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most widespread mastitis pathogens infecting dairy cattle worldwide. In Switzerland, different bovine genotypes of Staph. aureus have been identified, and genotype B (GTB) was demonstrated to be a highly contagious subtype, causing herd problems in cattle. As the efficacy of antibiotic therapy against Staph. aureus is not satisfactory, the most promising strategy for controlling this udder pathogen is the implementation of specific sanitation programs for affected farms. The aim of the present longitudinal study was the field evaluation of 2 analytical approaches for the sanitation of Staph. aureus GTB-positive dairy herds. We compared a new real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay based on the detection of the unique target gene adlb with classical bacteriology. Sanitation was successfully achieved using both analytical methods, but the qPCR approach showed some main advantages, namely the use of clean (instead of aseptically collected) milk samples facilitates sample collection in terms of time and costs, enabling the sampling of entire herds during a regular milking procedure and by the farm staff. The high inclusivity and exclusivity of the new target gene adlb enable very specific detection of only the genotype of interest. Because of the very high diagnostic sensitivity of qPCR, each GTB-positive cow can be correctly identified at any time point during lactation, allowing farmers to continuously update milking groups to prevent transmission during milking. Milk sample analysis becomes more objective, faster, less expensive, and more suitable for routine application, enabling the sanitation of even big herds in short time.

Death-Free Dairy? The Ethics of Clean Milk

The possibility of “clean milk”—dairy produced without the need for cows—has been championed by several charities, companies, and individuals. One can ask how those critical of the contemporary dairy industry, including especially vegans and others sympathetic to animal rights, should respond to this prospect. In this paper, I explore three kinds of challenges that such people may have to clean milk: first, that producing clean milk fails to respect animals; second, that humans should not consume dairy products; and third, that the creation of clean milk would affirm human superiority over cows. None of these challenges, I argue, gives us reason to reject clean milk. I thus conclude that the prospect is one that animal activists should both welcome and embrace.

Knowledge level of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices at field level in western U.P.

Knowledge level of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices at field level in western U.P.

Role of antecedent characteristics of co-operative dairy farmers in clean milk production

Role of antecedent characteristics of co-operative dairy farmers in clean milk production

A REVIEW ON STANDARD MILK HYGIENE PRACTICES IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION

A REVIEW ON STANDARD MILK HYGIENE PRACTICES IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION

Performing cleanliness: clean milk competitions in Britain, c.1920–1940

The question of how best to secure a healthy, disease-free milk supply was one of the most contentious public health issues in interwar Britain. Commentators identified improper and unhygienic milking practices as just one area of the dairy industry in desperate need of reform. In the 1920s a loose partnership of agricultural scientists and educators, civil servants, and dairy businesses turned to competition as a means by which to convince milkers as to the benefits of “scientific dairying”. Clean milk competitions came to simultaneously educate and discipline British dairy workers by working to redefine milking skill with the help of the laboratory sciences. However, the venture was a contentious one, wherein competition participants would often resist the meanings and methods that were coming to be employed in the quest for “clean milk”.

Adoption level of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices at field level in western U.P.

The challenge before the dairy farmers is how well they can manage the livestock to enhance the raw milk quality on a sustained basis. Therefore, efficient use of resources depends to greater extent on how they acquire and adopt innovations in the sector of animal husbandry in effective manner to reach higher level of performance. The milk quality is determined by aspects of composition and hygiene of milk. Dairy farmer is the key client in this process who decides the quality of milk. The study was conducted to know the adoption level of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices in four milk unions of western Uttar Pradesh in the year 2008-09. A total of 120 respondents (60 CMP and 60 N-CMP) were interviewed from four said milk unions. In each milk union 30 selected dairy farmers were again divided in two groups i.e., 15 farmers of CMP and 15 farmers of N-CMP programme under dairy co-operative society such type of distribution of sample size was done for assessing the comparison between CMP and N-CMP programme villages. It was observed that 58.33 per cent and 53.33 per cent had medium level of overall adoption, 13.33 per cent and 26.67 per cent of them having low level of overall adoption, while 28.33 per cent and 20 per cent of the respondents had high level of overall adoption, under CMP and N-CMP, respectively. The results in study clearly showed that milk quality at all levels of milk collection i.e. pail level (milk sample collected at the time of milking), DCS level (milk sample collected at dairy co-operative society) and dock level (milk sample collected at dairy plant) level was positively correlated with adoption level of dairy farmers regarding CMP practices. Therefore, raising adoption of clean milk production practices are of paramount importance for dairy farmers. This will open up new vistas and make possible for dairy farmers to achieve substantial gains in income. Raising the clean milk production is the fundamental problem. This problem needs to be carefully tackled for long run resolution of under developed animal husbandry.

Constraints faced by dairy farmers in adopting clean milk production practices

India is a major leader in milk production but its potential is not fully explored to the extent. Several constraints are perceived and faced by dairy farmers during adoption of clean milk production practices. To compete the national and international markets the urgency for clean milk production (CMP) is unavoidable. The aim of this study was to evaluate constraints faced by dairy farmers regarding CMP in dairy co-operatives. The Present study was undertaken in four milk unions namely, Meerut, Moradabad, Bulandshahr and Jyotiba Phule Nagar were selected purposively for the study. The data were collected from 120 dairy farmers through interview schedule. The constraints were broadly classified into three categories according to the level of milk collection, i.e. pail, DCS and dock/union level. The results of the study revealed that unavailability of electricity, cooling and disposal milk, high wages of labour, lack of shed area DCS for keeping milk cans and lack of knowledge of dairy secretary about CMP practices, lack of knowledge and training to milk transporters on maintenance of milk quality and prompt transportation, lack of formal programmes related of CMP practices were reported most important at pail, DCS and dock level, respectively. Thus, there is a need to expand the infrastructure bulk milk coolers, which already introduced in the area.

Training Needs of Beneficiaries under Mini Kamdhenu Dairy Scheme (MKDS) in Lucknow Mandal of Uttar Pradesh

The study was conducted over 93 beneficiaries in Lucknow Mandal of Uttar Pradesh under Mini Kamdhenu Dairy Scheme (MKDS) to identify training needs in various areas of organised dairy farming. In order to identify training needs of beneficiaries, the responses of individual beneficiary were recorded on four point continuum as most needed, needed, least needed and not needed with respective scores 4, 3, 2 and 1 by pre tested structured interview schedule. Further, total weighted mean was calculated for each aspect by adding up frequencies and multiplied with respective continuum scores. Finally, ranks were given on the basis of total weighted mean score. The study revealed that majority of MKDS beneficiaries (63.4%) perceived training needs on bio-security as most needed, followed by feed and feeding management (59.1%), health care (58.1%), calf management (33.3%) and breed selection and identification of quality dairy animal (36.6%) were equally ranked as IV. Majority of respondents (47.5%) perceived marketing as needed, followed by clean milk production (38.7%), housing management (25.8%) and finance (16.1%) with rank V, VI, VII and VIII respectively.

Perception of multi-stakeholders towards clean milk production practice at field conditions in Indian dairying

Government of India (GoI) efforts in making Clean Milk Production (CMP) as a practice of socio-economic importance, still needs to be emphasized by highlighting the field level realities, and study the perception of multi- stakeholders, viz. dairy farmers, scientists and extensionists towards CMP in Indian dairying. Hence, the present study was designed to know the efforts of GoI for promoting CMP, perception and per cent gap among multi- stakeholders with regards to relevance, profitability and sustainability of CMP in dairying. The study included primary data of 360 dairy farmers, 80 research scientists and 40 extensionists in North India and also relevant secondary data. The study revealed that perception of scientists and extension experts was more favourable towards relevance, profitability and sustainability of CMP, while the perception of farmers was less favourable towards CMP. It was also observed that there was a wide gap between farmers-scientists and farmers-extensionists with respect to relevance, profitability and sustainability, whereas the gap was very narrow among scientists and extensionists. It was concluded from the study that researchers and extension experts must create awareness about the practice of CMP and its advantages for the farmers and the consumers. Further, a need based long-term study under field conditions is very essential with the involvement of farmers so that CMP can be adopted and diffused effectively at field conditions to achieve the target of GoI.

Factors affecting raw milk quality in dairy value chain in Rajasthan (India): A comprehensive study

This paper outlines the quality of raw milk in the dairy value chain of Rajasthan and brings out the various factors and their association with raw milk quality. Four milk unions viz. Alwar, Bhilwara, Bikaner and Hanumangarh of Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation (RCDF) were selected purposively. A list of dairy farmers of each DCS (Dairy Co-operative Society) was prepared, and 120 farmers were selected on the basis of proportionate random sampling. To analyze the factor affecting raw milk quality, milk samples were collected from three levels viz. pail, DCS and dock. The raw milk quality in the milk shed area of RCDF was affected by socio-economic factors, viz. social participation, education, experience in dairying and milk sale. Path analysis revealed various factors having substantial direct effect on milk quality at pail, DCS and at dock level.The impact of clean milk production (CMP) programme on the milk quality was positive at all the levels of dairy value chain.

A participant – Led programme for field veterinary training to identify bacteriological quality of milk from the farmer to the retail outlet

The training of field veterinarians in veterinary public health needs an in-depth understanding of the in-situ problems, social and economic barriers that prevent problem solving and a relevant pedagogical approach to suit the mature learner. A participatory approach is necessary to develop such training. A course designed on the principles of adult learning theory and utilizing the experience of the field veterinarian's local knowledge combined with the expertise of the training provider can be very effective. Forty-eight field veterinarians were trained using a collaborative, participatory approach to understand the issues in clean milk production in Sri Lanka. The veterinarians developed a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point-based decision framework to identify and evaluate the evidence of bacterial contamination points in the milk chain from the farm to the processing plant. Samples and swabs were collected for bacterial culture and results showed high bacterial counts that showed contamination of milk starting from the farm, through milk collection and chilling centers ending with 2 × 106–3 × 107 bacteria per ml of milk. Chemical and physical hazards were also identified. Lack of appropriate hygienic procedures, chilling at the farm and at the collection center, together with the delays at the chilling center was identified as main contributing factors for high bacterial counts. This problem-based training approach facilitated collaborative inquiry, experiential learning and critical analytical skills. The training enabled the veterinarians to understand the scale of the problem and how they can intervene directly and indirectly to ensure clean milk production in Sri Lanka.

Livestock production performance in India

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre and labour. This article does not discuss poultry or farmed fish, although these, especially poultry, are commonly included within the meaning of livestock. The objectives of the study was to examine the performance of livestock sector, to identify the remedies to overcome the production loss, to assess the quantum of livestock Population in India and to assess the growth in Production of Milk, Eggs, Meat and Wool in India. The precised secondary data of livestock products; i.e., milk, eggs, meat and wool and their population is collected from the website www.india.stat.com and www.agricoop.nic.in (Department of agriculture and co-operation, New Delhi). Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) was estimated to examine the growth of various livestock products. Data for the study of production of Milk, Eggs, Meat and Wool were collected from the secondary sources for the period 1991-92 to 2010-11 and livestock population in India for period of time interval of 10 years from 1951 to 2011. The production data of milk, eggs, meat and wool pertains to a period of 20 years, i.e. , from 1991-92 to 2010-11. The sub-periods framed were as below: Period-I: 1991-92 to 2000-01 (10 years) and Period-II: 2001-02 to 2010-11 (10 years) Overall: 1991-92 to 2010-11 (20 years). The study revealed that the production of milk, meat, eggs, and wool has been increased in its quantum and compound growth rates are also significant. The total livestock population was highest in period of 1981.The population of poultry was highest in year 2001.The maximum growth was observed in case of meat with CGR of 12.16 per cent at period-II. The highest production growth rate of milk was observed in period-II. Eggs production is dominating in overall period while wool production dominating in period-I. There was highest variation in production of meat produce. There is need to increase the production of livestock produce. There is need to strengthening Infrastructure for Quality and Clean Milk Production. There is need to maintain hygienic condition in goat/sheep farm. Government should give subsidies on poultry business for eggs production

Does age at weaning influences behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under semi-intensive management conditions?

The purpose of the study was to compare the behaviour of neonatal Murrah buffalo calves reared under weaning and suckling methods. Initially, 42 newly born calves were selected and they were equally but alternately assigned into 3 groups as suckling (Gr 1), weaning at birth (Gr 2) and weaning on 45th day (Gr 3). The different behavioural parameters of calves were recorded for first 15 days of suckling/weaning during each milk-feeding hour. The average daily milk intake of calves was significantly lower in Gr 1than Gr 3 but higher than Gr 2. The time taken by calves for milk consumption was significantly higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 or Gr 2. The learning time for selffeeding in Gr 2 was significantly higher than Gr 3 and Gr 1. The incidence of inter-suckling was significantly higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 (11.49%) and Gr 2 (59.08%). The incidence of defecation and urination was non significantly higher in suckling than weaning groups. The total suckling score was significantly higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 and Gr 2. Weaning in buffalo calves at birth yielded more success rate than weaning at 45th day. This study highlights deeper understanding of weaned calf behaviour which can be useful for adopting weaning management practice in buffaloes to promote clean milk production and to get other established benefits of weaning similar to dairy cattle.

Extent of knowledge of improved animal husbandry practices and socio-economical, psychological characteristics of dairy farmers of Yavatmal district of Vidarbha (Maharashtra)

The study was conducted at Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra during 2009-10. The study had been conceptualized with overall objectives to assess the knowledge of improve animal husbandry practices and socio-economical, psychological characteristics of dairy farmers in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. It is observed that, majority of the dairy farmers belonged to middle age group and obtained secondary education. Majority of respondents were in medium level of family size, land size, herd size, daily milk production, daily milk sale, annual income, social participation, utilization of information sources and attitude. Study reveals that, majority of respondents i.e. 79.04 per cent were in medium category with respect of their level of knowledge of improved animal husbandry practices, followed by high level of knowledge 8.58 per cent and 12.38 per cent in low level of knowledge. The practice wise knowledge study showed that, majority of the respondents had 44.14 per cent complete knowledge regarding health care practices, followed by clean milk production (40.00%), calf rearing (33.73), management (28.66), breeds and breeding (25.47), feeding (22.85), housing (15.91) and marketing (12.85). The least knowledge for Insurance practices (4.66).

Analysis of knowledge and adoption level of the dairy farmers regarding clean milk production (CMP) practices

The milk quality is determined by aspects of composition and hygiene of milk, where breeding, feeding, management of healthcare, fodder production, and many such facts mainly influence the compositional quality. Dairy farmer is the key client in this process, who decides the quality of milk from feeding of the milch animal to dairy product supply chain. This study was conducted to know the level of knowledge and adoption of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices. Rajasthan state was selected purposively for this study, where 120 dairy farmers from the milk shed area of four districts milk union were selected. The results of the study revealed that 55.84 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium level of knowledge in various aspects of CMP, followed by 33 and 20 per cents of them having low and high level of knowledge, respectively. They had highest knowledge in ‘Housing’ [Knowledge Index (KI) =85.83], followed by ‘Milking’ (KI=76.66). However, they had poor knowledge in ‘Cleaning of animal’ (KI=50.41) and ‘Cooling of milk’ (KI=57.91). It was observed that 71.67 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium level of adoption in various aspects of CMP, followed by 13.33 and 15.00 per cents of them having low and high level of adoption, respectively. It was also found that they adopted recommended practices of ‘Transportation’ up to maximum extent with Adoption Index (AI) of 86.50, followed by ‘Feeding’ (AI=68.68), however, extent of adoption regarding ‘Cleaning of utensil’ (AI=43.40) and ‘Healthy herd management’ (AI=45.23) was found less.